chimene chinalipo ndi chimene chidzakhala;
ndipo chimene chidachitidwa chidzachitidwa;
ndipo palibe chatsopano pansi pano.
Buku la Mlaliki 1:9
Nzeru zamuyaya zomwe zili mu epigraph zimagwira ntchito pafupifupi makampani onse, kuphatikizapo kusintha kofulumira monga IT. M'malo mwake, zikuwonekeratu kuti ambiri omwe akudziwa zomwe akuyamba kuyankhula tsopano amachokera kuzinthu zopangidwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo ndipo ngakhale bwino (kapena ayi bwino) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida za ogula kapena B2B sphere. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kuzinthu zowoneka ngati zatsopano monga zida zam'manja ndi zosungira zonyamula, zomwe tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani zamasiku ano.
Simuyenera kuyang'ana kutali kuti mupeze zitsanzo. Tengani mafoni omwewo. Ngati mukuganiza kuti chipangizo choyamba "chanzeru" chomwe chinalibe kiyibodi kwathunthu chinali iPhone, yomwe idangowonekera mu 2007, ndiye kuti mukulakwitsa kwambiri. Lingaliro lopanga foni yamakono, kuphatikiza chida cholumikizirana ndi kuthekera kwa PDA pachochitika chimodzi, si cha Apple, koma cha IBM, ndipo chida choyamba chotere chinaperekedwa kwa anthu wamba pa Novembara 23. , 1992 monga gawo la chionetsero cha COMDEX cha zomwe zapindula mu malonda a telecommunication, omwe anachitikira ku Las Vegas, ndipo chozizwitsa ichi cha teknoloji chinalowa kale mu 1994.
IBM Simon Personal Communicator - foni yamakono yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi
The IBM Simon personal communicator inali foni yoyamba yam'manja yomwe kwenikweni inalibe kiyibodi, ndipo zambiri zidalowetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chophimba chokhudza. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chipangizochi chinagwirizanitsa ntchito ya okonza, kukulolani kutumiza ndi kulandira ma fax, komanso kugwira ntchito ndi imelo. Ngati ndi kotheka, IBM Simon ikhoza kulumikizidwa ndi kompyuta yanu kuti isinthe ma data kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ngati modemu yokhala ndi 2400 bps. Mwa njira, kulowetsa zolembazo kunakhazikitsidwa mwanzeru: mwiniwakeyo anali ndi chisankho pakati pa kiyibodi ya QWERTY yaying'ono, yomwe, chifukwa cha kukula kwa mainchesi 4,7 ndi chiganizo cha 160x293 pixels, sichinali chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo Wothandizira wanzeru wa PredictaKey. Chotsatiracho chinawonetsa zilembo 6 zokha, zomwe, malinga ndi ndondomeko yolosera zam'tsogolo, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mwayi waukulu.
Epithet yabwino kwambiri yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikiritsa IBM Simon "isanafike nthawi yake," yomwe pamapeto pake idatsimikiza fiasco yonse ya chipangizochi pamsika. Kumbali imodzi, panthawiyo panalibe umisiri womwe ungathe kupangitsa wolankhulayo kukhala wosavuta: anthu ochepa angafune kunyamula chipangizo chokhala ndi 200x64x38 mm ndi kulemera kwa magalamu 623 (ndiponso ndi siteshoni yoperekera - yoposa 1 kg). Batire inangokhala ola la 1 mumayendedwe olankhulira ndi maola a 12 mumayendedwe oima. Kumbali ina, mtengo ndi: $ 899 ndi mgwirizano kuchokera kwa woyendetsa ma cellular BellSouth, yemwe wakhala mnzake wovomerezeka wa IBM ku USA, ndi $ 1000 popanda izo. Komanso, musaiwale za mwayi (kapena ngakhale kufunika) kugula batire capacious kwambiri - "okha" $78.
Kuyerekeza kowoneka kwa IBM Simon, mafoni amakono ndi fir cone
Ndi zida zosungira zakunja, zinthu sizili zophweka. Malinga ndi akaunti ya Hamburg, kupangidwa kwa chipangizo choyambirira chotere kungayambitsidwenso ndi IBM. Pa Okutobala 11, 1962, bungweli lidalengeza zakusintha kwadongosolo losungiramo data la IBM 1311. Chofunikira kwambiri pazatsopanozi chinali kugwiritsa ntchito makatiriji osinthika, omwe ali ndi mbale zisanu ndi imodzi za maginito a 14-inch. Ngakhale kuti galimoto zochotseka izi analemera makilogalamu 4,5, akadali chipambano chofunika, chifukwa osachepera anali zotheka kusintha makatiriji pamene zonse ndi kusamutsa iwo pakati unsembe, aliyense amene anali kukula kwa chifuwa chidwi otungira.
IBM 1311 - kusungidwa kwa data ndi ma hard drive ochotsedwa
Koma ngakhale kusuntha koteroko tinkayenera kulipira muzochita ndi mphamvu. Choyamba, pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa deta, mbali zakunja za mbale za 1 ndi 6 zinachotsedwa maginito osanjikiza, ndipo zinagwiranso ntchito yoteteza. Popeza ndege 10 zokha zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula tsopano, mphamvu yonse ya disk yochotseka inali 2,6 megabytes, yomwe panthawiyo inali idakali yochuluka: cartridge imodzi inasintha bwino β ya reel wamba wa filimu ya maginito kapena makadi 25 zikwi zikwi, pamene kupereka mwachisawawa kupeza deta.
