Tangoganizani kuti STP ili mu convergence state. Kodi chingachitike ndi chiyani ndikatenga chingwe ndikulumikiza chosinthira H molunjika ku chosinthira A? Root Bridge "amawona" kuti ili ndi doko latsopano lothandizira ndikutumiza BPDU pamwamba pake.
Kusintha H, mutalandira chimango ichi ndi mtengo wa zero, kudzatsimikizira mtengo wa njira yodutsa pa doko latsopano monga 0 + 19 = 19, ngakhale mtengo wa doko lake ndi 76. Pambuyo pake, doko la switch H. , yomwe kale inali yolemala, idzadutsa magawo onse osinthika ndipo idzasintha kumayendedwe opatsirana pokhapokha masekondi 50. Ngati zida zina zilumikizidwa ndi switch iyi, ndiye kuti zonse zitha kulumikizidwa ndi chosinthira mizu ndi netiweki yonse kwa masekondi 50.
Kusintha G kumachitanso chimodzimodzi, kulandira chimango cha BPDU kuchokera ku switch H ndi chidziwitso cha mtengo wa 19. Imasintha mtengo wa doko lake loperekedwa ku 19 + 19 = 38 ndikuyikanso ngati doko latsopano la mizu, chifukwa mtengo wa Muzu wake wakale. Port ndi 57, yomwe ili yaikulu kuposa 38. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, magawo onse a mayendedwe a doko omwe amatha masekondi a 50 amayamba kachiwiri, ndipo, pamapeto pake, maukonde onse amagwa.
Tsopano tiyeni tiwone zomwe zingachitike mumkhalidwe wofananawo mukamagwiritsa ntchito RSTP. Kusintha kwa mizu kudzatumiza BPDU ku chosinthira cha H chomwe chikugwirizana nacho mofanana, koma mwamsanga pambuyo pake chidzatseka doko lake. Mukalandira chimangochi, kusintha H kudzatsimikizira kuti njirayi ili ndi mtengo wotsika kuposa doko lake, ndipo itsekereza nthawi yomweyo. Pambuyo pake, H adzatumiza Pempho ku chosinthira mizu ndi pempho lotsegula doko latsopano, chifukwa mtengo wake ndi wocheperapo mtengo wa doko lomwe lilipo kale. Mizu ikadzagwirizana ndi pempholi, imamasula doko lake ndikutumiza Mgwirizanowu kuti musinthe H, kenako chomalizacho chidzapanga doko latsopanolo doko lake.
Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha Proposal / Agreement limagwirira, kubwezeretsanso doko la mizu kudzachitika nthawi yomweyo, ndipo zida zonse zolumikizidwa ndikusintha H sizidzataya kulumikizana ndi netiweki.
Popereka Root Port yatsopano, kusintha H kudzasintha mizu yakale kukhala doko lina. Zomwezo zidzachitika ndi switch G - idzasinthana Mauthenga / Mgwirizano ndi switch H, perekani doko latsopano ndikuletsa madoko ena. Kenako ndondomekoyi ipitilira gawo lotsatira la netiweki ndi switch F.
Sinthani F, mutasanthula ndalamazo, mudzawona kuti njira yopita ku midzi yodutsa pa doko lapansi idzagula 57, pamene njira yomwe ilipo yodutsa pamtunda wapamwamba imawononga 38, ndipo idzasiya zonse momwe zilili. Mukazindikira izi, sinthani G idzatsekereza doko lomwe likuyang'anizana ndi F ndipo itumiza magalimoto kumalo osinthira munjira yatsopano ya GHA.
Mpaka switch F ikalandira Malingaliro/mgwirizano kuchokera ku switch G, imasunga doko lake lakumunsi kuti lisatseke malupu. Chifukwa chake mutha kuwona kuti RSTP ndi njira yofulumira kwambiri yomwe siyimayambitsa mavuto omwe STP ili nawo pamaneti.
Tsopano tiyeni tipitirire ku malamulo. Muyenera kulowetsa masinthidwe osinthira padziko lonse lapansi ndikusankha PVST kapena RPVST mode pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la spinning-tree mode . Ndiye muyenera kusankha mmene kusintha patsogolo pa VLAN inayake. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito spanning-tree vlan <VLAN number> priority <value> lamulo. Kuchokera mu phunziro lomaliza la kanema, muyenera kukumbukira kuti chofunika kwambiri ndi kuchulukitsa kwa 4096 ndipo mwachisawawa nambala iyi ndi 32768 kuphatikiza nambala ya VLAN. Ngati mwasankha VLAN1, ndiye kuti choyambirira chidzakhala 32768+1=32769.
