Takulandilani kudziko la masiwichi! Lero tikambirana za masiwichi. Tiyerekeze kuti ndinu woyang'anira netiweki ndipo muli muofesi yakampani yatsopano. Woyang'anira amakufikirani ndi chosinthira chakunja ndikukufunsani kuti muyikhazikitse. Mutha kuganiza kuti tikulankhula za switch yamagetsi wamba (m'Chingerezi, mawu osinthira amatanthauza zonse zosinthira maukonde ndi chosinthira chamagetsi - cholembera cha omasulira), koma izi sizili choncho - zikutanthauza kusintha kwa maukonde, kapena kusintha kwa Cisco.
Chifukwa chake, manejala amakupatsani chosinthira chatsopano cha Cisco, chomwe chili ndi mawonekedwe ambiri. Itha kukhala 8,16 kapena 24 port switch. Pankhaniyi, chiwonetserochi chikuwonetsa chosinthira chomwe chili ndi madoko 48 kutsogolo, ogawidwa m'magawo anayi a madoko 4. Monga tikudziwira kuchokera m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu, pali zolumikizira zingapo kumbuyo kwa switch, imodzi yomwe ndi doko la console. Doko la console limagwiritsidwa ntchito pofikira kunja kwa chipangizocho ndipo limakupatsani mwayi wowona momwe makina osinthira osinthira akukwezera.
Takambirana kale nkhaniyi mukafuna kuthandiza mnzanu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta yakutali. Mumalumikizana ndi kompyuta yake, sinthani, koma ngati mukufuna kuti mnzanuyo ayambitsenso kompyuta, mudzataya mwayi ndipo simungathe kuwona zomwe zikuchitika pazenera panthawi yotsitsa. Izi zimachitika ngati mulibe mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi ndipo mumangolumikizidwa nacho pamaneti.
Koma ngati muli ndi mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti, mutha kuwona chophimba cha boot, kutsegula kwa IOS ndi njira zina. Njira ina yopezera chipangizochi ndikulumikizana ndi madoko aliwonse akutsogolo. Ngati mwakonza kasamalidwe ka ma adilesi a IP pa chipangizochi, monga tawonera muvidiyoyi, mudzatha kuyipeza kudzera pa Telnet. Vuto ndilakuti mudzataya mwayiwu mukangozimitsa chipangizocho.
Tiyeni tiwone momwe mungakhazikitsire zosintha zatsopano. Tisanapite mwachindunji ku zoikamo kasinthidwe, tiyenera kufotokoza ochepa malamulo zofunika.
Pamaphunziro ambiri amakanema, ndidagwiritsa ntchito GNS3, emulator yomwe imakulolani kutsanzira machitidwe a Cisco IOS. Nthawi zambiri ndimafunikira zida zingapo, mwachitsanzo ngati ndikuwonetsa momwe mayendedwe amachitikira. Pankhaniyi, ndingafunike, mwachitsanzo, zida zinayi. M'malo mogula zida zakuthupi, nditha kugwiritsa ntchito makina ogwiritsira ntchito a chipangizo changa chimodzi, ndikuchilumikiza ku GNS3, ndikutsanzira IOSyo pazida zingapo.
Chifukwa chake sindiyenera kukhala ndi ma routers asanu mwakuthupi, nditha kukhala ndi rauta imodzi yokha. Nditha kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira pakompyuta yanga, kukhazikitsa emulator, ndikupeza zida zisanu. Tiwona momwe tingachitire izi m'maphunziro apakanema apambuyo, koma lero vuto logwiritsa ntchito emulator ya GNS5 ndikuti ndizosatheka kutsanzira chosinthira nacho, chifukwa chosinthira cha Cisco chili ndi tchipisi ta Hardware ASIC. Ndi IC yapadera yomwe imapangitsa kusintha kusintha, kotero simungangotsanzira ntchitoyi.
Nthawi zambiri, emulator ya GNS3 imathandizira kugwira ntchito ndi chosinthira, koma pali ntchito zina zomwe sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Chifukwa chake pamaphunzirowa ndi makanema ena, ndidagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ina ya Cisco yotchedwa Cisco Packet Tracer. Osandifunsa momwe ndingapezere Cisco Packet Tracer, mutha kudziwa za izi pogwiritsa ntchito Google, ndingonena kuti muyenera kukhala membala wa Network Academy kuti mupeze izi.
Mutha kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza Cisco Packet Tracer, mutha kukhala ndi chida chakuthupi kapena GNS3, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chilichonse mwa zida izi mukamaphunzira maphunziro a Cisco ICND. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito GNS3 ngati muli ndi rauta, makina ogwiritsira ntchito ndikusintha ndipo imagwira ntchito popanda vuto, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chakuthupi kapena Packet Tracer - ingosankha zomwe zikukuyenererani.
