Ndanena kale kuti ndikusintha maphunziro anga amakanema ku CCNA v3. Chilichonse chomwe mwaphunzira m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu ndichogwirizana ndi maphunziro atsopanowa. Ngati pakufunika kutero, ndikuphatikizanso mitu yowonjezera m'maphunziro atsopano, kuti mukhale otsimikiza kuti maphunziro athu akugwirizana ndi maphunziro a 200-125 CCNA.
Choyamba, tiphunzira kwathunthu mitu ya mayeso oyamba 100-105 ICND1. Tatsala ndi maphunziro ena angapo, pambuyo pake mudzakhala okonzeka kulemba mayesowa. Kenako tiyamba kuphunzira maphunziro a ICND2. Ndikukutsimikizirani kuti pakutha kwa maphunzirowa akanema mudzakhala okonzeka kutenga mayeso a 200-125. Mu phunziro lomaliza ndinanena kuti sitidzabwerera ku RIP chifukwa sichikuphatikizidwa mu maphunziro a CCNA. Koma popeza RIP idaphatikizidwa mu mtundu wachitatu wa CCNA, tipitiliza kuphunzira.
Mitu ya phunziro la lero idzakhala mavuto atatu omwe amabwera pogwiritsa ntchito RIP: Kuwerengera ku Infinity, kapena kuwerengera mpaka kosatha, Split Horizon - malamulo ogawanitsa ndi Route Poison, kapena poizoni wa njira.
Kuti timvetse tanthauzo la vuto la kuwerengera mpaka kosatha, tiyeni titembenuzire ku chithunzichi. Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi rauta R1, rauta R2 ndi rauta R3. Router yoyamba imalumikizidwa ndi yachiwiri ndi netiweki ya 192.168.2.0/24, yachiwiri mpaka yachitatu ndi netiweki ya 192.168.3.0/24, rauta yoyamba imalumikizidwa ndi netiweki ya 192.168.1.0/24, ndipo yachitatu ndi netiweki. 192.168.4.0/24 network.
Tiyeni tiwone njira yopita ku netiweki ya 192.168.1.0/24 kuchokera pa rauta yoyamba. Patebulo lake, njira iyi iwonetsedwa ngati 192.168.1.0 ndi kuchuluka kwa ma hops ofanana ndi 0.
Kwa rauta yachiwiri, njira yomweyo idzawonekera patebulo monga 192.168.1.0 ndi chiwerengero cha hops chofanana ndi 1. Pankhaniyi, tebulo la router routing likusinthidwa ndi Update timer masekondi 30 aliwonse. R1 imadziwitsa R2 kuti netiweki 192.168.1.0 imatha kupezeka kudzera mu hops yofanana ndi 0. Atalandira uthengawu, R2 amayankha ndikusintha kuti netiweki yomweyi imapezeka kudzera mu hop imodzi. Umu ndi momwe machitidwe a RIP amagwirira ntchito.
Tiyeni tiganizire momwe kugwirizana pakati pa R1 ndi 192.168.1.0/24 network kunasweka, pambuyo pake rauta inataya mwayi. Nthawi yomweyo, rauta R2 imatumiza zosintha kwa rauta R1, pomwe imanena kuti netiweki 192.168.1.0/24 ikupezeka kwa iyo mu hop imodzi. R1 akudziwa kuti wataya mwayi maukonde izi, koma R2 amanena kuti maukonde izi Kufikika kudzera mwa kadumphidwe kamodzi, choncho rauta woyamba amakhulupirira kuti ayenera kusintha tebulo ake routing, kusintha chiwerengero cha anakweranso kuchokera 0 mpaka 2.
Pambuyo pake, R1 imatumiza zosintha ku rauta R2. Akuti: "Chabwino, musananditumizire zosintha kuti netiweki 192.168.1.0 ikupezeka ndi zero hop, tsopano mukunena kuti njira yopita ku netiweki iyi ikhoza kupangidwa mu 2 hop. Chifukwa chake ndiyenera kusinthira tebulo langa lamayendedwe kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 3." Pakusintha kotsatira, R1 isintha kuchuluka kwa ma hops kukhala 4, rauta yachiwiri kukhala 5, kenako 5 ndi 6, ndipo izi zipitilira mpaka kalekale.