Kachiwiri, mtengo wa kuyenda unali kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito: liwiro la spindle liyenera kuchepetsedwa mpaka 1500 rpm, ndipo chifukwa chake, nthawi yofikira gawo lapakati idakwera mpaka 250 milliseconds. Poyerekeza, yemwe adatsogolera chipangizochi, IBM 1301, anali ndi liwiro la spindle la 1800 rpm ndi nthawi yofikira gawo la 180 ms. Komabe, chinali chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito ma hard drive ochotsamo kuti IBM 1311 idakhala yotchuka kwambiri m'makampani, popeza mapangidwe ake adapangitsa kuti athe kuchepetsa kwambiri mtengo wosungira chidziwitso cha chidziwitso, ndikupangitsa kuti kuchepetsa chiwerengerocho. za makhazikitsidwe ogulidwa ndi malo ofunikira kuti awathandize. Chifukwa cha izi, chipangizocho chinakhala chimodzi mwazomwe zakhalapo nthawi yayitali ndi msika wa hardware wa makompyuta ndipo chinatha mu 1975.
Wolowa m'malo wa IBM 1311, yemwe adalandira index 3340, adabwera chifukwa chakukula kwa malingaliro ophatikizidwa ndi akatswiri amakampani pamapangidwe amtundu wakale. Dongosolo latsopano yosungirako deta analandira makatiriji osindikizidwa kwathunthu, chifukwa chimene zinali zotheka, pa dzanja limodzi, kuti neutralize chikoka cha zinthu zachilengedwe pa mbale maginito, kuwonjezera kudalirika kwawo, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo kwambiri kusintha aerodynamics mkati makaseti. Chithunzicho chinathandizidwa ndi microcontroller yomwe imayang'anira kusuntha mitu ya maginito, kupezeka kwake komwe kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwonjezera kulondola kwa malo awo.
IBM 3340, yotchedwa Winchester
Zotsatira zake, mphamvu ya cartridge iliyonse yawonjezeka mpaka 30 megabytes, ndipo nthawi yofikira gawo idatsika ndendende nthawi 10 - mpaka 25 milliseconds. Pa nthawi yomweyo, liwiro kutengerapo deta anafika mbiri kwa nthawi 885 kilobytes pa sekondi. Mwa njira, zinali chifukwa cha IBM 3340 kuti jargon "Winchester" anayamba ntchito. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chipangizocho chidapangidwa kuti chizigwira ntchito nthawi imodzi ndi ma drive awiri ochotseka, chifukwa chake adalandira cholozera chowonjezera "30-30". Mfuti yotchuka ya Winchester padziko lonse inali ndi ndondomeko yomweyi, kusiyana kokha kunali kuti ngati poyamba tikukamba za ma disks awiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya 30 MB, ndiye chachiwiri - za chipolopolo (0,3 mainchesi) ndi kulemera kwa mfuti mu kapisozi (mbewu 30, ndiko kuti, pafupifupi 1,94 magalamu).
Floppy Disk - chitsanzo cha ma drive akunja amakono
Ngakhale ndi makatiriji a IBM 1311 omwe amatha kuonedwa ngati agogo-agogo-agogo aakulu amakono akunja akunja, zida izi zinali zidakali kutali kwambiri ndi msika wa ogula. Koma kuti mupitilize banja la media media yosungirako mafoni, choyamba muyenera kusankha pazosankha. Mwachiwonekere, makhadi okhomedwa adzasiyidwa, chifukwa ndi teknoloji ya nthawi ya "pre-disk". Sikoyeneranso kuganizira zoyendetsa zotengera matepi a maginito: ngakhale kuti reelyo ili ndi katundu wotere monga kuyenda, kugwira ntchito kwake sikungafanane ngakhale ndi zitsanzo zoyamba za hard drive pazifukwa zosavuta zomwe tepi ya maginito imapereka mwayi wotsatizana wojambulidwa. deta. Chifukwa chake, ma drive "ofewa" ali pafupi kwambiri ndi ma hard drive potengera katundu wa ogula. Ndipo ndizowona: ma floppy disks ndi ophatikizika, koma, monga ma hard drive, amatha kupirira kulembedwanso mobwerezabwereza ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito mosawerengeka. Tiyeni tiyambe nawo.
Ngati mukuyembekeza kuwona zilembo zitatu zamtengo wapatali kachiwiri, ndiye ... mukulondola. Kupatula apo, munali m'ma laboratories a IBM omwe gulu la kafukufuku la Alan Shugart linkafunafuna malo oyenera m'malo mwa matepi a maginito, omwe anali abwino kusungitsa deta, koma anali otsika poyerekeza ndi ma hard drive amasiku onse. Yankho loyenera linaperekedwa ndi injiniya wamkulu David Noble, yemwe adalowa nawo gululi, ndipo mu 1967 adapanga diski yochotsa maginito yokhala ndi chitetezo choteteza, chomwe chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito disk drive yapadera. Patapita zaka zinayi, IBM anayambitsa dziko loyamba floppy litayamba, amene anali ndi mphamvu ya 4 kilobytes ndi awiri mainchesi 80, ndipo kale mu 8 anamasulidwa m'badwo wachiwiri wa floppy disks, mphamvu amene anali kale 1972 kilobytes.
IBM 8-inch floppy disk yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 128 kilobytes
Pambuyo pa kupambana kwa floppy disks, kale mu 1973, Alan Shugart adaganiza zochoka ku bungwe ndipo adapeza kampani yake, yotchedwa Shugart Associates. Kampani yatsopanoyi idayambanso kukonza ma floppy drives: mu 1976, kampaniyo idayambitsa ma floppy disks a mainchesi 5,25 ndi ma floppy drive oyambira okhala ndi chowongolera chatsopano komanso mawonekedwe. Mtengo wa Shugart SA-400 mini-floppy kumayambiriro kwa malonda unali $ 390 pa galimoto yokha ndi $ 45 pa seti ya floppy disks khumi. M'mbiri yonse ya kampaniyo, inali SA-400 yomwe idakhala yopambana kwambiri: kuchuluka kwa zida zatsopano kumafika mayunitsi 4000 patsiku, ndipo pang'onopang'ono ma floppy disks a 5,25-inch adathamangitsa anzawo akuluakulu a mainchesi eyiti. msika.