Koma m'maphunziro anga a kanema ndigwiritsa ntchito Packet Tracer makamaka, kotero ndidzakhala ndi makanema angapo, imodzi yokha ya Packet Tracer ndipo ina ya GNS3 yokha, ndiyika posachedwa, koma pakadali pano tigwiritsa ntchito. Packet Tracer. Izi ndi momwe zimawonekera. Ngati muli ndi mwayi wopita ku Network Academy, mudzatha kupeza pulogalamuyi, ndipo ngati sichoncho, mungagwiritse ntchito zida zina.
Chifukwa chake, popeza lero tikukamba za masinthidwe, ndiyang'ana chinthucho Kusintha, sankhani mtundu wa 2960 wosinthira ndikukokera chithunzi chake pawindo la pulogalamu. Ngati ndidina kawiri pa chithunzichi, ndipita ku mawonekedwe a mzere wolamula.
Kenako, ndikuwona momwe makina osinthira osinthira amakwezedwa.
Ngati mutenga chipangizo chakuthupi ndikuchilumikiza pakompyuta, mudzawona chithunzi chofananira cha kuyambitsa Cisco IOS. Mutha kuwona kuti makina ogwiritsira ntchito adatsegulidwa, ndipo mutha kuwerenga zina mwazoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ndi mgwirizano wa laisensi, chidziwitso cha kukopera ... zonsezi zikuwonetsedwa pazenera ili.
Chotsatira, nsanja yomwe OS ikuyendetsa idzawonetsedwa, pamenepa kusintha kwa WS-C2690-24TT, ndi ntchito zonse za hardware zidzawonetsedwa. Mtundu wa pulogalamuyo ukuwonetsedwanso pano. Kenako, timapita ku mzere wolamula, ngati mukukumbukira, apa tili ndi malingaliro kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, chizindikiro ( > ) chikukuitanani kuti mulowetse lamulo. Kuchokera paphunziro la kanema la Tsiku la 5, mukudziwa kuti iyi ndiye njira yoyambira, yotsika kwambiri yopezera zoikamo za chipangizocho, chomwe chimatchedwa wosuta EXEC mode. Kufikira uku kutha kupezeka pazida zilizonse za Cisco.
Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito Packet Tracer, mumapeza mwayi wopezeka pa OOB pa chipangizocho ndipo mutha kuwona momwe chipangizocho chimayambira. Pulogalamuyi imatengera mwayi wosinthira kudzera pa doko la console. Kodi mumasintha bwanji kuchoka pamachitidwe a EXEC kupita kumayendedwe amwayi a EXEC? Mumalemba lamulo loti "enable" ndikugunda lowetsani, mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito lingaliro polemba "en" ndikupeza zosankha zomwe mungathe kuyambira ndi zilembozo. Mukangolowetsa chilembo "e", chipangizocho sichingamvetse zomwe mukutanthauza chifukwa pali malamulo atatu omwe amayamba ndi "e", koma ngati ndilemba "en", dongosolo lidzamvetsetsa kuti mawu okhawo omwe amayamba ndi awa. zilembo ziwiri ndi izi ndi athe. Chifukwa chake, polowetsa lamulo ili, mupeza mwayi wopita ku Exec mode.
Munjira iyi, titha kuchita zonse zomwe zidawonetsedwa patsamba lachiwiri - sinthani dzina la wolandila, ikani banner yolowera, mawu achinsinsi a Telnet, lowetsani mawu achinsinsi, sinthani adilesi ya IP, ikani chipata chosasinthika, perekani lamulo kuti muzimitsa. chipangizo, kuletsa analowa malamulo oyambirira ndi kusunga kasinthidwe kusintha anapanga.
Awa ndi malamulo 10 omwe mumagwiritsa ntchito mukayambitsa chipangizo. Kuti mulowetse magawowa, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe tidzasinthira tsopano.
Kotero, chizindikiro choyamba ndi dzina la alendo, limagwira ntchito ku chipangizo chonsecho, kotero kusintha kumachitidwa mumayendedwe adziko lonse lapansi. Kuti tichite izi, timalowetsa Switch (config) # parameter pamzere wolamula. Ngati ndikufuna kusintha dzina la alendo, ndikulowetsa dzina la omvera NetworKing pamzerewu, dinani Enter, ndipo ndikuwona kuti Sinthani dzina la chipangizocho lasinthidwa kukhala NetworKing. Ngati mulowa nawo pa netiweki pomwe pali zida zina zambiri, dzinali likhala ngati chizindikiritso pakati pa zida zina zapaintaneti, chifukwa chake yesani kupeza dzina lapadera lakusintha kwanu ndi tanthauzo. Chifukwa chake, ngati switch iyi yakhazikitsidwa, tinene, muofesi ya woyang'anira, ndiye kuti mutha kuyitcha AdminFloor1Room2. Chifukwa chake, ngati mupatsa chipangizocho dzina lomveka bwino, zimakhala zosavuta kuti mudziwe chomwe mukulumikiza. Izi ndizofunikira, chifukwa zidzakuthandizani kuti musasokonezedwe muzipangizo pamene intaneti ikukulirakulira.
