Kukula kwa intaneti Gawo 1: Kukula Kwambiri

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Mu 1990 John Quarterman, mlangizi wa pamanetiweki komanso katswiri wa UNIX, adafalitsa chithunzithunzi chatsatanetsatane cha momwe intaneti idakhalira pakompyuta panthawiyo. Mu gawo lachidule la tsogolo la makompyuta, adaneneratu za kutuluka kwa intaneti imodzi yapadziko lonse ya "e-mail, misonkhano, kutumiza mafayilo, ma logins akutali - monga momwe pali telefoni padziko lonse lapansi ndi makalata padziko lonse lero." Komabe, sanaphatikizepo ntchito yapadera pa intaneti. Ananenanso kuti maukonde apadziko lonse lapansi "adzagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabungwe olumikizirana aboma," kupatula ku United States, "komwe azigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zigawo zamakampani a Bell Operating Companies ndi onyamula maulendo ataliatali."

Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndi kufotokoza momwe, ndi kukula kwake kwadzidzidzi, intaneti idasinthiratu malingaliro achilengedwe.

Kudutsa ndodo

Chochitika choyamba chovuta kwambiri chomwe chinayambitsa kuwonekera kwa intaneti yamakono chinachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, pamene bungwe la Defense Communications Agency (DCA) [tsopano DISA] linaganiza zogawa ARPANET m'magawo awiri. DCA idayamba kuyang'anira maukonde mu 1975. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, zinali zoonekeratu kuti ARPA's Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO), bungwe lodzipereka ku maphunziro a malingaliro amalingaliro, silinachite bwino kutenga nawo mbali pakupanga maukonde omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito pa kafukufuku wa mauthenga koma kulankhulana kwa tsiku ndi tsiku. ARPA idayesa molephera kulanda maukonde kukampani yabizinesi ya AT&T. DCA, yomwe imayang'anira njira zolumikizirana zankhondo, idawoneka ngati njira yachiwiri yabwino kwambiri.

Kwa zaka zingapo zoyambirira za mkhalidwe watsopano, ARPANET idakula mumkhalidwe wakusalabadira kosangalatsa. Komabe, pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, zida zoyankhulirana zakale za Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo zinali zofunika kwambiri kukonzanso. Ntchito yosinthira yomwe akufuna, AUTODIN II, yomwe DCA idasankha Western Union kukhala kontrakitala wake, ikuwoneka kuti yalephera. Atsogoleri a DCA adasankha Colonel Heidi Hayden kuti aziyang'anira kusankha njira ina. Adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosinthira paketi, womwe DCA inali nawo kale mu mawonekedwe a ARPANET, monga maziko a netiweki yatsopano yachitetezo.

Komabe, panali vuto lodziwikiratu potumiza deta yankhondo pa ARPANET - maukonde anali odzaza ndi asayansi atsitsi lalitali, ena mwa iwo omwe anali kutsutsana kwambiri ndi chitetezo cha makompyuta kapena chinsinsi - mwachitsanzo, Richard Stallman ndi anzake akuba ku MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. Hayden adaganiza zogawa maukondewo m'magawo awiri. Anaganiza zosunga asayansi ofufuza omwe amathandizidwa ndi ARPA pa ARPANET ndikulekanitsa makompyuta achitetezo kukhala netiweki yatsopano yotchedwa MILNET. Mitosis iyi inali ndi zotsatira ziwiri zofunika. Choyamba, kugawikana kwa magulu ankhondo ndi omwe si ankhondo pamanetiwe kunali gawo loyamba kusamutsa intaneti pansi pa anthu wamba, ndipo kenako pansi paulamuliro wachinsinsi. Kachiwiri, unali umboni wa kuthekera kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wapaintaneti - ma protocol a TCP/IP, omwe adapangidwa koyamba zaka zisanu m'mbuyomo. DCA inkafunika ma node onse a ARPANET kuti asinthe kuchoka ku protocol ya cholowa kupita ku chithandizo cha TCP/IP koyambirira kwa 1983. Panthawiyo, ma network ochepa adagwiritsa ntchito TCP/IP, koma ndondomekoyi idalumikiza maukonde awiri a proto-Internet, kulola kuchuluka kwa mauthenga kulumikiza kafukufuku ndi mabizinesi ankhondo ngati pakufunika. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti TCP/IP italikirana ndi magulu ankhondo, Hayden adakhazikitsa thumba la $20 miliyoni lothandizira opanga makompyuta omwe angalembe mapulogalamu kuti agwiritse ntchito TCP/IP pamakina awo.