Komabe, kampani ya Alan Shugart sinathe kulamulira msika kwa nthawi yayitali: kale mu 1981, Sony adatenga ndodoyo, ndikuyambitsa floppy disk, yomwe m'mimba mwake inali 90 mm kapena mainchesi 3,5. PC yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito disk drive yomangidwa mwamtundu watsopano inali HP-150, yotulutsidwa ndi Hewlett-Packard mu 1984.
Kompsuta yoyamba yokhala ndi 3,5-inch disk drive Hewlett-Packard HP-150
Floppy disk ya Sony idakhala yopambana kwambiri kotero kuti idasintha mwachangu njira zina zonse pamsika, ndipo mawonekedwewo adatenga zaka pafupifupi 30: kupanga ma floppy disks a 3,5-inch kunatha mu 2010. Kutchuka kwa chinthu chatsopanocho kudachitika pazifukwa zingapo:
- pulasitiki yolimba ndi chitsulo chotsetsereka chinapereka chitetezo chodalirika cha disk palokha;
- chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa manja achitsulo omwe ali ndi dzenje kuti akhazikike bwino, panalibe chifukwa chopanga dzenje mwachindunji mu disk magnetic, yomwe imakhalanso ndi phindu pa chitetezo chake;
- pogwiritsa ntchito sliding switch, chitetezo cholembera chinakhazikitsidwa (kale, kuti aletse kuthekera kwa kujambula mobwerezabwereza, chowongolera pa floppy disk chinayenera kusindikizidwa ndi tepi).
Zosatha nthawi - Sony 3,5-inch floppy disk
Pamodzi ndi compactness, ma floppy disks a 3,5-inch analinso ndi mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri poyerekeza ndi oyambirira awo. Choncho, ma floppy disks apamwamba kwambiri a 5,25-inch, omwe anawonekera mu 1984, anali ndi data yokwana 1200 kilobytes. Ngakhale zitsanzo zoyamba za 3,5-inch zinali ndi mphamvu ya 720 KB ndipo zinali zofanana ndi ma floppy disks 5 inchi quadruple-density disks, kale mu 1987 ma floppy disks olemera kwambiri a 1,44 MB adawonekera, ndipo mu 1991 - ma floppy disks otalikirapo. kutengera 2,88 MB ya data.
Makampani ena adayesa kupanga ma floppy disks ang'onoang'ono (mwachitsanzo, Amstrad idapanga ma floppy disks a mainchesi atatu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ZX Spectrum +3, ndipo Canon adapanga ma floppy disks apadera a 3 inchi kuti ajambule ndikusunga makanema apakanema), koma sanatero. anagwira. Koma zida zakunja zidayamba kuwonekera pamsika, zomwe zinali zoyandikira kwambiri ma drive akunja amakono.
Bokosi la Iomega la Bernoulli ndi "mafayilo owopsa"
Chilichonse chomwe munthu anganene, ma voliyumu a ma floppy disks anali ochepa kwambiri kuti asunge zambiri zokwanira: ndi miyezo yamakono amatha kufananizidwa ndi ma drive amtundu wolowera. Koma ndi chiyani, munkhaniyi, chomwe chingatchedwe analogue ya hard drive yakunja kapena solid-state drive? Zogulitsa za Iomega ndizoyenera kwambiri pantchitoyi.
Chipangizo chawo choyamba, chomwe chinayambitsidwa mu 1982, chinali chotchedwa Bernoulli Box. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa nthawi imeneyo (ma drive oyamba anali ndi mphamvu ya 5, 10 ndi 20 MB), chipangizo choyambirira sichinali chodziwika bwino chifukwa, popanda kukokomeza, miyeso yake yayikulu: "floppy disks" kuchokera ku Iomega inali ndi miyeso ya 21 by. 27,5 masentimita, ofanana ndi pepala A4.
Izi ndi zomwe makatiriji oyambirira a bokosi la Bernoulli ankawoneka
Zida za kampaniyo zakhala zikudziwika kuyambira Bernoulli Box II. Miyeso ya ma drive idachepetsedwa kwambiri: anali kale ndi kutalika kwa 14 cm ndi m'lifupi mwake 13,6 cm (omwe amafanana ndi ma floppy disks a 5,25 inchi, ngati simuganizira makulidwe a 0,9 cm), pomwe zokhala ndi mphamvu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri : kuchokera ku 20 MB pamitundu yolowera mpaka 230 MB pama drive omwe adayamba kugulitsidwa mu 1993. Zida zoterezi zinalipo m'mitundu iwiri: monga ma modules amkati a ma PC (chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kocheperako, amatha kuikidwa m'malo mwa owerenga floppy disk 5,25-inch) ndi machitidwe osungira kunja omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kompyuta kudzera pa SCSI mawonekedwe.
Bokosi lachiwiri la Bernoulli
Otsatira achindunji a bokosi la Bernoulli anali Iomega ZIP, yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi kampaniyo mu 1994. Kutchuka kwawo kudathandizidwa kwambiri ndi mgwirizano ndi Dell ndi Apple, omwe adayamba kukhazikitsa ma drive a ZIP pamakompyuta awo. Mtundu woyamba, ZIP-100, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito ma drive okwana 100 mabayiti (pafupifupi 663 MB), udadzitamandira kuthamanga kwa data pafupifupi 296 MB/s komanso nthawi yofikira mwachisawawa yosapitilira 96 milliseconds, ndipo ma drive akunja amatha kukhala. yolumikizidwa ndi PC kudzera pa LPT kapena SCSI. Patapita nthawi, ZIP-1 yokhala ndi ma byte 28 (250 MB) idawonekera, ndipo kumapeto kwa mndandandawo - ZIP-250, yomwe ili kumbuyo yogwirizana ndi ma drive a ZIP-640 ndi ntchito yothandizira ndi ZIP-384 munjira ya cholowa ( kuchokera pama drive akale zinali zotheka kuwerenga zambiri). Mwa njira, ma flagship akunja adakwanitsa kulandira chithandizo cha USB 239 ndi FireWire.