Kenako pakubwera chizindikiro cha Logon Banner. Ichi ndi chinthu choyamba chimene aliyense amene alowa mu chipangizo ichi ndi malowedwe adzawona. Izi zimayikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la #banner. Kenako, mukhoza kulowa chidule motd, Uthenga wa Tsiku, kapena "uthenga wa tsiku". Ngati ndilemba funso pamzere, ndimalandira uthenga ngati: LINE wokhala ndi banner-text with.
Zikuwoneka zosokoneza, koma zimangotanthauza kuti mutha kuyika zolemba kuchokera kumtundu wina uliwonse kupatula "s", womwe pano ndi wolekanitsa. Chifukwa chake tiyeni tiyambe ndi ampersand (&). Ndikusindikiza lowetsani ndipo dongosolo likunena kuti tsopano mutha kuyika zolemba zilizonse za banner ndikuzimaliza ndi zilembo zomwezo (&) zomwe zimayambira mzerewo. Chifukwa chake ndidayamba ndi ampersand ndipo ndiyenera kumaliza uthenga wanga ndi ampersand.
Ndiyambitsa chikwangwani changa ndi mzere wa nyenyezi (*) ndipo pamzere wotsatira ndilemba "Siwichi yowopsa kwambiri! Osalowa"! Ndikuganiza kuti ndizabwino, aliyense aziwopa kuwona chikwangwani cholandilidwa chotere.
Uwu ndi "uthenga wanga watsiku". Kuti muwone momwe ikuwonekera pazenera, ndikanikizani CTRL + Z kuti musinthe kuchoka pamitundu yapadziko lonse kupita kumayendedwe amwayi a EXEC, komwe ndimatha kutuluka. Umu ndi momwe uthenga wanga umawonekera pazenera ndipo umu ndi momwe aliyense amene alowa mu switch iyi aziwona. Izi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa banner yolowera. Mutha kukhala opanga ndikulemba chilichonse chomwe mukufuna, koma ndikukulangizani kuti mutenge mozama. Ndikutanthauza, anthu ena m'malo mwazolemba zomveka adayika zithunzi zazizindikiro zomwe sizimanyamula katundu wa semantic ngati mbendera yolandirika. Palibe chomwe chingakulepheretseni kuchita "zopanga" zotere, ingokumbukirani kuti ndi zilembo zowonjezera mumadzaza kukumbukira kwa chipangizocho (RAM) ndi fayilo yosinthira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa dongosolo. Zilembo zochulukira mufayiloyi, kusinthako kumakwezedwa pang'onopang'ono, ndiye yesani kuchepetsa fayilo yosinthira, ndikupangitsa zomwe zili mu banner kukhala zowoneka bwino komanso zomveka.
Kenako, tiwona mawu achinsinsi pa Console Password. Zimaletsa anthu mwachisawawa kulowa mu chipangizocho. Tiyerekeze kuti mwasiya chipangizocho chotsegula. Ngati ndine wowononga, ndilumikiza laputopu yanga ndi chingwe cholumikizira ku chosinthira, gwiritsani ntchito cholumikizira kuti mulowe mu chosinthira ndikusintha mawu achinsinsi kapena kuchita zina zoyipa. Koma ngati mugwiritsa ntchito mawu achinsinsi pa doko la console, ndiye kuti nditha kulowa ndi mawu achinsinsi. Simukufuna kuti wina angolowa mu kontrakitala ndikusintha china chake pazosintha zanu. Ndiye tiyeni tione kaye kasinthidwe kamakono kaye.
Popeza ndili mu config mode, nditha kulemba do sh run commands. Lamulo loyendetsa chiwonetsero ndi lamulo lamwayi la EXEC. Ngati ndikufuna kulowa munjira yapadziko lonse lapansi kuchokera munjira iyi, ndiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la "kuchita". Ngati tiyang'ana mzere wa console, tikuwona kuti mwachisawawa palibe mawu achinsinsi ndi mzere con 0. Mzerewu uli mu gawo limodzi, ndipo pansipa pali gawo lina la fayilo yokonzekera.