Gawo loyamba pakusamutsa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa intaneti kuchokera ku usilikali kupita ku ulamuliro wachinsinsi kumatipatsanso mwayi wabwino wotsanzikana ndi ARPA ndi IPTO. Ndalama zake ndi chikoka chake, motsogozedwa ndi Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, ndi Robert Taylor, adatsogolera mwachindunji komanso mosalunjika kuzinthu zonse zoyambirira zamakompyuta olumikizana ndi makompyuta. Komabe, popanga muyezo wa TCP/IP pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, idatenga gawo lalikulu m'mbiri yamakompyuta komaliza.

Ntchito yotsatira yayikulu yamakompyuta yothandizidwa ndi DARPA idzakhala Mpikisano wa Magalimoto Odziyimira pawokha a 2004-2005. Ntchito yodziwika kwambiri izi zisanachitike ndi njira yaukadaulo yamakompyuta ya AI yotengera madola mabiliyoni ambiri yazaka za m'ma 1980, yomwe ingabweretse ntchito zingapo zothandiza zankhondo koma osakhudza anthu.

Chothandizira kwambiri pakutayika kwa chikoka cha bungwe chinali Vietnam War. Ofufuza ambiri amaphunziro amakhulupirira kuti akumenya nkhondo yabwino ndikuteteza demokalase pomwe kafukufuku wanthawi ya Cold War adathandizidwa ndi asitikali. Komabe, amene anakulira m’zaka za m’ma 1950 ndi m’ma 1960 anasiya kukhulupirira zankhondo ndi zolinga zake zitakhala m’kati mwa nkhondo ya ku Vietnam. Mwa oyamba anali Taylor mwiniyo, yemwe adachoka ku IPTO mu 1969, kutenga malingaliro ake ndi kulumikizana ndi Xerox PARC. Bungwe lolamuliridwa ndi Democratic Congress, lomwe lidakhudzidwa ndi kuwononga ndalama zankhondo pa kafukufuku woyambira wasayansi, lidapereka zosintha zomwe zimafuna kuti ndalama zachitetezo zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazofufuza zankhondo. ARPA inawonetsa kusintha kumeneku kwa chikhalidwe chandalama mu 1972 podzitcha DARPA— US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Chifukwa chake, ndodoyo idaperekedwa kwa wamba National Science Foundation (NSF). Pofika m'chaka cha 1980, ndi bajeti ya $ 20 miliyoni, NSF inali ndi udindo wopereka ndalama pafupifupi theka la mapulogalamu a kafukufuku wamakompyuta ku United States. Ndipo zambiri mwa ndalamazi posachedwapa zidzaperekedwa ku intaneti yatsopano yapakompyuta Zithunzi za NSFNET.

Zithunzi za NSFNET

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, Larry Smarr, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi pa yunivesite ya Illinois, anapita ku Institute. Max Planck ku Munich, kumene makina apamwamba kwambiri a "Cray" ankagwira ntchito, kumene ofufuza a ku Ulaya analoledwa kupitako. Atakhumudwitsidwa ndi kusowa kwazinthu zofananira kwa asayansi aku US, adaganiza kuti NSF ipereke ndalama zopangira ma supercomputing malo angapo m'dziko lonselo. Bungweli lidayankha Smarr ndi ofufuza ena omwe ali ndi madandaulo ofananawo popanga Advanced Scientific Computing Division mu 1984, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti malo asanu otere athandizidwe ndi bajeti yazaka zisanu ya $ 42 miliyoni, kuyambira ku yunivesite ya Cornell kumpoto chakum'mawa mpaka ku San Diego. ku South-West. Ili pakati, University of Illinois, komwe Smarr amagwira ntchito, idalandira likulu lake, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, NCSA.