Iomega ZIP-100 drive yakunja
Kubwera kwa CD-R/RW, zolengedwa za Iomega mwachilengedwe zidaiwalika - kugulitsa zida zidayamba kuchepa, kutsika pafupifupi kanayi pofika 2003, ndipo zidazimiririka kale mu 2007 (ngakhale kutha kwa kupanga kudachitika mu 2010). Zinthu zikadakhala zosiyana zikanakhala kuti ZIP inalibe zovuta zina zodalirika.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti machitidwe a zipangizo, zochititsa chidwi kwa zaka zimenezo, adatsimikiziridwa ndi mbiri ya RPM: floppy disk inazungulira pa liwiro la 3000 rpm! Mwinamwake mwaganiza kale chifukwa chake zida zoyamba zimatchedwa kuti bokosi la Bernoulli: chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwa maginito a maginito, kutuluka kwa mpweya pakati pa mutu wolembera ndi pamwamba pake kumathamanga, kuthamanga kwa mpweya kunatsika, chifukwa chake. zomwe disk idasunthira pafupi ndi sensa (lamulo la Bernoulli likugwira ntchito). Mwachidziwitso, izi ziyenera kuti zidapangitsa chipangizocho kukhala chodalirika, koma pochita, ogula adakumana ndi zinthu zosasangalatsa monga Clicks of Death. Chilichonse, ngakhale chaching'ono kwambiri, choboola pamagineti chikuyenda mwachangu kwambiri chingathe kuwononga mutu wolemba, kenako kuyimitsa choyimitsira ndikubwereza kuyesanso kuwerenga, komwe kumatsagana ndi kudina kwachikhalidwe. Kuwonongeka kotereku kunali "chopatsirana": ngati wogwiritsa ntchito sanatengeke nthawi yomweyo ndikuyika floppy disk mu chipangizo chowonongeka, ndiye kuti pambuyo poyeserera kangapo, idakhalanso yosatheka, chifukwa mutu wolemba wokhala ndi geometry wosweka udawononga pamwamba pa floppy disk. Nthawi yomweyo, floppy disk yokhala ndi burrs imatha "kupha" wowerenga wina. Chifukwa chake, omwe adagwira ntchito ndi mankhwala a Iomega adayenera kuyang'ana mosamalitsa momwe ma floppy disks amagwirira ntchito, ndipo pamawonekedwe apambuyo pake adawonekeranso zilembo zochenjeza.
Magneto-optical discs: mawonekedwe a retro a HAMR
Pomaliza, ngati tikulankhula kale za zosungira zonyamula, sitingalephere kutchula chozizwitsa chaukadaulo monga ma magneto-optical disks (MO). Zida zoyamba za kalasiyi zidawonekera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80 m'zaka za zana la 1988, koma zidafalikira kwambiri mu 256, pomwe NEXT idayambitsa PC yake yoyamba yotchedwa NeXT Computer, yomwe inali ndi magneto-optical drive yopangidwa ndi Canon ndi ntchito yothandizira. ndi ma disks okhala ndi mphamvu ya XNUMX MB.
Kompyuta Yotsatira - PC yoyamba yokhala ndi magneto-optical drive
Kukhalapo kwa ma magneto-optical disks kumatsimikiziranso kulondola kwa epigraph: ngakhale tekinoloje yojambulira ya thermomagnetic (HAMR) idakambidwa mwachangu mzaka zaposachedwa, njira iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ku MO zaka zopitilira 30 zapitazo! Mfundo yojambulira pa ma magneto-optical discs ndi ofanana ndi HAMR, kupatula ma nuances ena. Ma disks omwewo adapangidwa ndi ma ferromagnets - ma alloys omwe amatha kusunga maginito pa kutentha pansi pa Curie point (pafupifupi madigiri 150 Celsius) pakalibe kukhudzana ndi maginito akunja. Panthawi yojambula, pamwamba pa mbaleyo idatenthedwa ndi laser mpaka kutentha kwa malo a Curie, pambuyo pake mutu wa maginito womwe uli kumbuyo kwa diski unasintha maginito a dera lofanana.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njirayi ndi HAMR kunali kuti chidziwitso chinawerengedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito laser yamphamvu yotsika: mtengo wa laser polarized unadutsa mu mbale ya disk, yowonekera kuchokera ku gawo lapansi, ndiyeno, kudutsa mu mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa owerenga, kugunda sensor, yomwe idalemba kusintha kwa laser polarization ya ndege. Apa mutha kuwona kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Kerr effect (quadratic electro-optical effect), chomwe chimasinthiratu refractive index ya zinthu zowoneka bwino molingana ndi lalikulu la mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi.
Mfundo yowerengera ndi kulemba zambiri pa magneto-optical disks
Ma disks oyamba a magneto-optical sanagwirizane ndi kulembedwanso ndipo adasankhidwa ndi chidule cha WORM (Lembani Kamodzi, Werengani Zambiri), koma zitsanzo zapambuyo pake zidawonekera zomwe zimathandizira zolemba zingapo. Kulembanso kunachitika m'magawo atatu: choyamba, chidziwitsocho chinachotsedwa pa diski, ndiye kujambula kokhako kunachitika, pambuyo pake kukhulupirika kwa deta kunafufuzidwa. Njirayi idatsimikizira zojambulidwa zotsimikizika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ma MO kukhala odalirika kuposa ma CD ndi ma DVD. Ndipo mosiyana ndi ma floppy disks, ma magneto-optical media sanali okhudzidwa ndi demagnetization: malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa opanga, nthawi yosungira deta pa ma MO olembedwanso ndi zaka 50.