Popeza palibe chilichonse mu gawo la "line console", izi zikutanthauza kuti ndikalumikizana ndi chosinthira kudzera pa doko la console, ndipeza mwayi wolunjika ku console. Tsopano, ngati mulemba "mapeto", mutha kubwereranso kumachitidwe amwayi ndipo kuchokera pamenepo pitani kumachitidwe osuta. Ngati ndikanikiza Lowani tsopano, ndipita molunjika pamzere wolamula, chifukwa palibe mawu achinsinsi apa, apo ayi pulogalamuyo ingandifunse kuti ndilowetse zosintha.
Kotero, tiyeni tisindikize "Lowani" ndikulemba mzere con 0 pamzere, chifukwa mu zipangizo za Cisco zonse zimayambira pachiyambi. Popeza tili ndi console imodzi yokha, imafupikitsidwa "con". Tsopano, kuti tigawire mawu achinsinsi, mwachitsanzo mawu oti "Cisco", tifunika kulemba mawu achinsinsi a cisco mu NetworKing (config-line) # mzere ndikudina Enter.
Tsopano tayika mawu achinsinsi, koma tikusowabe kanthu. Tiyeni tiyesenso chirichonse ndikutuluka zoikamo. Ngakhale kuti takhazikitsa mawu achinsinsi, dongosolo silimapempha. Chifukwa chiyani?
Safunsa mawu achinsinsi chifukwa sitimufunsa. Tidayika mawu achinsinsi, koma sitinatchule mzere womwe umawunikiridwa ngati magalimoto ayamba kufika pa chipangizocho. Kodi tiyenera kuchita chiyani? Tiyenera kubwereranso pamzere womwe tili ndi mzere con 0, ndikulowetsa mawu oti "login".
Izi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kutsimikizira mawu achinsinsi, mwachitsanzo, kulowa kumafunika kuti mulowe. Tiyeni tifufuze zomwe ife tiri nazo. Kuti muchite izi, tulukani zoikamo ndikubwerera ku zenera la banner. Mutha kuwona kuti pansi pake tili ndi mzere womwe umafuna kuti mulowetse mawu achinsinsi.
Ngati ndilowetsa mawu achinsinsi apa, nditha kuyika zokonda pazida. Mwanjira imeneyi, taletsa bwino kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizocho popanda chilolezo chanu, ndipo tsopano okhawo omwe amadziwa mawu achinsinsi angalowe mudongosolo.
Tsopano mukuona kuti tili ndi vuto pang'ono. Ngati mulemba chinachake chomwe dongosolo silikumvetsa, likuganiza kuti ndi dzina lachidziwitso ndikuyesera kupeza dzina lachidziwitso cha seva polola kulumikiza ku adilesi ya IP 255.255.255.255.
Izi zitha kuchitika, ndipo ndikuwonetsani momwe mungaletsere uthengawu kuti usawonekere. Mutha kungodikirira mpaka pempho litatha, kapena gwiritsani ntchito njira yachidule ya kiyibodi Control + Shift + 6, nthawi zina imagwira ntchito ngakhale pazida zakuthupi.
Ndiye tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti dongosolo silikuyang'ana dzina lachidziwitso, chifukwa cha izi timalowetsa lamulo la "palibe IP-domain lookup" ndikuyang'ana momwe linagwirira ntchito.
Monga mukuwonera, tsopano mutha kugwira ntchito ndi zosintha zosinthira popanda vuto. Ngati titulukanso zoikamo pawindo lolandirira ndikulakwitsa komweko, ndiko kuti, lowetsani chingwe chopanda kanthu, chipangizocho sichidzataya nthawi kufunafuna dzina lachidziwitso, koma chidzangowonetsa uthenga "lamulo losadziwika". mawu achinsinsi olowera ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe muyenera kuchita pa chipangizo chanu chatsopano cha Cisco.
Kenako, tiwona achinsinsi a protocol ya Telnet. Ngati pa mawu achinsinsi ku console tinali ndi "con 0" pamzere, pa mawu achinsinsi pa Telnet chizindikiro chosasinthika ndi "mzere vty", ndiye kuti, mawu achinsinsi amapangidwa mumtundu wotsiriza, chifukwa Telnet si thupi, koma mzere weniweni. Mzere woyamba wa vty parameter ndi 0 ndipo wotsiriza ndi 15. Ngati tiyika chizindikiro ku 15, zikutanthauza kuti mukhoza kupanga mizere 16 kuti mupeze chipangizochi. Ndiye kuti, ngati tili ndi zida zingapo pamaneti, polumikizana ndi chosinthira pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya Telnet, chipangizo choyamba chidzagwiritsa ntchito mzere 0, wachiwiri - mzere 1, ndi zina zambiri mpaka 15. Choncho, anthu a 16 akhoza kugwirizanitsa ndi kusintha nthawi yomweyo, ndipo kusinthako kudzadziwitsa munthu wakhumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri pamene akuyesera kugwirizanitsa kuti malire a kugwirizana afika.