Komabe, kuthekera kwa malowa kupititsa patsogolo mwayi wopeza mphamvu zamakompyuta kunali kochepa. Kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta awo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe sakhala pafupi ndi amodzi mwa malo asanuwo kungakhale kovuta ndipo kungafune ndalama za maulendo ofufuza a semester yaitali kapena yachilimwe. Chifukwa chake, NSF idaganiza zopanganso maukonde apakompyuta. Mbiri idadzibwereza yokha-Taylor adalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa ARPANET kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 kuti apatse ofufuza mwayi wopeza zida zamphamvu zamakompyuta. NSF ipereka msana womwe ungalumikizanitse malo opangira ma supercomputing, kutambasula kontinenti yonse, kenako ndikulumikizana ndi maukonde amchigawo omwe amapatsa mayunivesite ena ndi ma laboratories ofufuza mwayi wopita kumalowa. NSF idzatenga mwayi pamapulogalamu apaintaneti omwe Hayden adalimbikitsa popereka udindo womanga ma network amderali kumagulu asayansi akumaloko.

NSF poyambilira idasamutsa ntchito kuti ipange ndikusunga netiweki ya NCSA kuchokera ku Yunivesite ya Illinois monga gwero la lingaliro loyambirira lopanga pulogalamu yapadziko lonse lapansi. NCSA nayo idabwereketsa maulalo a 56 kbps omwe ARPANET idakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito kuyambira 1969 ndikukhazikitsa maukonde mu 1986. Komabe, mizere iyi idatsekedwa mwachangu ndi magalimoto (zambiri za njirayi zitha kupezeka mu ntchito ya David Mills "NSFNET Core Network") Ndipo kachiwiri mbiri ya ARPANET inadzibwereza yokha - mwamsanga zinaonekeratu kuti ntchito yaikulu ya maukonde sikuyenera kukhala mwayi wa asayansi ku mphamvu ya makompyuta, koma kusinthanitsa mauthenga pakati pa anthu omwe anali nawo. ARPANET ikhoza kukhululukidwa chifukwa chosadziwa kuti chinthu chonga ichi chingachitike - koma kulakwitsa komweko kungabwerenso bwanji patapita zaka makumi awiri? zimawononga ndalama zisanu ndi zitatu kuposa kulungamitsa kuwononga ndalamazo pa zolinga zomwe zimawoneka ngati zopanda pake, monga kuthekera kosinthana maimelo.Izi sizikutanthauza kuti NSF idasokeretsa dala aliyense. zili choncho chifukwa tikapanda kutero sitikadakhalapo, ndipo ife Ngati sakanatha kuziwona, sindikanayenera kulemba za ukonde wapakompyuta wothandizidwa ndi boma ngati panalibe zifukwa zofananira, zongopeka za kukhalapo kwake.

Pokhulupirira kuti netiweki yokhayo inali yamtengo wapatali ngati ma supercomputer omwe amavomereza kukhalapo kwake, NSF idatembenukira ku chithandizo chakunja kuti ikweze msana wa netiweki ndi maulalo a T1-capacity (1,5 Mbps) /With). Muyezo wa T1 unakhazikitsidwa ndi AT&T m'zaka za m'ma 1960, ndipo umayenera kuyimba mafoni mpaka 24, iliyonse yomwe idasindikizidwa mumayendedwe a digito a 64 kbit / s.

Merit Network, Inc. adapambana mgwirizano. mu mgwirizano ndi MCI ndi IBM, ndipo adalandira ndalama zokwana madola 58 miliyoni kuchokera ku NSF m'zaka zake zisanu zoyambirira zomanga ndi kusunga maukonde. MCI idapereka zida zolumikizirana, IBM idapereka mphamvu zamakompyuta ndi mapulogalamu a ma routers. Kampani yopanda phindu Merit, yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito makina apakompyuta olumikiza masukulu a University of Michigan, idabwera ndi chidziwitso pakusunga makompyuta asayansi, ndipo idapatsa mgwirizano wonse ku yunivesite zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuvomereza ndi NSF ndi asayansi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito NSFNET. . Komabe, kusamutsidwa kwa ntchito kuchokera ku NCSA kupita ku Merit inali sitepe yoyamba yodziwikiratu pazamalonda.