Vutoli limadziwika kuti routing loop, ndipo mu RIP limatchedwa vuto lowerengera mpaka lopanda malire. Zoona zake, maukonde 192.168.1.0/24 ndi osafikirika, koma R1, R2 ndi ma routers ena onse pa netiweki amakhulupirira kuti angapezeke chifukwa njira amapitiriza looping. Vutoli litha kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopatsirana poyizoni. Tiyeni tiwone ma network topology omwe tikhala tikugwira nawo lero.
Pali ma routers atatu R1,2,3 ndi makompyuta awiri okhala ndi ma adilesi a IP 192.168.1.10 ndi 192.168.4.10 pa intaneti. Pali maukonde 4 pakati pa makompyuta: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 ndi 4.0. Ma routers ali ndi ma adilesi a IP, pomwe octet yomaliza ndi nambala ya rauta, ndipo octet ya penultimate ndi nambala ya netiweki. Mutha kugawa maadiresi aliwonse kuzipangizo zapaintaneti, koma ndimakonda izi chifukwa zimandipangitsa kuti ndizifotokoza mosavuta.
Kuti tikonze maukonde athu, tiyeni tipite ku Packet Tracer. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito ma routers a Cisco 2911 ndikugwiritsa ntchito chiwembuchi kupereka maadiresi a IP kwa onse omwe ali ndi PC0 ndi PC1.
Mutha kunyalanyaza zosinthazi chifukwa "zatuluka m'bokosi" ndikugwiritsa ntchito VLAN1 mwachisawawa. 2911 ma routers ali ndi madoko awiri a gigabit. Kuti zikhale zosavuta kwa ife, ndimagwiritsa ntchito mafayilo okonzekera okonzeka pa ma routers awa. Mutha kupita patsamba lathu, kupita kutsamba la Resources ndikuwona maphunziro athu onse amakanema.
Tilibe zosintha zonse pano panthawi ino, koma mwachitsanzo, mutha kuyang'ana pa phunziro la Tsiku 13, lomwe lili ndi ulalo wa Buku la Ntchito. Ulalo womwewo udzalumikizidwa kumaphunziro akanema amasiku ano, ndipo potsatira, mutha kutsitsa mafayilo osinthira rauta.
Kuti tikonze ma routers athu, ndimangotengera zomwe zili mu fayilo ya kasinthidwe ka R1, tsegulani console yake mu Packet Tracer ndikulowetsa lamulo la config t.
Kenako ndimangoyika zolemba zomwe zakopedwa ndikutuluka.
Ndimachita chimodzimodzi ndi zoikamo wachiwiri ndi wachitatu rauta. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazabwino za zoikamo za Cisco - mutha kukopera ndikuyika makonda omwe mukufuna pamafayilo osinthira zida zanu. Kwa ine, ndiwonjezeranso malamulo a 2 kumayambiriro kwa mafayilo omaliza okonzekera kuti musawalowetse mu console - awa ndi en (othandizira) ndi config t. Kenako ndikopera zomwe zili mkatimo ndikuyika zonse mu R3 Settings Console.
Chifukwa chake, takonza ma routers onse atatu. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mafayilo okonzekera okonzeka a ma router anu, onetsetsani kuti zitsanzozo zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pa chithunzichi - apa ma routers ali ndi madoko a GigabitEthernet. Mungafunike kukonza mzerewu mufayilo ya FastEthernet ngati rauta yanu ili ndi madoko enieni awa.
Mutha kuwona kuti zolembera za madoko a rauta pazithunzi zikadali zofiira. Vuto ndi chiyani? Kuti muzindikire, pitani ku mawonekedwe a mzere wa IOS wa rauta 1 ndipo lembani lamulo lachidule la show ip. Lamulo ili ndi " mpeni wanu wa ku Swiss" pothetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana a netiweki.
Inde, tili ndi vuto - mukuwona kuti mawonekedwe a GigabitEthernet 0/0 ali pansi pakuwongolera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mu fayilo yosinthidwa yojambulidwa ndinayiwala kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo loletsa kutseka ndipo tsopano ndilowetsa pamanja.