Titha kuyika mawu achinsinsi pamizere yonse 16 kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 15, kutsatira lingaliro lomwelo pokhazikitsa mawu achinsinsi pa kontrakitala, ndiye kuti, timalowetsa mawu achinsinsi pamzere ndikuyika mawu achinsinsi, mwachitsanzo, mawu achinsinsi. "telnet", ndiyeno lowetsani lamulo "login". Izi zikutanthauza kuti sitikufuna kuti anthu alowe mu chipangizocho pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya Telnet popanda mawu achinsinsi. Choncho, timalangiza kuti tiyang'ane malowedwe ndipo pokhapokha titapereka mwayi wopita ku dongosolo.
Pakalipano, sitingathe kugwiritsa ntchito Telnet, chifukwa kupeza chipangizo kudzera mu protocol iyi kungatheke pokhapokha mutakhazikitsa adilesi ya IP pa kusintha. Chifukwa chake, kuti muwone zosintha za Telnet, tiyeni tiyambe kuyang'anira ma adilesi a IP.
Monga mukudziwira, kusinthaku kumagwira ntchito pa 2 wosanjikiza wa OSI chitsanzo, ali ndi madoko 24 choncho sangathe kukhala ndi adiresi yeniyeni ya IP. Koma tiyenera kupatsa adilesi ya IP ku switch iyi ngati tikufuna kulumikizana nayo kuchokera ku chipangizo china kuti tiziyang'anira ma adilesi a IP.
Chifukwa chake, tifunika kupatsa adilesi imodzi ya IP ku switch, yomwe idzagwiritsidwe ntchito pakuwongolera IP. Kuti tichite izi, tilowa limodzi mwamalamulo omwe ndimawakonda "show ip interface mwachidule" ndipo titha kuwona mawonekedwe onse omwe alipo pa chipangizochi.
Chifukwa chake, ndikuwona kuti ndili ndi madoko makumi awiri ndi anayi a FastEthernet, madoko awiri a GigabitEthernet, ndi mawonekedwe amodzi a VLAN. VLAN ndi intaneti yeniyeni, pambuyo pake tidzayang'anitsitsa lingaliro lake, chifukwa tsopano ndinena kuti kusintha kulikonse kumabwera ndi mawonekedwe amodzi otchedwa VLAN mawonekedwe. Izi ndi zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera switch.
Choncho, tidzayesa kupeza mawonekedwewa ndikulowetsa chizindikiro cha vlan 1 pa mzere wa lamulo. Tsopano mukhoza kuona kuti mzere wa lamulo wakhala NetworKing (config-if) #, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tili mu VLAN switch management interface. Tsopano tidzalowetsa lamulo lokhazikitsa IP adilesi monga chonchi: Ip add 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ndikusindikiza "Lowani".
Tikuwona kuti mawonekedwewa adawonekera pamndandanda wamawonekedwe olembedwa "administratively down". Ngati muwona zolembedwa zotere, zikutanthauza kuti pa mawonekedwe awa pali lamulo la "shutdown" lomwe limakupatsani mwayi woletsa doko, ndipo pakadali pano doko ili ndi lolemala. Mutha kuyendetsa lamuloli pamawonekedwe aliwonse omwe ali ndi chizindikiro "pansi" mumagulu ake. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kupita ku mawonekedwe a FastEthernet0/23 kapena FastEthernet0/24, perekani lamulo la "shutdown", pambuyo pake dokoli lidzalembedwa ngati "administratively down" pamndandanda wazolumikizana, ndiye kuti, wolemala.
Chifukwa chake, tawona momwe lamulo loletsa doko la "shutdown" limagwirira ntchito. Kuti mutsegule doko kapenanso yambitsani chilichonse chosinthira, gwiritsani ntchito Lamulo Loletsa, kapena "kukaniza". Mwachitsanzo, kwa ife, kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lotere kungatanthauze "palibe kutseka". Ili ndi lamulo losavuta la mawu amodzi "ayi" - ngati lamulo la "shutdown" limatanthauza "zimitsa chipangizo", ndiye kuti "palibe shutdown" lamulo limatanthauza "kuyatsa chipangizo". Choncho, kunyalanyaza lamulo lililonse ndi tinthu "ayi", timalamula chipangizo Cisco kuchita chimodzimodzi.