MERIT poyambirira idayimira Michigan Educational Research Information Triad. Michigan State idawonjezera $ 5 miliyoni kuti ithandizire network yake yakunyumba ya T1 kukula.

Msana wa Merit unanyamula anthu ambiri kuchokera kumadera opitilira khumi ndi awiri, kuchokera ku New York's NYSERNet, malo ofufuza ndi maphunziro olumikizidwa ku Cornell University ku Ithaca, kupita ku CERFNet, maukonde ofufuza ndi maphunziro aku California olumikizidwa ndi San Diego. Iliyonse mwamanetiweki amderali olumikizidwa ndi ma netiweki ambiri am'deralo, popeza ma lab aku koleji ndi maofesi aukadaulo amayendetsa mazana a makina a Unix. Ma network a federal awa adakhala kristalo wa mbewu pa intaneti yamakono. ARPANET idalumikiza akatswiri ofufuza asayansi omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri m'mabungwe apamwamba asayansi. Ndipo pofika chaka cha 1990, pafupifupi wophunzira aliyense waku yunivesite kapena mphunzitsi amatha kupita pa intaneti. Poponya mapaketi kuchokera ku node kupita ku node-kudzera pa Ethernet yakomweko, kenako kupita ku netiweki yachigawo, kenako kudutsa mtunda wautali pa liwiro la kuwala pamsana wa NSFNET - amatha kusinthanitsa maimelo kapena kukhala ndi zokambirana zolemekezeka za Usenet ndi anzawo ochokera kumadera ena adziko. .

NSFNET itayamba kupezeka ndi mabungwe ambiri asayansi kuposa ARPANET, DCA idachotsa maukonde olowa mu 1990, ndikupatula Unduna wa Zachitetezo kuti usapange maukonde a anthu wamba.

Nyamuka

Pa nthawi yonseyi, chiwerengero cha makompyuta olumikizidwa ku NSFNET ndi maukonde ogwirizana nawo - ndipo zonsezi tikhoza kuzitcha kuti intaneti - chawonjezeka pafupifupi kawiri chaka chilichonse. 28 mu December 000, 1987 mu October 56,000, 1988 mu October 159, ndi zina zotero. Izi zinapitirira mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 000, kenako kuwonjezeka anachedwetsa pang'ono. Kodi, potengera izi, ndikudabwa, Quarterman akanalephera kuzindikira kuti intaneti idayenera kulamulira dziko lapansi? Ngati mliri waposachedwapa watiphunzitsa kalikonse, n’kovuta kwambiri kwa anthu kulingalira kukula kowonjezereka chifukwa sikufanana ndi chirichonse chimene timakumana nacho m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Zachidziwikire, dzina ndi lingaliro la intaneti zimayambira NSFNET. Internet protocol idapangidwa mu 1974, ndipo ngakhale NSFNET isanachitike panali maukonde omwe amalumikizana ndi IP. Tanena kale ARPANET ndi MILNET. Komabe, sindinathe kupeza kutchulidwa kulikonse kwa "intaneti" - maukonde amodzi padziko lonse lapansi - NSFNET yamagulu atatu isanabwere.

Chiwerengero cha maukonde mkati mwa intaneti chinakula mofanana, kuchokera ku 170 mu July 1988 kufika ku 3500 kumapeto kwa 1991. 1988. Pofika m’chaka cha 1995, mayiko pafupifupi 100 ankatha kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, kuyambira ku Algeria mpaka ku Vietnam. Ndipo ngakhale kuchuluka kwa makina ndi maukonde n'kosavuta kuwerengera kuposa chiwerengero cha owerenga enieni, malinga ndi kuyerekezera wololera, pofika kumapeto kwa 1994 anali 10-20 miliyoni a iwo. pa nthawi yomwe adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, ndizovuta kutsimikizira izi kapena mafotokozedwe ena am'mbiri pakukula kodabwitsa kotere. Kagulu kakang’ono ka nkhani ndi nkhani zongopeka sizingafotokoze mmene makompyuta 1991 analumikizidwira pa Intaneti kuyambira January 1992 mpaka January 350, ndiyeno 000 chaka chotsatira, ndi ena 600 miliyoni chaka chotsatira.