Kale mu 1989, ma drive awiri a 5,25-inch okhala ndi mphamvu ya 650 MB adawonekera pamsika, akupereka liwiro lowerenga mpaka 1 MB / s komanso nthawi yofikira mwachisawawa kuchokera pa 50 mpaka 100 ms. Pamapeto pa kutchuka kwa MO, munthu atha kupeza zitsanzo pamsika zomwe zitha kusunga mpaka 9,1 GB ya data. Komabe, ma disks ophatikizika a 90 mm okhala ndi mphamvu kuchokera ku 128 mpaka 640 MB amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Yang'anani 640 MB maginito-optical drive kuchokera ku Olympus
Pofika m'chaka cha 1994, mtengo wa 1 MB wa deta yosungidwa pa galimoto yotereyi umachokera ku 27 mpaka 50 masenti kutengera wopanga, womwe, limodzi ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba komanso odalirika, adawapanga kukhala njira yopikisana kwathunthu. Ubwino wowonjezera wa zida za magneto-optical poyerekeza ndi ma ZIP omwewo anali chithandizo chamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ATAPI, LPT, USB, SCSI, IEEE-1394a.
Ngakhale zabwino zonse, magneto-optics analinso ndi zovuta zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, abulusa ku zopangidwa zosiyanasiyana (ndi MO unapangidwa ndi makampani ambiri akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo Sony, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Maxell, Mitsubishi, Olympus, Nikon, Sanyo ndi ena) zinakhala zosemphana ndi mzake chifukwa cha masanjidwe mbali. Momwemonso, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri komanso kufunikira kwa njira yoziziritsira yowonjezera kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma drive otere mu laputopu. Pomaliza, kuzungulira katatu kumawonjezera nthawi yojambulira, ndipo vutoli linathetsedwa kokha ndi 1997 ndi kubwera kwaukadaulo wa LIMDOW (Light Intensity Modulated Direct Overwrite), womwe unaphatikiza magawo awiri oyamba kukhala amodzi powonjezera maginito omangidwa mu chimbale. katiriji, amene anachita erasing zambiri. Zotsatira zake, magneto-optics pang'onopang'ono inasiya kufunika ngakhale pa malo osungira deta kwa nthawi yaitali, zomwe zikupereka njira zachikale za LTO streamers.
Ndipo nthawi zonse ndimasowa chinachake...
Chilichonse chimene tatchula pamwambapa chikusonyeza bwino lomwe mfundo yosavuta yakuti, mosasamala kanthu za luso lopeka, mwa zina, liyenera kukhala la panthaΕ΅i yake. IBM Simon anayenera kulephera, chifukwa pa nthawi ya maonekedwe ake anthu sankafuna kuyenda mtheradi. Magneto-optical disks anakhala njira yabwino kwa HDDs, koma anakhalabe akatswiri ambiri ndi okonda, popeza pa nthawi imeneyo liwiro, zosavuta ndi, ndithudi, mtengo wotsika anali zofunika kwambiri kwa ogula ambiri, amene wogula pafupifupi anali wokonzeka. kupereka nsembe kudalirika. Ma ZIP omwewo, ngakhale ali ndi zabwino zonse, sanathe kukhala odziwika bwino chifukwa anthu sanafune kuyang'ana pa floppy disk iliyonse pansi pa galasi lokulitsa, kufunafuna ma burrs.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake kusankha kwachilengedwe kunagawa msikawo m'magawo awiri ofananira: zosungira zochotseka (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray), ma drive ama flash (zosunga pang'ono) ndi ma hard drive akunja (zambiri). Pakati pazigawo zomaliza, zitsanzo zokhala ndi mainchesi 2,5 pamilandu payokha zakhala zosadziwika bwino, mawonekedwe omwe timakhala nawo makamaka pamalaputopu. Chifukwa china cha kutchuka kwawo ndi kukwera mtengo kwake: ngati ma HDD apamwamba a 3,5-inch panja sangatchulidwe kuti "chosasunthika", ndipo amafunikira kulumikiza gwero lamagetsi owonjezera (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mumayenera kunyamula adaputala ndi inu. ), ndiye zambiri zomwe ma drive a 2,5-inch angafune anali cholumikizira chowonjezera cha USB, ndipo pambuyo pake komanso zitsanzo zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu sizinkafuna ngakhale izi.
Mwa njira, tili ndi ngongole ya mawonekedwe a HDD yaying'ono ku PrairieTek, kampani yaying'ono yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Terry Johnson mu 1986. Patangotha ββzaka zitatu kuchokera pomwe idapezeka, PrairieTek idakhazikitsa hard drive yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi ya 2,5-inch yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 20 MB, yotchedwa PT-220. 30% yocheperako poyerekeza ndi mayankho apakompyuta, kuyendetsa kunali ndi kutalika kwa 25 mm, kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito laputopu. Tsoka ilo, ngakhale apainiya a msika waung'ono wa HDD, PrairieTek sanathe kugonjetsa msika, kupanga cholakwika choopsa. Atakhazikitsa kupanga PT-220, iwo anaika khama pa miniaturization zina, posakhalitsa kutulutsa chitsanzo PT-120, amene, ndi mphamvu yomweyo ndi liwiro makhalidwe, anali makulidwe 17 mm okha.
2,5-inch m'badwo wachiwiri PrairieTek PT-120 hard drive
Cholakwika chinali chakuti pamene akatswiri a PrairieTek anali kumenyera millimeter iliyonse, ochita nawo mpikisano monga JVC ndi Conner Peripherals anali kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma hard drive, ndipo izi zinakhala zotsimikizika pakulimbana kosagwirizana koteroko. Poyesera kukwera sitima, PrairieTek adalowa mpikisano wa zida, akukonzekera chitsanzo cha PT-240, chomwe chinali ndi deta ya 42,8 MB ndipo chinali ndi mbiri yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu panthawiyo - 1,5 W. Koma tsoka, ngakhale izi sizinapulumutse kampaniyo ku chiwonongeko, ndipo chifukwa chake, mu 1991 idasiya kukhalapo.