Chifukwa chiyani mungafunike kusintha kufunikira kwa maukonde? Tikudziwa kuti BID ili ndi nambala yofunika kwambiri komanso adilesi ya MAC. Adilesi ya MAC ya chipangizocho sichingasinthidwe, imakhala ndi mtengo wokhazikika, kotero mtengo wokhawokhawo ungasinthidwe.
Tiyerekeze kuti pali netiweki yayikulu pomwe zida zonse za Cisco zimalumikizidwa mozungulira. Pankhaniyi, PVST imayendetsedwa mwachisawawa, kotero dongosolo lidzasankha chosinthira mizu. Ngati zida zonse zili ndi zofunikira zofanana, ndiye kuti chosinthira chokhala ndi adilesi yakale ya MAC ikhala patsogolo. Komabe, ikhoza kukhala cholowa chazaka za 10-12 chomwe chilibe mphamvu ndi magwiridwe antchito "kutsogolera" maukonde akulu.
Nthawi yomweyo, mutha kukhala ndi kusintha kwatsopano pamaneti kwa madola masauzande angapo, omwe, chifukwa cha kukwera kwa adilesi ya MAC, amakakamizika "kutumiza" ku switch yakale yomwe imawononga madola mazana angapo. Ngati chosinthira chakale chikhala chosinthira mizu, izi zikuwonetsa cholakwika chachikulu cha kapangidwe ka netiweki.
Chifukwa chake, muyenera kupita ku zoikamo za chosinthira chatsopano ndikuchipatsa mtengo wocheperako, mwachitsanzo, 0. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito VLAN1, mtengo wonse woyambira udzakhala 0 + 1 = 1, ndipo zida zina zonse zimaziganizira nthawi zonse. kusintha kwa mizu.
Tsopano tiyeni tiyerekeze mkhalidwe wotero. Ngati chosinthira mizu sichikupezeka pazifukwa zina, mungafune kuti chosinthira chatsopanocho chisakhale chosinthira chilichonse chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri, koma chosinthira china chokhala ndi maukonde abwinoko. Pamenepa, m'makonzedwe a Root Bridge, lamulo limagwiritsidwa ntchito lomwe limapereka masinthidwe oyambira ndi achiwiri: spanning-tree vlan <VLAN number> root <primary/secondary>. Mtengo wofunika kwambiri wa kusintha kwa Pulayimale udzakhala wofanana ndi 32768 - 4096 - 4096 = 24576. Kwa kusintha kwa Sekondale kumawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko 32768 - 4096 = 28672.
Simufunikanso kuyika manambala awa pamanja - makinawo amakuchitirani izi zokha. Chifukwa chake, chosinthira chokhala ndi 24576 choyambirira chidzakhala chosinthira muzu, ndipo ngati sichipezeka, chosinthira ndi choyambirira 28672, pomwe zosintha zina zonse mwachisawawa ndizosachepera 32768. Izi ziyenera kuchitika ngati simukufuna dongosololi. kuti mugawire zokha zosinthira.
Ngati mukufuna kuwona makonda a protocol a STP, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachidule la mtengo wawonetsero. Tiyeni tsopano tiwone mitu yonse yomwe yaperekedwa lero pogwiritsa ntchito Packet Tracer. Ndikugwiritsa ntchito netiweki topology ya 4 masiwichi chitsanzo 2690, zilibe kanthu, popeza zitsanzo zonse za Cisco masiwichi amathandiza STP. Amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake kuti maukondewo apange bwalo loyipa.
Mwachikhazikitso, zida za Cisco zimagwira ntchito mu PSTV + mode, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti doko lililonse silidzafunika masekondi opitilira 20 kuti lisinthe. Gulu loyeserera limakupatsani mwayi wowonetsa kutumiza kwa magalimoto ndikuwona magawo a netiweki yomwe idapangidwa.
Mutha kuwona chomwe chimango cha STP BPDU ndi. Ngati muwona mtundu 0, ndiye kuti muli ndi STP, chifukwa mtundu 2 umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa RSTP. Ikuwonetsanso mtengo wa ID ya Root, yomwe imakhala ndi choyambirira ndi adilesi ya MAC ya switch switch, ndi ID ya Bridge ID yofanana nayo.