Komabe, ndilowa m'gawo losasunthikali ndikutsutsa kuti mafunde atatu omwe akugwiritsa ntchito omwe amayambitsa kukula kwa intaneti, aliyense ali ndi zifukwa zake zolumikizirana, adayendetsedwa ndi malingaliro osasinthika. Lamulo la Metcalfe, yomwe imanena kuti mtengo (ndi chifukwa chake mphamvu ya kukopa) ya intaneti imawonjezeka ngati chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali.

Asayansi anabwera poyamba. NSF idafalitsa mwadala kuwerengera ku mayunivesite ambiri momwe angathere. Pambuyo pake, wasayansi aliyense adafuna kulowa nawo ntchitoyi chifukwa wina aliyense analipo kale. Ngati maimelo sangakufikireni, ngati simukuwona kapena kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana zaposachedwa pa Usenet, mutha kuphonya kulengeza kwa msonkhano wofunikira, mwayi wopeza womuthandizira, osowa kafukufuku wotsogola asanasindikizidwe, ndi zina zotero. . Pomva kukakamizidwa kuti alowe nawo pazokambirana za sayansi pa intaneti, mayunivesite amalumikizana mwachangu ndi ma network omwe angawalumikizane ndi nsana ya NSFNET. Mwachitsanzo, NEARNET, yomwe inagwira zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi m’chigawo cha New England, inali itapeza mamembala oposa 1990 pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 200.

Nthawi yomweyo, mwayi unayamba kutsika kuchokera ku faculty ndi ophunzira omaliza maphunziro kupita kugulu lalikulu la ophunzira. Pofika mchaka cha 1993, pafupifupi 70% ya omaliza kumene ku Harvard anali ndi imelo. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, intaneti ku Harvard inali itafika pamakona onse ndi mabungwe ogwirizana nawo. Yunivesiteyo inawononga ndalama zambiri kuti apereke Ethernet osati ku nyumba iliyonse ya sukulu yophunzirira, komanso ku nyumba zogona ophunzira. Ndithudi sipanatenge nthawi kuti mmodzi mwa ophunzirawo akhale woyamba kugwa m'chipinda chake pambuyo pa usiku wamphepo yamkuntho, kugwa pampando ndikuvutika kuti alembe imelo yomwe adanong'oneza bondo kuti adatumiza m'mawa wotsatira - kukhale kulengeza kwachikondi kapena kudzudzula kwaukali kwa adani.

M'mafunde otsatira, kuzungulira 1990, ogwiritsa ntchito malonda adayamba kufika. Chaka chimenecho, madera a 1151 .com adalembetsedwa. Oyamba omwe adachita nawo zamalonda anali madipatimenti ofufuza amakampani aukadaulo (Bell Labs, Xerox, IBM, etc.). Iwo kwenikweni anali kugwiritsa ntchito netiweki zolinga zasayansi. Kuyankhulana kwamalonda pakati pa atsogoleri awo kunadutsa pa maukonde ena. Komabe, pofika 1994 analipo Pali kale mayina oposa 60 mu .com domain, ndipo kupanga ndalama pa intaneti kwayamba moona mtima.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, makompyuta adayamba kukhala gawo la ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi moyo wapakhomo wa nzika zaku US, ndipo kufunikira kwa kupezeka kwa digito pabizinesi iliyonse yayikulu kudawonekera. Imelo idapereka njira yosinthira mosavuta komanso mwachangu kwambiri mauthenga ndi anzawo, makasitomala ndi ogulitsa. Mndandanda wamakalata ndi Usenet adapereka njira zonse zatsopano zopititsira patsogolo zomwe zikuchitika mdera la akatswiri komanso njira zatsopano zotsatsa zotsika mtengo kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana. Kudzera pa intaneti zinali zotheka kupeza mitundu yambiri yaulere - zamalamulo, zamankhwala, zachuma ndi ndale. Ophunzira dzulo omwe amapeza ntchito ndikukhala m'nyumba zogona zolumikizidwa adakondana kwambiri ndi intaneti monga momwe amachitira olemba anzawo ntchito. Zinapereka mwayi wopezeka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri kuposa ntchito iliyonse yamalonda (Lamulo la Metcalfe kachiwiri). Pambuyo polipira mwezi umodzi wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, pafupifupi china chirichonse chinali chaulere, mosiyana ndi malipiro okwera pa ola limodzi kapena mauthenga omwe CompuServe ndi mautumiki ena ofanana amafunikira. Oyamba omwe adalowa mumsika wapaintaneti adaphatikizapo makampani opanga maimelo, monga The Corner Store ya Litchfield, Connecticut, yomwe idatsatsa magulu a Usenet, ndi The Online Bookstore, sitolo ya e-book yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi mkonzi wakale wa Little, Brown and Company, ndi zaka khumi patsogolo pa Kindle.