Nkhani ya PrairieTek ndi fanizo lina lomveka bwino la momwe chitukuko chaukadaulo, mosasamala kanthu kuti chikuwoneka ngati chofunikira chotani, sichingatchulidwe ndi msika chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwawo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, ogula anali asanawonongeke ndi ma ultrabooks ndi mafoni apamwamba kwambiri, kotero panalibe kufunikira kwachangu kwa ma drive oterowo. Zokwanira kukumbukira piritsi loyamba la GridPad, lotulutsidwa ndi GRiD Systems Corporation mu 1989: chipangizo "chonyamula" chinali cholemera kuposa 2 kg ndipo makulidwe ake anafika 3,6 cm!
GridPad - piritsi loyamba padziko lonse lapansi
Ndipo "mwana" wotero m'masiku amenewo ankaonedwa kuti ndi wosavuta komanso wosavuta: wogwiritsa ntchito mapeto sankawona chilichonse chabwino. Nthawi yomweyo, nkhani ya disk space inali yovuta kwambiri. GridPad yomweyo, mwachitsanzo, inalibe hard drive nkomwe: kusungidwa kwa chidziwitso kunakhazikitsidwa pamaziko a tchipisi ta RAM, zomwe zidasungidwa ndi mabatire omangidwa. Poyerekeza ndi zida zofananira, Toshiba T100X (DynaPad) yomwe idawonekera pambuyo pake idawoneka ngati chozizwitsa chenicheni chifukwa idanyamula chosungira chonse cha 40 MB pabwalo. Mfundo yakuti chipangizo cha "m'manja" chinali 4 centimita wandiweyani sichinavutitse aliyense.
Piritsi ya Toshiba T100X, yodziwika bwino ku Japan ngati DynaPad
Koma, monga mukudziwa, chilakolako chimadza ndi kudya. Chaka chilichonse, zopempha za ogwiritsa ntchito zidakula, ndipo zidakhala zovuta kuzikwaniritsa. Pamene mphamvu ndi liwiro la zosungirako zosungirako zikuwonjezeka, anthu ochulukirapo anayamba kuganiza kuti zipangizo zam'manja zikhoza kukhala zowonjezereka, ndipo kuthekera kokhala ndi galimoto yonyamula katundu yomwe ingathe kutenga mafayilo onse ofunikira imabwera bwino . Mwa kuyankhula kwina, panali kufunikira kwa msika kwa zipangizo zomwe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zosavuta komanso ergonomics, zomwe zinayenera kukhutitsidwa, ndipo kulimbana pakati pa makampani a IT kunapitirizabe ndi mphamvu zatsopano.
Apa ndi koyenera kubwerezanso epigraph yamasiku ano. Nthawi ya ma drive olimba idayamba kale zaka za m'ma 1984 zisanakwane: choyimira choyamba cha flash memory chidapangidwa ndi injiniya Fujio Masuoka ku Toshiba Corporation kumbuyo mu 1988, ndipo chogulitsa choyamba chochokera pa icho, Digipro FlashDisk, chidawonekera pamsika. kale mu 16. Chozizwitsa chaukadaulo chinali ndi data ya 5000 megabytes, ndipo mtengo wake unali $XNUMX.
Digipro FlashDisk - galimoto yoyamba yamalonda ya SSD
Njira yatsopanoyi idathandizidwa ndi Digital Equipment Corporation, yomwe idayambitsa zida za 90-inch EZ5,25x zothandizidwa ndi SCSI-5 ndi SCSI-1 koyambirira kwa 2s. Kampani yaku Israeli ya M-Systems sinayime pambali, kulengeza mu 1990 banja la ma drive olimba otchedwa Fast Flash Disk (kapena FFD), omwe anali ocheperako kapena ocheperako amakono: Ma SSD anali ndi mawonekedwe a 3,5-inch ndipo amatha kugwira. data kuchokera 16 mpaka 896 megabytes. Chitsanzo choyamba, chotchedwa FFD-350, chinatulutsidwa mu 1995.
M-Systems FFD-350 208 MB - chitsanzo cha ma SSD amakono
Mosiyana ndi ma hard drive achikhalidwe, ma SSD anali ophatikizika kwambiri, anali ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba ndipo, chofunikira kwambiri, anali osamva kugwedezeka komanso kugwedezeka kwamphamvu. Mwachidziwitso, izi zidawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kupanga zida zosungira mafoni, ngati sichoncho "koma": mitengo yokwera pamagawo osungira zidziwitso, ndichifukwa chake mayankho otere adakhala osayenera pamsika wa ogula. Iwo anali otchuka m'mabungwe amakampani, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndege kupanga "mabokosi akuda," ndipo adayikidwa m'makompyuta apamwamba a malo ofufuza, koma kupanga malonda ogulitsa panthawiyo kunalibe funso: palibe amene angawagule ngakhale atawagula. bungwe lililonse lidaganiza zogulitsa zoyendetsa zotere pamtengo wake.
Koma kusintha kwa msika sikunachedwe kubwera. Kukula kwa gawo la ogula la ma drive ochotseka a SSD kudathandizidwa kwambiri ndi kujambula kwa digito, chifukwa mumakampani awa munali kusowa kwakukulu kwa zosungirako zosungirako komanso zosunga mphamvu. Weruzani nokha.
Kamera yoyamba ya digito padziko lonse lapansi idawonekera (kukumbukira mawu a Mlaliki) kumbuyoko mu Disembala 1975: idapangidwa ndi Stephen Sasson, injiniya ku Eastman Kodak Company. Chitsanzocho chinali ndi matabwa angapo osindikizidwa osindikizidwa, gawo la kuwala lomwe linabwereka ku Kodak Super 8, ndi tepi yojambulira (zithunzi zinajambulidwa pa makaseti omvera wamba). Mabatire 16 a nickel-cadmium adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lamphamvu la kamera, ndipo zonsezo zinali zolemera 3,6 kg.