Tsopano ndilowetsanso lamulo la "show ip interface brief", ndipo muwona kuti mkhalidwe wa doko lathu la VLAN, lomwe tsopano lili ndi adilesi ya IP ya 10.1.1.1, yasintha kuchokera "pansi" - "off" mpaka "mmwamba." β - "pa" , koma chingwe cha chipikacho chimati "pansi".
Chifukwa chiyani VLAN protocol sikugwira ntchito? Chifukwa pakali pano sakuwona magalimoto akudutsa padoko ili, popeza, ngati mukukumbukira, pali chipangizo chimodzi chokha pa intaneti yathu - chosinthira, ndipo pamenepa sipangakhale magalimoto. Chifukwa chake, tiwonjezeranso chipangizo chimodzi pamanetiweki, PC-PT(PC0) kompyuta yanu.
Osadandaula za Cisco Packet Tracer, mum'modzi mwamavidiyo otsatirawa ndikuwonetsani momwe pulogalamuyi imagwirira ntchito mwatsatanetsatane, pakadali pano tikhala ndi chithunzithunzi chonse cha kuthekera kwake.
Chifukwa chake, tsopano ndiyambitsa kuyerekezera kwa PC, dinani chizindikiro cha pakompyuta ndikuyendetsa chingwe kuchokera pamenepo kupita ku switch yathu. Uthenga udawonekera mu kontrakitala wonena kuti mzere wa protocol wa mawonekedwe a VLAN1 wasintha dziko kukhala UP, popeza tinali ndi magalimoto ochokera pa PC. Protocolyo itangozindikira mawonekedwe a magalimoto, nthawi yomweyo idalowa m'malo okonzeka.
Ngati muperekanso lamulo la "show ip interface mwachidule", mutha kuwona kuti mawonekedwe a FastEthernet0 / 1 asintha mawonekedwe ake ndi chikhalidwe cha protocol yake kukhala UP, chifukwa chinali choti chingwe chochokera pakompyuta chilumikizidwa, zomwe magalimoto anayamba kuyenda. Mawonekedwe a VLAN adakweranso chifukwa "adawona" magalimoto padoko.
Tsopano ife alemba pa kompyuta mafano kuona chimene icho chiri. Uku ndikungoyerekeza kwa Windows PC, kotero tipita ku zoikamo zosinthira maukonde kuti tipatse kompyuta adilesi ya IP ya 10.1.1.2 ndikugawa chigoba cha subnet cha 255.255.255.0.
Sitifunika khomo lokhazikika chifukwa tili pa netiweki yomweyi ndi switch. Tsopano ndiyesera ping kusinthana ndi lamulo la "ping 10.1.1.1", ndipo, monga mukuwonera, ping idapambana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tsopano kompyuta ikhoza kulumikiza kusinthana ndipo tili ndi adilesi ya IP ya 10.1.1.1 yomwe kusinthaku kumayendetsedwa.
Mutha kufunsa chifukwa chomwe pempho loyamba la kompyuta lidalandira yankho la "timeout". Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti kompyutayo sinadziwe adilesi ya MAC ya chosinthira ndipo idayenera kutumiza pempho la ARP, kotero kuyimba koyamba ku adilesi ya IP 10.1.1.1 kunalephera.
Tiyeni tiyese kugwiritsa ntchito protocol ya Telnet polemba "telnet 10.1.1.1" mu console. Timalankhulana ndi kompyutayi kudzera mu protocol ya Telnet ndi adilesi 10.1.1.1, yomwe siili kanthu koma mawonekedwe osinthira. Pambuyo pake, pawindo lazenera la mzere wolamula, nthawi yomweyo ndikuwona chikwangwani cholandirira chosinthira chomwe tidayikapo kale.
Mwathupi, chosinthira ichi chikhoza kupezeka paliponse - pachinayi kapena pansanjika yoyamba ya ofesi, koma mulimonsemo timachipeza pogwiritsa ntchito Telnet. Mukuwona kuti kusinthaku kukufunsani mawu achinsinsi. Kodi mawu achinsinsiwa ndi chiyani? Timakhazikitsa mapasiwedi awiri - imodzi ya console, ina ya VTY. Tiyeni tiyese kuyesa kulowa mawu achinsinsi pa "cisco" console ndipo mukhoza kuwona kuti sichivomerezedwa ndi dongosolo. Kenako ndimayesa mawu achinsinsi "telnet" pa VTY ndipo idagwira ntchito. Kusinthako kudavomereza mawu achinsinsi a VTY, kotero mawu achinsinsi a vty ndi omwe amagwira ntchito pa protocol ya Telnet yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pano.