Makhalidwe awa ndi ofanana, popeza mtengo wanjira yopita ku switch switch ya SW0 ndi 0, chifukwa chake ndiye chosinthira chokhacho. Chifukwa chake, mutatha kusintha masiwichi, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito STP, Root Bridge idasankhidwa yokha ndipo netiweki idayamba kugwira ntchito. Mutha kuwona kuti kuti mupewe kuzungulira, doko lakumtunda Fa0 / 2 la switch SW2 lidakhazikitsidwa ku blocking state, koma zomwe mtundu wa lalanje wa chikhomo ukuwonetsa.
Tiyeni tipite ku SW0 switch settings console ndikugwiritsa ntchito malamulo angapo. Yoyamba ndi chiwonetsero chamitengo yamitengo, tikalowa komwe tidzawonetsedwa za PSTV + mode ya VLAN1 pazenera. Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito ma VLAN angapo, chipika china chazidziwitso chidzawonekera pansi pazenera pa ma netiweki achiwiri ndi otsatira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mutha kuwona kuti protocol ya STP ikupezeka pansi pa muyezo wa IEEE, kutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito PVSTP +. Mwaukadaulo, uwu si mulingo wa .1d. Ikuwonetsanso chidziwitso cha Root ID: choyambirira 32769, adilesi ya MAC ya chipangizo cha mizu, mtengo 19, ndi zina. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi chidziwitso cha Bridge ID, chomwe chimatsimikizira mtengo woyambira 32768 +1, ndikutsatiridwa ndi adilesi ina ya MAC. Monga mukuonera, ndinalakwitsa - kusintha kwa SW0 sikusintha kwa mizu, chosinthira muzu chili ndi adilesi yosiyana ya MAC yoperekedwa mu magawo a Root ID. Ndikuganiza kuti izi ndichifukwa choti SW0 idalandira chimango cha BPDU ndi chidziwitso chomwe chosinthira china pamaneticho chili ndi chifukwa chomveka chochitira muzu. Tsopano tilingalira izi.
(chidziwitso cha womasulira: Root ID ndi chizindikiritso cha root switch, chofanana pazida zonse za VLAN yomwe ikugwira ntchito pansi pa STP protocol, Bridge ID ndi chizindikiritso cha switch yakomweko ngati gawo la Root Bridge, lomwe lingakhale losiyana masiwichi osiyanasiyana ndi ma VLAN osiyanasiyana).
Chinthu chinanso chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti SW0 sichiwongolero cha mizu ndikuti chosinthira mizu ilibe Root Port, ndipo apa pali zonse ziwiri za Root Port ndi Designated Port zomwe zili m'malo otumizira. Mukuwonanso mtundu wa kulumikizana p2p, kapena point-to-point. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madoko fa0/1 ndi fa0/2 amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi masiwichi oyandikana nawo.
Ngati doko lina lidalumikizidwa ku hab, mtundu wolumikizira udasankhidwa kukhala wogawana, tiwona izi pambuyo pake. Ngati ndilowetsa lamulo lachidule la mtengo kuti muwone zambiri zachidule, tiwona kuti kusinthaku kuli mu mawonekedwe a PVSTP, ndikutsatiridwa ndi mndandanda wa ntchito zomwe sizikupezeka.
Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa madoko omwe akutumikira VLAN1: kutsekereza 0, kumvetsera 0, kuphunzira 0, pali madoko a 2 mumayendedwe a STP.
Tisanayambe kusintha SW2, tiyeni tiwone zosintha za switch SW1. Kuti tichite izi, timagwiritsa ntchito lamulo lomwelo la spinning-tree.
Mutha kuwona kuti adilesi ya MAC ya ID ya Muzu wa switch SW1 ndi yofanana ndi ya SW0, chifukwa zida zonse pamaneti zimalandila adilesi yomweyi ya chipangizo cha Root Bridge akamalumikizana, popeza amakhulupirira chisankho chopangidwa ndi STP. protocol. Monga mukuwonera, SW1 ndiye chosinthira muzu, chifukwa ID ya Muzu ndi ma adilesi a Bridge ID ndi ofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, pali uthenga "kusintha uku ndi mizu".