Tsopano ndiyenera kuwonjezera pamanja mzerewu ku zoikamo za ma routers onse, pambuyo pake zolembera zamadoko zidzasintha mtundu kukhala wobiriwira. Tsopano ndiwonetsa mawindo onse atatu a CLI a ma routers pazenera wamba kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwona zomwe ndikuchita.
Pakalipano, protocol ya RIP imakonzedwa pazida zonse za 3, ndipo ndidzayisintha pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la debug ip rip, pambuyo pake zipangizo zonse zidzasinthana ndi RIP. Pambuyo pake ndimagwiritsa ntchito undebug all command kwa ma routers onse atatu.
Mutha kuwona kuti R3 ikuvutika kupeza seva ya DNS. Tidzakambirana mitu ya seva ya CCNA v3 DNS pambuyo pake, ndipo ndikuwonetsani momwe mungaletsere mawonekedwe a seva imeneyo. Pakadali pano, tiyeni tibwerere kumutu wa phunziroli ndikuwona momwe RIP imagwirira ntchito.
Tikatsegula ma routers, matebulo awo olowera adzakhala ndi zolembera za maukonde omwe amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi madoko awo. M'matebulo, zolemba izi zimalembedwa ndi chilembo C, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma hop olumikizana mwachindunji ndi 0.
R1 ikatumiza zosintha ku R2, imakhala ndi zambiri zamanetiweki 192.168.1.0 ndi 192.168.2.0. Popeza R2 ikudziwa kale za netiweki 192.168.2.0, imangoyika zosintha za netiweki 192.168.1.0 patebulo lake lolowera.
Kulowa uku kumayendetsedwa ndi chilembo R, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kulumikizana ndi netiweki ya 192.168.1.0 ndikotheka kudzera pa mawonekedwe a rauta f0/0: 192.168.2.2 kokha kudzera pa RIP protocol yokhala ndi nambala ya ma hops 1.
Mofananamo, pamene R2 itumiza zosintha ku R3, rauta yachitatu imayika cholowera mu tebulo lake lolowera kuti intaneti 192.168.1.0 ipezeke kudzera mu mawonekedwe a router 192.168.3.3 kudzera pa RIP ndi ma hops angapo a 2. Umu ndi momwe ndondomeko yosinthira imagwirira ntchito. .
Kuti muteteze malupu, kapena kuwerengera kosatha, RIP ili ndi njira yogawanitsa. Makinawa ndi lamulo: "musatumize netiweki kapena njira yosinthira kudzera panjira yomwe mudalandira zosinthazo." Kwa ife, zikuwoneka ngati izi: ngati R2 idalandira zosintha kuchokera ku R1 za netiweki 192.168.1.0 kudzera pa mawonekedwe f0/0: 192.168.2.2, siziyenera kutumiza zosintha za netiweki iyi 0 kupita ku rauta yoyamba kudzera pa f0/2.0 . Itha kutumiza zosintha kudzera mu mawonekedwe awa okhudzana ndi rauta yoyamba yomwe ikukhudza maukonde 192.168.3.0 ndi 192.168.4.0. Komanso sayenera kutumiza zosintha za netiweki 192.168.2.0 kudzera mu mawonekedwe a f0/0, chifukwa mawonekedwewa akudziwa kale za izi, chifukwa maukondewa amalumikizidwa nawo mwachindunji. Chifukwa chake, pomwe rauta yachiwiri ikatumiza zosintha ku rauta yoyamba, iyenera kukhala ndi zolemba zamaneti 3.0 ndi 4.0, chifukwa idaphunzira za maukondewa kuchokera ku mawonekedwe ena - f0/1.
Ili ndi lamulo losavuta logawanitsa: musatumize zambiri za njira iliyonse kubwerera komwe zidachokera. Lamuloli limalepheretsa kuzungulira kwanjira kapena kuwerengera mpaka kuperewera.
Ngati muyang'ana Packet Tracer, mukhoza kuona kuti R1 inalandira zosintha kuchokera ku 192.168.2.2 kudzera mu mawonekedwe a GigabitEthernet0/1 pafupi ndi maukonde awiri okha: 3.0 ndi 4.0. Rauta yachiwiri sinanene chilichonse chokhudza maukonde 1.0 ndi 2.0, chifukwa idaphunzira za maukondewa kudzera mu mawonekedwe awa.
