Kanema wamasiku ano wamaphunziro a Distance Vector ndi Link State routing protocol akutsogola imodzi mwamitu yofunika kwambiri pamaphunziro a CCNA - OSPF ndi EIGRP routing protocols. Mutuwu utenga 4 kapena 6 maphunziro apakanema otsatira. Choncho, lero ine mwachidule kulankhula za mfundo zingapo zimene muyenera kudziwa musanayambe kuphunzira za OSPF ndi EIGRP.
M'phunziro lomaliza, tidawonanso gawo 2.1 la mutu wa ICND2, ndipo lero tiphunzira magawo 2.2 "Kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa ma protocol akutali Vector (DV) ndi Link State (LS) njira zolumikizirana zolumikizirana "ndi 2.3" Zofanana ndi zosiyana. pakati pa ma protocol amkati ndi akunja ".
Monga ndanenera, mu mavidiyo 4 kapena 6 otsatira tidzakambirana mitu yofunika kwambiri ya maphunziro onse - OSPFv2 ya IPv4, OSPFv3 ya IPv6, EIGRP ya IPv4 ndi EIGRP ya IPv6. Ophunzira nthawi zambiri amandifunsa kuti Routing protocol ndi chiyani komanso kuti imasiyana bwanji ndi Routed/Routable protocol.
Njira yoyendetsera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi rauta, monga RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, ndi ena. Protocol yoyendera ndi njira yolumikizirana ndi ma routers momwe amasinthira zidziwitso za netiweki ndikudzaza matebulo awo ndi chidziwitsocho. Kutengera matebulo awa, amapanga zisankho zamayendedwe.
Ma routers atatha "kulankhulana" wina ndi mzake ndikudzaza matebulo oyendetsa, atachita zonsezi mothandizidwa ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera njira, amapanga zisankho za kutumiza magalimoto ku maukonde ena. Imagwiritsa ntchito protocol yosinthika yomwe imalola ma routers kupita patsogolo kapena kuyendetsa magalimoto. Ma protocol awa akuphatikizapo IPv4 ndi IPv6.
Choncho, ndondomeko yoyendetsera maulendo imatsimikizira kuti matebulo oyendayenda amadzazidwa ndi chidziwitso, ndipo ndondomeko yowonongeka imatsimikizira kuti magalimoto amayendetsedwa motsatira zomwe zili m'matebulowa. Chifukwa cha IPv4 kapena IPv6, deta yotumizidwa imasungidwa ndi kuperekedwa ndi mitu ya IP, monga momwe mayina a ndondomekoyi, IP, amasonyezera.
Funso lotsatira ndiloti pali kusiyana pakati pa Interior Gateway Protocol ndi Exterior Gateway Protocol. Musalole kuti mawu oti βchipataβ akupusitseni. Kawirikawiri, ma routers amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dongosolo lodziimira. Tiyerekeze kuti muli ndi ma router 50 pakampani yanu pogwiritsa ntchito protocol iliyonse ya IP yomwe mumakonda. Onsewa amapanga dongosolo lodziyimira pawokha, ndiye kuti, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuyendetsedwa ndi kampani imodzi, bungwe limodzi.
Chifukwa chake, ma protocol omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka njira mkati mwadongosolo lodziyimira lotere amatchedwa ma protocol amkati, ndipo ma protocol olowera kunja kwa dongosolo amatchedwa ma protocol akunja. External Gateway Protocol imapereka njira pakati pa Autonomous Systems zosiyanasiyana. Dongosolo limodzi lotere litha kukhala ISP yanu, ndipo makina awo amatha kukhala ma router 200. Machitidwe odziyimira pawokha amagwiritsa ntchito njira yakunja yachipata kuti azilankhulana.
Internal gateway protocols are RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and one protocol is used as a outside gateway protocol - BGP.
Matanthauzo awiri otsatirawa omwe muyenera kumvetsetsa ndi Distance Vector ndi Link State. Izi ndi mitundu iwiri ya protocol yolowera pachipata.
Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi ma routers atatu omwe amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake komanso ku netiweki ya 3/192.168.10.0. Tiyeni tiwatchule A, B, ndi C. Kuchokera ku maphunziro a ICND24, tikudziwa zomwe zimachitika mukamagwiritsa ntchito RIP.
Chifukwa Router B ili pafupi kwambiri ndi netiweki ya 192.168.10.0/24, Router B imatumiza zotsatsa za netiweki iyi poyamba ku Router A ndi Router C. Router C imatumizanso zotsatsazi ku Router A. Router A ilandila zambiri za netiweki 192.168.10.0. - f24/0 ndi f0/0. Popeza protocol ya RIPv1 imagwiritsa ntchito metric ya Hop Count, imauza rauta kuti njira yabwino yofikira pa netiweki iyi ndi kudzera pa Router B, chifukwa maukondewo amatha kufikika mu hop imodzi. Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a f2/192.168.10.0 kuti mulumikizane ndi netiweki ya 24/0, ndiye kuti ma hop awiri adzafunika. Chifukwa chake, pakuwona kwa rauta A, zingakhale bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a f1/2. A imapanga chisankho ichi chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito RIP, yomwe ndi protocol yakutali.
Malingana ndi chithunzi chomwe chikuwonetsedwa, tikuwona kuti iyi ndiyo njira yolondola, chifukwa mtunda pakati pa A ndi B ndi waufupi kwambiri. Koma chimachitika ndi chiyani ndikanena kuti pali mzere wa 64 kbps pakati pa A ndi B, ndi mzere wa 100 Mbps pakati pa C ndi B, ndipo mzere womwewo uli pakati pa C ndi A?
Ndi njira iti pansi pamikhalidwe yotero yomwe ingakhale yabwino kwambiri?
Inde, ma megabits 100 pamzere wachiwiri ndi wabwino kwambiri kuposa ma kilobit 64 pamzere wachiwiri, ngakhale njira yodutsamo imatenga ma hop 2 m'malo mwa imodzi. Komabe, mtunda vekitala protocol RIP saganizira liwiro la magalimoto kufala, popeza kusankha njira mulingo woyenera kwambiri kutsogoleredwa ndi osachepera chiwerengero cha anakweranso. Pankhaniyi, ndi bwino ntchito Link State protocol monga OSPF. Protocol iyi imayang'ana mtengo wamayendedwe, ndikupeza "yotsika mtengo", imatumiza magalimoto pamsewu wa Router A - Router C - Router B.
Poyerekeza ndi RIP, OSPF ndizovuta kwambiri, kutengera zinthu zambiri pozindikira njira yabwino, ndikupeza njira yaifupi kwambiri potengera ma metrics.
EIGRP poyamba inali Cisco proprietary routing protocol ndipo tsopano ndi yotseguka. Ndi kuphatikiza kwabwino kwambiri kwa protocol yakutali ya vector ndi network network protocol. Zimatengera zonse bandwidth ndi kuchedwa kwa maukonde. Monga mukudziwira, njira yayitali, ndiye kuti, ma hop ambiri, amachedwa kuchedwa. Chifukwa chake, protocol ya EIGRP imasankha njira yokhala ndi kuchulukira kwakukulu komanso kuchedwa kocheperako poyerekeza ma metric anjira. Zomwe zawonetsedwa ndi latency ndi gawo lachilinganizo kutengera momwe chisankho choyendetsera chimapangidwira.
Uku ndiye kusiyana pakati pa ma protocol a Distance Vector ndi Link State. Njira zoyendera ma vector amangoganizira za mtunda wa njira, pomwe ma protocol a Link State amaganizira za netiweki yomwe ili m'njira, monga liwiro ndi kutulutsa.
EIGRP ndi hybrid routing protocol monga kuphatikiza mbali zonse za ma protocol omwe ali pamwambapa. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a Cisco, iyi ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendetsera, motero imakondedwa ndi akatswiri onse amakampani, koma protocol yodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi ndi OSPF. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti EIGRP posachedwapa yakhala yotseguka, kotero ogulitsa chipani chachitatu sakudziwa kuti ikugwirizana ndi zida zawo zapaintaneti.