Tsopano ndikuyesera kuyika lamulo la "enable", lomwe dongosolo limayankha "palibe mawu achinsinsi" - "achinsinsi sanakhazikitsidwe". Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusinthaku kunandilola kuti ndizitha kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a wosuta, koma sikunandipatse mwayi wapadera. Kuti mulowe munjira yabwino ya EXEC, ndiyenera kupanga zomwe zimatchedwa "enable password", mwachitsanzo, yambitsani mawu achinsinsi. Kuti tichite izi, timapitanso pawindo la zosintha zosintha kuti tilole kuti pulogalamuyo igwiritse ntchito mawu achinsinsi.
Kuti tichite izi, timagwiritsa ntchito lamulo la "yambitsani" kuti tisinthe kuchoka pa EXEC mode kupita ku EXEC mode. Popeza timalowetsa "yambitsani", dongosololi limafunanso mawu achinsinsi, chifukwa ntchitoyi siigwira ntchito popanda mawu achinsinsi. Chifukwa chake, timabwereranso ku fanizo la kupeza mwayi wa console. Ndili ndi mwayi wosinthira izi, kotero pawindo la IOS CLI, mu mzere wa NetworKing (config) #, ndikufunika kuwonjezera "password thandizani", ndiko kuti, yambitsani ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mawu achinsinsi.
Tsopano ndiroleni ndiyesenso kulemba "yambitsani" pamzere wamalamulo apakompyuta ndikumenya "Lowani", zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pulogalamuyo ifunse mawu achinsinsi. Kodi mawu achinsinsiwa ndi chiyani? Nditalemba ndikulowetsa lamulo la "enable", ndidapeza mwayi wamachitidwe a EXEC. Tsopano nditha kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi kudzera pakompyuta, ndipo ndimatha kuchichita chilichonse chomwe ndikufuna. Nditha kupita ku "conf t", nditha kusintha mawu achinsinsi kapena dzina la alendo. Tsopano ndisintha dzina la alendo kukhala SwitchF1R10, kutanthauza "pansi, chipinda cha 10". Chifukwa chake, ndidasintha dzina la chosinthira, ndipo tsopano chimandiwonetsa malo a chipangizochi muofesi.
Mukabwerera kuwindo la mawonekedwe a switch command line, mutha kuwona kuti dzina lake lasintha, ndipo ndidachita izi patali pagawo la Telnet.
Umu ndi momwe timafikira kusinthana kudzera pa Telnet: tapereka dzina la alendo, tidapanga chikwangwani cholowera, khazikitsa mawu achinsinsi a console ndi mawu achinsinsi a Telnet. Kenako tidapangitsa kuti mawu achinsinsi apezeke, tidapanga luso la kasamalidwe ka IP, tidathandizira gawo la "kutseka", ndikupangitsa kuthekera kwa kukana lamulo.
Pambuyo pake, tiyenera kusankha njira yoyenera. Kuti tichite izi, timasinthiranso ku masinthidwe osintha padziko lonse lapansi, lembani lamulo "ip default-gateway 10.1.1.10" ndikusindikiza "Lowani". Mutha kufunsa chifukwa chake timafunikira chipata chokhazikika ngati chosinthira chathu ndi chipangizo cha 2 cha mtundu wa OSI.
Pankhaniyi, tidalumikiza PC ku chosinthira mwachindunji, koma tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi zida zingapo. Tinene kuti chipangizo chomwe ndidayambitsa Telnet, ndiko kuti, kompyuta, chili pa netiweki imodzi, ndipo chosinthira ndi adilesi ya IP 10.1.1.1 chili pa netiweki yachiwiri. Pankhaniyi, magalimoto a Telnet adachokera ku netiweki ina, chosinthiracho chiyenera kubwereranso, koma sadziwa momwe angafikire. Kusinthaku kumatsimikizira kuti adilesi ya IP ya kompyuta ndi ya netiweki ina, chifukwa chake muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolowera kuti mulankhule nayo.
Chifukwa chake, timayika chipata chokhazikika cha chipangizochi kotero kuti magalimoto akafika kuchokera ku netiweki ina, chosinthiracho chikhoza kutumiza paketi yoyankhira pachipata chokhazikika, chomwe chimawapititsa komwe akupita.
Tsopano tiwona potsiriza momwe tingasungire kasinthidwe uku. Tasintha kwambiri zochunira za chipangizochi kotero kuti nthawi yakwana yoti tizisunga. Pali njira ziwiri zosungira.