Chizindikiro china chakusintha kwa mizu ndikuti ilibe madoko a Root, madoko onsewa amasankhidwa kukhala Osankhidwa. Ngati madoko onse akuwonetsedwa ngati Osankhidwa ndipo ali mumtundu wotumizira, ndiye kuti muli ndi chosinthira.
Sinthani SW3 ili ndi chidziwitso chofananira, ndipo tsopano ndikusintha kupita ku SW2 chifukwa limodzi la madoko ake lili mu blocking state. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero chamitengo yamitengo ndipo tikuwona kuti chidziwitso cha ID ya Root ndi mtengo wofunikira ndizofanana ndi masiwichi ena onse.
Zimasonyezedwanso kuti imodzi mwa madoko ndi Alternative. Osasokonezedwa, muyezo wa 802.1d umachitcha Kutsekereza Port, ndipo mu PVSTP doko lotsekedwa nthawi zonse limatchedwa Alternative. Chifukwa chake, doko lina la Fa0/2 ili latsekedwa, ndipo doko la Fa0/1 limakhala ngati Root Port.
Doko lotsekedwa lili mu gawo la netiweki pakati pa switch SW0 ndi switch SW2, kotero sitipanga lupu. Monga mukuwonera, masiwichi amagwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa p2p chifukwa palibe zida zina zomwe zimalumikizidwa nazo.
Tili ndi netiweki yomwe imasinthasintha pa protocol ya STP. Tsopano nditenga chingwe ndikulumikiza mwachindunji chosinthira SW2 ku chosinthira kavalo SW1. Pambuyo pake, madoko onse a SW2 adzawonetsedwa ndi zolembera zalalanje.
Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito chidule cha chidule cha mtengo, tiwona kuti poyamba madoko awiriwa ali mu Kumvera, kenako amapita kugawo la Kuphunzira, ndipo patatha masekondi pang'ono kupita ku Forwarding state, pomwe chizindikirocho chimasintha. wobiriwira. Ngati tsopano mupereka lamulo la mtengo wamtengo wapatali, mukhoza kuona kuti Fa0/1, yomwe kale inali Root port, tsopano yalowa m'malo otsekereza ndipo yadziwika kuti Alternative port.
Doko la Fa0/3, pomwe chingwe chosinthira mizu chimalumikizidwa, chasanduka doko la Root, ndipo doko la Fa0/2 lakhala doko losankhidwa. Tiyeni tionenso kachitidwe kopitirizabe kakulumikizana. Ndichotsa chingwe cha SW2-SW1 ndikubwerera ku topology yam'mbuyo. Mutha kuwona kuti madoko a SW2 amayamba kutchinga ndikutembenuzanso lalanje, kenako motsatizana kudutsa Kumamvera ndi Kuphunzira ndikumapita ku Forwarding state. Pankhaniyi, doko limodzi limasanduka lobiriwira, ndipo lachiwiri, lolumikizidwa ndi switch ya SW0, limakhala lalalanje. Njira yolumikizirana idatenga nthawi yayitali, monganso mtengo wa ntchito ya STP.
Tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe RSTP imagwirira ntchito. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi chosinthira cha SW2 ndikulowetsa lamulo la spanning-tree quick-pvst muzokonda zake. Lamulo ili lili ndi zosankha ziwiri zokha: pvst ndi rapid-pvst, ndimagwiritsa ntchito yachiwiri. Mukalowetsa lamulolo, kusinthako kumasinthira ku RPVST mode, mutha kuyang'ana izi ndi chiwonetsero chamitengo yamitengo.
Pachiyambi, mukuwona uthenga wonena kuti tsopano tili ndi RSTP protocol ikugwira ntchito. Zina zonse sizinasinthe. Kenako ndiyenera kuchita chimodzimodzi pazida zina zonse, ndipo izi zimamaliza kukhazikitsidwa kwa RSTP. Tiyeni tiwone momwe protocol iyi imagwirira ntchito momwe tidachitira ku STP.
Ndimalumikizanso chosinthira SW2 molunjika ku chosinthira cha SW1 - tiyeni tiwone momwe kuphatikizika kumachitikira. Ndimalemba chidule cha chidule cha mtengo ndikuwona kuti ma doko awiri osinthira ali mu blocking state, 1 ili mu Forwarding state.