Kamera yoyamba ya digito yopangidwa ndi Eastman Kodak Company
Kusamvana kwa CCD masanjidwewo a "mwana" uyu anali megapixels 0,01 okha, zomwe zinachititsa kupeza mafelemu 125 Γ 80 mapikiselo, ndipo chithunzi chilichonse anatenga masekondi 23 kupanga. Poganizira za "zochititsa chidwi" zotere, gawo loterolo linali lotsika poyerekeza ndi ma SLRs achikhalidwe pamagawo onse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kupanga malonda ozikidwa pa izo sikunali kofunikira, ngakhale kuti kupangidwako kunadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri. zochitika zazikulu m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha kujambula, ndipo Steve adalowetsedwa mu Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame.
Zaka 6 pambuyo pake, Sony adatengapo gawo kuchokera ku Kodak, kulengeza pa Ogasiti 25, 1981 kamera ya kanema wopanda filimu Mavica (dzina ndi chidule cha Magnetic Video Camera).
Chitsanzo cha kamera ya digito ya Sony Mavica
Kamera yochokera ku chimphona cha ku Japan inkawoneka yosangalatsa kwambiri: chitsanzocho chimagwiritsa ntchito 10 ndi 12 mm CCD masanjidwewo ndi kudzitamandira kusamvana pazipita 570 Γ 490 mapikiselo, ndi kujambula inachitika pa yaying'ono 2 inchi Mavipack floppy disks, amene amatha kugwira mafelemu 25 mpaka 50 kutengera mawonekedwe owombera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chimango chomwe chimapangidwa chinali ndi minda iwiri ya kanema wawayilesi, iliyonse yomwe idalembedwa ngati vidiyo yophatikizika, ndipo zinali zotheka kulemba minda yonse nthawi imodzi, kapena imodzi yokha. Pamapeto pake, chigamulo cha chimango chinatsika ka 2, koma chithunzi choterocho chinali cholemera theka.
Sony poyambirira idakonza zoyamba kupanga Mavica mu 1983, ndipo mtengo wogulitsa makamera umayenera kukhala $650. Pochita, mapangidwe oyambirira a mafakitale adawonekera mu 1984, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa malonda kwa polojekitiyi mu mawonekedwe a Mavica MVC-A7AF ndi Pro Mavica MVC-2000 kunawona kuwala kokha mu 1986, ndipo makamera amawononga ndalama zambiri. kuposa momwe adakonzera poyamba.
Digital kamera Sony Pro Mavica MVC-2000
Ngakhale zinali zotsika mtengo komanso zatsopano, zinali zovuta kutcha Mavica yoyamba njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito akatswiri, ngakhale nthawi zina makamera oterowo amakhala njira yabwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, atolankhani a CNN adagwiritsa ntchito Sony Pro Mavica MVC-5000 pofotokoza zochitika za June 4 ku Tiananmen Square. Chitsanzo chabwinocho chinalandira matrices awiri odziimira a CCD, omwe adapanga chizindikiro cha kanema wowunikira, ndipo china - chizindikiro cha kusiyana kwa mitundu. Njirayi idapangitsa kuti zitheke kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito fyuluta yamtundu wa Bayer ndikuwonjezera kusanja kopingasa mpaka 500 TVL. Komabe, mwayi waukulu wa kamera inali thandizo lake lolumikizana mwachindunji ndi gawo la PSC-6, lomwe limakupatsani mwayi wotumizira zithunzi zomwe mwalandira kudzera pawailesi kuofesi yolembera. Chifukwa cha izi CNN idakwanitsa kukhala woyamba kufalitsa lipoti kuchokera pamalopo, ndipo Sony pambuyo pake adalandira Mphotho yapadera ya Emmy chifukwa chothandizira pakupanga kufalitsa kwa digito kwa zithunzi.
Sony Pro Mavica MVC-5000 - kamera yomweyi yomwe idapanga Sony kukhala wopambana Mphotho ya Emmy
Koma bwanji ngati wojambulayo ali ndi ulendo wautali wamalonda kutali ndi chitukuko? Pamenepa, akanatha kutenga imodzi mwa makamera odabwitsa a Kodak DCS 100, omwe anatulutsidwa mu May 1991. Chosakanizidwa chowopsa cha kamera yaying'ono ya Nikon F3 HP SLR yokhala ndi bokosi lapamwamba la digito la DCS Digital Film Back lomwe lili ndi winder, yolumikizidwa ndi Digital Storage Unit yakunja (inayenera kuvalidwa paphewa lamba) kugwiritsa ntchito. chingwe.
Kamera ya digito ya Kodak DCS 100 ndi chithunzithunzi cha "compactness"
Kodak anapereka mitundu iwiri, iliyonse yomwe inali ndi zosiyana zingapo: mtundu wa DCS DC3 ndi wakuda ndi woyera DCS DM3. Makamera onse pamzerewu anali ndi matrices okhala ndi ma megapixels 1,3, koma amasiyana ndi kukula kwa buffer, komwe kumatsimikizira kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa mafelemu panthawi yowombera mosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo, zosintha ndi 8 MB pa bolodi akhoza kuwombera pa liwiro la mafelemu 2,5 pa sekondi mndandanda wa mafelemu 6, ndi zapamwamba kwambiri, 32 MB, analola angapo kutalika mafelemu 24. Ngati malirewo apitilira, liwiro lowombera limatsika mpaka 1 chimango pa masekondi awiri mpaka buffer itachotsedwa.
Koma gawo la DSU, linali ndi hard drive ya 3,5-inch 200 MB, yomwe imatha kusunga zithunzi 156 "yaiwisi" mpaka 600 yothinikizidwa ndi chosinthira cha Hardware JPEG (chogula ndikuyikanso), ndi chiwonetsero cha LCD chowonera zithunzi. . Smart Storage idakulolani kuti muwonjezere mafotokozedwe achidule pazithunzi, koma izi zimafunikira kulumikiza kiyibodi yakunja. Pamodzi ndi mabatire, kulemera kwake kunali 3,5 kg, pamene kulemera kwake kunafika pa 5 kg.