Ganizirani kuchuluka kwa kudalira mu protocol. Router A ikalandira zambiri zamayendedwe kuchokera ku magwero a 2, imagwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo kuti isankhe njira ziwiri zomwe zingayike patebulo. Ndizosavuta chifukwa amayang'ana magawo anjira B-A ndi AC-B, amawafananiza ndikupanga chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Kumene, OSPF komanso katundu masikelo, ndiko kuti, ngati njira ziwiri ndi mtengo womwewo, ndiye amachita katundu kugwirizanitsa. Nkhaniyi tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane m'mavidiyo otsatirawa, koma lero ndikungofuna kuti mudziwe za izo.
Tiyeni tione tebulo lotsatirali. Pansipa ndijambulanso ma router A, B ndi C, omwe amapanga makina odziyimira pawokha pakampani yanu. Tiyerekeze kuti kampani yanu yapeza kampani ina yomwe ili ndi ma router A1, B1, ndi C1. Kotero, tsopano muli ndi makampani awiri, aliyense ali ndi maukonde ake. Tinene kuti yoyamba imagwiritsa ntchito protocol ya EIGRP, ndipo yachiwiri imagwiritsa ntchito OSPF.
Zachidziwikire, mutha kukonzanso maukonde anu kuti mugwiritse ntchito OSPF, kapena kusinthana ndi maukonde akampani yomwe mwapeza ku EIGRP, koma ndi gulu lonse la ntchito zoyang'anira. Kwa kampani yaying'ono, izi zitha kuchitikabe, koma ngati kampaniyo ndi yayikulu, ndiye kuti iyi ndi ntchito yayikulu. Pankhaniyi, mutha kugawanso, ndiko kuti, kutenga njira za EIGRP ndikuzigawa pa OSPF, ndikugawanso njira za OSPF pa EIGRP. Ndi zotheka ndithu. Kuti muchite izi, imodzi mwa ma routers a kampani yanu iyenera kugwira ntchito pa ndondomeko ziwiri - EIGRP ndi OSPF, tiyerekeze kuti idzakhala rauta B. Idzakhala ndi tebulo loyendetsa, kumene njira zina zimachokera ku EIGRP, ndi zina kuchokera ku OSPF. Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi netiweki ina yomwe makampani onsewa amalumikizidwa. Pankhaniyi, kampani yoyamba idzagwiritsa ntchito njira za tebulo la EIGRP kuti ilankhule nayo, ndipo yachiwiri idzagwiritsa ntchito njira zochokera ku protocol ya OSPF, ndipo zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kuyerekezera njirazi zomwe zalandira kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa aliyense amasankha njira yabwino kwambiri malinga ndi ma metrics awo.
Pankhaniyi, lingaliro la Administrative Distance, kapena mtunda wotsogolera, limagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimathandizira rauta kusankha njira yabwino kwambiri kuchokera kunjira zingapo zopezedwa kuchokera kumayendedwe osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati rauta B imalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi rauta C, ndiye kuti mtunda wowongolera udzakhala 0, womwe ndi njira yodalirika kwambiri. Tiyerekeze kuti A amadziwitsa B kuti ali ndi mwayi wopita ku C, pomwe rauta B idzamuyankha kuti: "zikomo chifukwa cha chidziwitso chanu, koma rauta C imalumikizidwa ndi ine mwachindunji, chifukwa chake ndimasankha njirayo ndi mtunda wocheperako, osati mwayi wolumikizana ndi inu".
Mtunda wowongolera ukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa chidaliro mu protocol. Kuchepa kwa mtunda wa oyang'anira, kudalirana kumakulirakulira. Njira yotsatira yodalirika kwambiri pambuyo pa kugwirizana kwachindunji ndi kugwirizana kosasunthika ndi mtunda wa kayendetsedwe ka 1. Chikhulupiliro cha EIGRP ndi 90, OSPF 110, ndi RIP 120.
Choncho, ngati EIGRP ndi OSPF onse akuimira maukonde omwewo, rauta adzakhulupirira routing zambiri analandira kuchokera EIGRP, chifukwa protocol ili ndi mtunda utsogoleri 90, amene ndi zosakwana za OSPF.
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Source: www.habr.com