Mutha kuwona kuti kuyanjana kunachitika nthawi yomweyo, kotero mutha kuwona momwe RSTP ilili yachangu kuposa STP. Kenako, titha kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo losasinthika lamtundu wamitengo, lomwe limayika madoko onse posinthira kukhala portfast mode mwachisawawa. Izi ndizofunikira ngati ma doko ambiri osinthira ali madoko a Edge omwe amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi omwe ali nawo. Ngati tili ndi doko lina losakhala la Edge, timayibwezeretsanso kumitengo yamitengo.
Kuti musinthe ntchito ndi VLAN, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la spanning-tree vlan <number> yokhala ndi magawo oyambira (kukhazikitsa kusinthana kwa mtengo wapang'onopang'ono) kapena muzu (kuyika chosinthira ngati mizu). Timagwiritsa ntchito lamulo loyamba la spanning-tree vlan 1, kutanthauza kuchulukitsa kulikonse kwa 4096 kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 61440 monga choyambirira.
Mutha kutulutsa mzere wamtundu wa vlan 1 root command ndi zosankha zoyambirira kapena zachiwiri kuti mukonze doko loyambira kapena losunga zobwezeretsera pamaneti ena. Ngati ndigwiritsa ntchito spanning-tree vlan 1 root primary, dokoli likhala doko loyambira la VLAN1.
Ndidzalowetsa lamulo lamtengo wapatali, ndipo tidzawona kuti SW2 ili ndi 24577, ma adilesi a MAC a Root ID ndi Bridge ID ndi omwewo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tsopano zakhala zosinthira.
Mutha kuwona momwe kuphatikizika ndi kusinthana kunachitika mwachangu. Tsopano ndiletsa njira yayikulu yosinthira popanda lamulo loyambira la mtengo wa vlan 1, pambuyo pake kufunikira kwake kudzabwereranso pamtengo wam'mbuyomu wa 32769, ndipo gawo la switch switch lidzapitanso ku SW1.
Tiyeni tiwone momwe portfast imagwirira ntchito. Ndilowa lamulo int f0 / 1, pitani ku zoikamo za dokoli ndikugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lamitengo, pambuyo pake dongosololi lidzayambitsa zikhalidwe.
Kenaka, ndimagwiritsa ntchito lamulo la portfast-tree portfast, lomwe lingakhoze kulowetsedwa ndi zosankha zolepheretsa (zimayimitsa portfast ya doko ili) kapena thunthu (imathandizira portfast padoko ili, ngakhale mu thunthu).
Mukalowa pa portfast yamtengo, ndiye kuti ntchitoyi imangoyatsa doko ili. The spanning-tree bpduguard enable command iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti BPDU Guard iwonetsetse mawonekedwe, mtengo wa spanning-tree bpduguard disable command imalepheretsa izi.
Ndikuuzani msanga chinthu china. Ngati kwa VLAN1 mawonekedwe a switch SW2 molunjika ku SW3 atsekedwa, ndiye ndi zoikamo zina za VLAN ina, mwachitsanzo, VLAN2, mawonekedwe omwewo amatha kukhala doko la mizu. Chifukwa chake, dongosololi litha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsera magalimoto - nthawi imodzi, gawo ili la maukonde siligwiritsidwa ntchito, lina limagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ndiwonetsa zomwe zimachitika tikakhala ndi mawonekedwe ogawana tikamalumikiza likulu. Ndiwonjezera kachipangizo kazithunzi ndikugwirizanitsa ndi SW2 switch ndi zingwe ziwiri.
Lamulo lachiwonetsero lamitengo liwonetsa chithunzi chotsatira.
Fa0/5 (doko lakumanzere la chosinthira) limakhala doko losunga zobwezeretsera, ndipo doko Fa0/4 (doko lakumanja la chosinthira) limakhala doko losankhidwa. Mtundu wa madoko onsewa ndiwofala, kapena amagawidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti gawo la mawonekedwe a hub-switch ndi intaneti yogawana.
Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito RSTP, tinapatukana kukhala madoko ena ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera. Ngati tisintha kusintha kwa SW2 kupita ku pvst mode ndi lamulo la pvst-tree mode pvst, tiwona kuti mawonekedwe a Fa0 / 5 asinthiranso ku Alternative state, chifukwa tsopano palibe kusiyana pakati pa doko losunga zobwezeretsera ndi doko lina.
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Source: www.habr.com