Ngakhale zosavuta zokayikitsa ndi mtengo kuchokera 20 mpaka 25 madola zikwi (pazipita kasinthidwe), pafupifupi 1000 zipangizo zofanana anagulitsidwa pa zaka zitatu zotsatira, amene kuwonjezera atolankhani, chidwi mabungwe azachipatala, apolisi ndi angapo mabizinesi mafakitale. Mwachidule, panali kufunikira kwa zinthu zotere, komanso kufunikira kwachangu kosungirako zinthu zazing'ono. SanDisk idapereka yankho loyenera pomwe idakhazikitsa muyezo wa CompactFlash mu 1994.
Makhadi okumbukira a CompactFlash opangidwa ndi SanDisk ndi adaputala ya PCMCIA yowalumikiza ku PC
Mtundu watsopanowu udakhala wopambana kwambiri moti ukugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino masiku ano, ndipo CompactFlash Association, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1995, pakadali pano ili ndi makampani opitilira 200, kuphatikiza Canon, Eastman Kodak Company, Hewlett-Packard, Hitachi Global Systems Technologies, Lexar. Media , Renesas Technology, Socket Communications ndi ena ambiri.
Makhadi okumbukira a CompactFlash adadzitamandira kukula kwake kwa 42 mm ndi 36 mm ndi makulidwe a 3,3 mm. Mawonekedwe amtundu wa ma drive anali PCMCIA yovumbulutsidwa (mapini 50 m'malo mwa 68), chifukwa chake khadi yoteroyo imatha kulumikizidwa mosavuta ndi kagawo kakang'ono ka PCMCIA Type II khadi pogwiritsa ntchito adaputala. Pogwiritsa ntchito, kachiwiri, adapter passive, CompactFlash ikhoza kusinthanitsa deta ndi zipangizo zotumphukira kudzera pa IDE (ATA), ndipo ma adapter apadera ogwira ntchito adapangitsa kuti zitheke kugwira ntchito ndi ma serial interfaces (USB, FireWire, SATA).
Ngakhale mphamvu yaying'ono (CompactFlash yoyamba imatha kusunga 2 MB ya data), makadi okumbukira amtunduwu anali ofunikira m'malo odziwa bwino ntchito chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwawo komanso kuchita bwino (kuyendetsa kotereku kunawononga pafupifupi 5% yamagetsi poyerekeza ndi 2,5 wamba -inch HDDs, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke moyo wa batri wa chipangizo chonyamula katundu) ndi kusinthasintha, zomwe zinatheka kupyolera muzothandizira zonse zosiyana siyana komanso kutha kugwira ntchito kuchokera ku gwero lamagetsi ndi magetsi a 3,3 kapena 5 volts, ndi chofunika kwambiri - kukana kochititsa chidwi kuchulukirachulukira kupitirira 2000 g, yomwe inali mipiringidzo yosatheka kupeza ma hard drive apamwamba.
Chowonadi ndichakuti ndizosatheka mwaukadaulo kupanga ma hard drive osagwira kugwedezeka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo. Ikagwa, chinthu chilichonse chimakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi mazana kapena masauzande a g (kuthamanga kokhazikika chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka yofanana ndi 9,8 m/s2) m'malo ochepera 1 millisecond, omwe ma HDD akale amakhala odzaza ndi zotsatirapo zosasangalatsa. , zomwe ziyenera kuwonetsa:
- kutsetsereka ndi kusamuka kwa maginito mbale;
- mawonekedwe amasewera mu mayendedwe, kuvala kwawo msanga;
- mbama ya mitu pamwamba pa maginito mbale.
Mkhalidwe wotsiriza ndi woopsa kwambiri pagalimoto. Pamene mphamvu yamphamvu imayendetsedwa perpendicularly kapena pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ku ndege yopingasa ya HDD, mitu ya maginito imachoka pa malo awo oyambirira, kenako n'kutsika kwambiri kumtunda wa pancake, kuigwira m'mphepete, chifukwa cha zomwe maginito mbale imalandira kuwonongeka pamwamba. Komanso, osati malo okhawo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi vuto (omwe, mwa njira, akhoza kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu ngati chidziwitso chinali kulembedwa kapena kuwerengedwa pa nthawi ya kugwa), komanso madera omwe zidutswa zazing'ono za zokutira maginito zinali. omwazikana: pokhala magnetized , iwo sasuntha pansi pa zochita za mphamvu centrifugal ku periphery, otsalira pamwamba pa mbale maginito, kusokoneza ntchito yachibadwa kuwerenga / kulemba ndi kuthandizira kuwonongeka kwina kwa onse chikondamoyo palokha ndi kulemba mutu. Ngati mphamvuyo ili yamphamvu mokwanira, izi zitha kupangitsa kuti sensa ichotsedwe ndipo kuyendetsa kulephera kwathunthu.
Potengera zonse zomwe tafotokozazi, kwa atolankhani azithunzi ma drive atsopanowo anali osasinthika: ndibwino kukhala ndi makhadi khumi ndi awiri kapena awiri osadzikuza kuposa kunyamula chinthu chambiri cha VCR pamsana pako, chomwe chili ndi pafupifupi 100. % kuthekera kungalephereke kuchokera pakuwomba pang'ono kwamphamvu. Komabe, makadi okumbukira anali akadali okwera mtengo kwambiri kwa ogula ogulitsa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Sony idalamulira bwino msika wama point-ndi-kuwombera ndi Mavica MVC-FD kyubu, yomwe idasunga zithunzi ku ma floppy disks a 3,5-inchi opangidwa mu DOS FAT12, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti zimagwirizana ndi pafupifupi PC nthawiyo.
Amateur digito kamera Sony Mavica MVC-FD73
Ndipo izi zidapitilira mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka khumi, mpaka IBM idalowererapo. Komabe, tidzakambirana zimenezi mβnkhani yotsatira.
Ndi zida ziti zachilendo zomwe mwapeza? Mwina mudakhala ndi mwayi wowombera pa Mavica, kuwona zowawa za Iomega ZIP ndi maso anu, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito Toshiba T100X? Gawani nkhani zanu mu ndemanga.
Source: www.habr.com