Router yoyamba R1 imatumiza zosintha ku adilesi ya IP ya multicast 224.0.0.9 - sichitumiza uthenga wowulutsa. Adilesiyi ili ngati mafupipafupi omwe mawayilesi a FM amawulutsira, ndiye kuti, zida zokhazo zomwe zimalumikizidwa ku adilesi iyi ndizolandila uthengawo. Momwemonso, ma routers amadzikonzekeretsa okha kuti avomereze magalimoto adilesi 224.0.0.9. Chifukwa chake, R1 imatumiza zosintha ku adilesi iyi kudzera pa GigabitEthernet0/0 mawonekedwe ndi IP adilesi 192.168.1.1. Mawonekedwewa akuyenera kungotumiza zosintha zamanetiweki 2.0, 3.0, ndi 4.0 chifukwa network 1.0 imalumikizidwa nayo mwachindunji. Timamuona akuchita zimenezo.
Kenako, imatumiza zosintha kudzera mu mawonekedwe achiwiri f0/1 ndi adilesi 192.168.2.1. Musanyalanyaze chilembo F cha FastEthernet - ichi ndi chitsanzo chabe, popeza ma routers athu ali ndi mawonekedwe a GigabitEthernet omwe ayenera kusankhidwa ndi chilembo g. Sangathe kutumiza zosintha za maukonde 2.0, 3.0 ndi 4.0 kudzera mu mawonekedwe awa, chifukwa adaphunzira za iwo kudzera pa f0/1 mawonekedwe, kotero amangotumiza zosintha za netiweki 1.0.
Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimachitika ngati kugwirizana kwa netiweki yoyamba kutayika pazifukwa zina. Pankhaniyi, R1 nthawi yomweyo imagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa "poyizoni wanjira." Zili mu mfundo yakuti mwamsanga pamene kugwirizana kwa netiweki kutayika, chiwerengero cha ma hops omwe amalowa pa intaneti iyi patebulo loyendetsa nthawi yomweyo chimawonjezeka kufika 16. Monga tikudziwira, chiwerengero cha hops chofanana ndi 16 chimatanthauza kuti netiweki palibe.
Pachifukwa ichi, Update timer sikugwiritsidwa ntchito; ndikusintha koyambitsa, komwe kumatumizidwa nthawi yomweyo pamaneti kupita ku rauta yapafupi. Ndichiyika mu buluu pachithunzichi. Router R2 imalandira zosintha zomwe zimati kuyambira pano pa intaneti 192.168.1.0 imapezeka ndi ma hops angapo ofanana ndi 16, ndiko kuti, sikutheka. Izi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa poyizoni wanjira. R2 ikangolandira zosinthazi, nthawi yomweyo imasintha mtengo wa hop mu mzere wolowera 192.168.1.0 kupita ku 16 ndikutumiza izi ku rauta yachitatu. Momwemonso, R3 imasinthanso chiwerengero cha ma hop pa intaneti yosafikirika ku 16. Choncho, zipangizo zonse zolumikizidwa kudzera pa RIP zimadziwa kuti network 192.168.1.0 sichipezekanso.
Njira imeneyi imatchedwa convergence. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma routers onse amasintha matebulo awo oyendayenda kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe zilipo, kuphatikizapo njira yopita ku netiweki ya 192.168.1.0 kuchokera kwa iwo.
Choncho, takambirana mitu yonse ya phunziro la lero. Tsopano ndikuwonetsani malamulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ndi kuthetsa mavuto a netiweki. Kuphatikiza pa lamulo lachidule la chiwonetsero cha ip, pali lamulo la kuwonetsa ip protocol. Imawonetsa makonda a protocol ndi mawonekedwe a zida zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira.
Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito lamuloli, zidziwitso zimawonekera za ma protocol omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi rauta iyi. Ikunena pano kuti njira yolowera ndi RIP, zosintha zimatumizidwa masekondi aliwonse a 30, zosintha zina zimatumizidwa pambuyo pa masekondi 8, nthawi yosavomerezeka imayamba pambuyo pa masekondi a 180, Hold Down timer imayamba pambuyo pa masekondi 180, ndipo Flush timer imayamba pambuyo pake. 240 masekondi. Izi zitha kusinthidwa, koma iyi simutu wamaphunziro athu a CCNA, chifukwa chake tidzagwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe zokhazikika. Momwemonso, maphunziro athu sathana ndi zovuta za mndandanda wazosefera zomwe zikubwera komanso zomwe zikubwera pamawonekedwe onse a router.
Chotsatira apa ndi kugawanso kwa protocol - RIP, njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene chipangizochi chimagwiritsa ntchito ma protocol angapo, mwachitsanzo, chimasonyeza momwe RIP imagwirizanirana ndi OSPF ndi momwe OSPF imagwirizanirana ndi RIP. Kugawanso sikulinso gawo la maphunziro anu a CCNA.
Zimasonyezedwanso kuti ndondomekoyi imagwiritsa ntchito mwachidule mwachidule njira, zomwe tinakambirana mu kanema yapitayi, komanso kuti mtunda wa utsogoleri ndi 120, womwe tinakambirananso kale.
Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane lamulo la kuwonetsa ip. Mukuwona kuti maukonde 192.168.1.0/24 ndi 192.168.2.0/24 amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi rauta, maukonde ena awiri, 3.0 ndi 4.0, amagwiritsa ntchito RIP routing protocol. Maukonde onsewa amapezeka kudzera mu mawonekedwe a GigabitEthernet0/1 ndi chipangizo chokhala ndi adilesi ya IP 192.168.2.2. Zomwe zili m'mabokosi apakati ndizofunikira - nambala yoyamba imatanthauza mtunda wotsogolera, kapena mtunda wotsogolera, yachiwiri - chiwerengero cha ma hops. Chiwerengero cha ma hops ndi metric ya RIP protocol. Ma protocol ena, monga OSPF, ali ndi ma metrics awo, omwe tidzakambirana pophunzira mutu womwewo.
Monga tafotokozera kale, mtunda wa utsogoleri umatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa kukhulupirirana. Kuchuluka kwa chikhulupiliro kumakhala ndi njira yosasunthika, yomwe ili ndi mtunda wa kayendetsedwe ka 1. Choncho, kutsika kwa mtengowu, kuli bwino.
Tiyerekeze kuti netiweki 192.168.3.0/24 imapezeka kudzera mu mawonekedwe onse a g0/1, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito RIP, ndi mawonekedwe g0/0, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma static routing. Pankhaniyi, rauta idzayendetsa magalimoto onse pamsewu wa static kudzera pa f0/0, chifukwa njirayi ndi yodalirika kwambiri. M'lingaliro limeneli, ndondomeko ya RIP yokhala ndi mtunda wotsogolera wa 120 ndi woipa kuposa ndondomeko yoyendetsera maulendo ndi mtunda wa 1.
Lamulo lina lofunikira pakuzindikira mavuto ndikuwonetsa ip mawonekedwe g0/1 lamulo. Imawonetsa zidziwitso zonse za magawo ndi mawonekedwe a doko la router.
Kwa ife, mzere womwe umati kugawanika kwakutali ndikofunikira: Kugawikana kwakutali kumayatsidwa, chifukwa mutha kukhala ndi mavuto chifukwa chakuti mawonekedwe awa ndi olemala. Chifukwa chake, ngati zovuta zichitika, muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mawonekedwe agawidwe am'maso atsegulidwa. Chonde dziwani kuti mwachisawawa njirayi ikugwira ntchito.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti takambirana mitu yokwanira yokhudzana ndi RIP kuti musavutike ndi mutuwu mukamalemba mayeso.
Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe. Kodi mumakonda zolemba zathu? Mukufuna kuwona zambiri zosangalatsa? Tithandizeni potipatsa oda kapena kulimbikitsa anzathu, 30% kuchotsera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a Habr pa analogi yapadera yamaseva olowera, omwe tinapangira inu: (ikupezeka ndi RAID1 ndi RAID10, mpaka 24 cores mpaka 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd 2 nthawi zotsika mtengo? Pokhapokha ku Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - kuchokera $99! Werengani za
Source: www.habr.com