Chimodzi ndikulowetsa lamulo la "lembani" mumachitidwe amwayi a EXEC. Ndikulemba lamulo ili, pezani Enter, ndipo dongosolo limayankha ndi uthenga wakuti "Kukonzekera kwa zomangamanga - OK", ndiko kuti, kusinthidwa kwamakono kwa chipangizocho kunasungidwa bwino. Zomwe tidachita tisanasunge zimatchedwa "kusintha kwa chipangizo chogwirira ntchito". Imasungidwa mu RAM ya switch ndipo idzatayika ikazimitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, tifunika kulemba chilichonse chomwe chili mu kasinthidwe kogwira ntchito ku kasinthidwe ka boot.
Chilichonse chomwe chili mu kasinthidwe kameneka, lamulo la "lembani" limakopera izi ndikuzilemba ku fayilo yosinthira boot, yomwe ili yodziyimira payokha RAM ndipo imakhala mu kukumbukira kosasinthika kwa NVRAM switch. Chidacho chikayamba, dongosolo limayang'ana ngati pali makonzedwe a boot mu NVRAM ndikusandutsa makonzedwe ogwirira ntchito pokweza magawo mu RAM. Nthawi iliyonse tikamagwiritsa ntchito lamulo la "lembani", magawo osinthika amakopera ndikusungidwa mu NVRAM.
Njira yachiwiri yosungira zoikidwiratu ndikugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lakale la "do write". Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito lamulo ili, ndiye choyamba tiyenera kuyika mawu oti "kope". Pambuyo pake, makina opangira a Cisco adzakufunsani komwe mukufuna kukopera zoikidwiratu: kuchokera ku fayilo ya fayilo kudzera pa ftp kapena kung'anima, kuchokera pakukonzekera ntchito kapena kuchokera pa boot kasinthidwe. Tikufuna kupanga kopi ya magawo othamanga, kotero timalemba mawuwa mu chingwe. Kenako dongosololi lidzaperekanso chizindikiro, ndikufunsa komwe mungakopere magawo, ndipo tsopano tikufotokozerani zoyambira. Chifukwa chake, tidakopera kasinthidwe kantchito mu fayilo yosinthira boot.
Muyenera kusamala kwambiri ndi malamulowa, chifukwa ngati mukopera kasinthidwe ka boot mu kasinthidwe ka ntchito, zomwe nthawi zina zimachitika pokhazikitsa kusintha kwatsopano, tidzawononga zosintha zonse ndikupeza boot ndi magawo a zero. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kusamala za zomwe mungasunge komanso komwe mungasunge mutatha kukonza zosintha zosintha. Umu ndi momwe mumasungira kasinthidwe, ndipo tsopano, ngati muyambitsanso kusintha, idzabwereranso ku chikhalidwe chomwe chinali chisanayambe kuyambiranso.
Chifukwa chake, tawona momwe magawo oyambira a switch yatsopano amapangidwira. Ndikudziwa kuti aka ndi nthawi yoyamba kuti ambiri a inu muwone mawonekedwe a mzere wa chipangizocho, kotero zingatenge nthawi kuti mutenge zonse zomwe zawonetsedwa muvidiyoyi. Ndikukulangizani kuti muwone vidiyoyi kangapo mpaka mutamvetsetsa momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito masinthidwe osiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe a EXEC, mwayi wa EXEC, masinthidwe adziko lonse, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mzere wolamula kuti mulowetse ma subcommands, kusintha dzina la alendo, kupanga mbendera, ndi zina zotero.
Talemba malamulo oyambira omwe muyenera kudziwa komanso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukonza koyambirira kwa chipangizo chilichonse cha Cisco. Ngati mukudziwa malamulo osinthira, ndiye kuti mukudziwa malamulo a rauta.
Ingokumbukirani mtundu wanji wa malamulo awa oyambira. Mwachitsanzo, dzina la alendo ndi chizindikiro cholowera ndi gawo la kasinthidwe kadziko lonse, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito console kuti mupereke mawu achinsinsi ku console, mawu achinsinsi a Telnet amaperekedwa mu chingwe cha VTY kuchokera ku zero mpaka 15. Muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a VLAN. kusamalira adilesi ya IP. Muyenera kukumbukira kuti gawo la "yambitsani" limayimitsidwa mwachisawawa, chifukwa chake mungafunikire kuyiyambitsa polowetsa lamulo la "no shutdown".
Ngati mukufuna kupatsa chipata chokhazikika, mumalowetsa masinthidwe apadziko lonse lapansi, gwiritsani ntchito lamulo la "ip default-gateway", ndikugawa adilesi ya IP pachipata. Pomaliza, mumasunga zosintha zanu pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la "lembani" kapena kukopera kasinthidwe koyendetsa ku fayilo yosinthira boot. Ndikukhulupirira kuti vidiyoyi inali yophunzitsa kwambiri ndipo yakuthandizani kuti muphunzire bwino maphunziro athu a pa intaneti.
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Source: www.habr.com