Kenako kunabwera chiwonjezeko chachitatu, kubweretsa ogula atsiku ndi tsiku omwe adayamba kupita pa intaneti ambiri mkati mwa 1990s. Panthawiyi, Lamulo la Metcalfe linali litayamba kale kugwira ntchito. Mowonjezereka, “kukhala pa intaneti” kumatanthauza “kukhala pa intaneti.” Ogula sakanatha kukulitsa mizere yodzipatulira ya kalasi ya T1 kunyumba zawo, kotero nthawi zonse amapeza intaneti kudzera pa intaneti. modemu yolumikizira. Tawonapo kale gawo la nkhaniyi pomwe ma BBS amalonda pang'onopang'ono adasandulika kukhala opereka intaneti. Kusintha kumeneku kunapindulitsa onse ogwiritsa ntchito (omwe dziwe lawo la digito linakula mwadzidzidzi mpaka kunyanja) ndi a BBS okha, omwe adasamukira ku bizinesi yophweka kwambiri ya mkhalapakati pakati pa machitidwe a telefoni ndi intaneti "msana" kupyolera mu T1, popanda kufunikira kusunga. ntchito zawo zomwe.

Ntchito zazikulu zapaintaneti zimapangidwa motsatira njira yomweyo. Pofika m'chaka cha 1993, mabungwe onse a ku United States - Prodigy, CompuServe, GEnie, ndi kampani yatsopano ya America Online (AOL) - anapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito 3,5 miliyoni mwayi wotumiza imelo ku ma adilesi a intaneti. Ndipo Delphi yokhayo yomwe idatsala pang'ono (yokhala ndi olembetsa 100) idapereka mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti. Komabe, pazaka zingapo zotsatira, mtengo wopezera intaneti, womwe udapitilira kukula pamlingo wokulirapo, udaposa mwayi wopezeka pamabwalo aumwini, masewera, masitolo ndi zinthu zina zamalonda okha. 000 inali nthawi yosinthira - pofika Okutobala, 1996% ya ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti anali kugwiritsa ntchito WWW, poyerekeza ndi 73% chaka cham'mbuyo. Mawu atsopano adapangidwa, "portal," kufotokoza zotsalira za ntchito zoperekedwa ndi AOL, Prodigy ndi makampani ena omwe anthu amalipira ndalama kuti angopeza intaneti.

Chinsinsi chophatikizira

Chifukwa chake, tili ndi lingaliro lovuta la momwe intaneti idakulirakulira chonchi, koma sitinadziwe chifukwa chake zidachitikira. Kodi nchifukwa ninji idakhala yolamulira kwambiri pamene panali mautumiki osiyanasiyana otere omwe akuyesera kukula kukhala makonzedwe ake? nthawi ya kugawikana?

N’zoona kuti thandizo la boma linathandiza. Kuphatikiza pakuthandizira msana, pomwe NSF idaganiza zopanga ndalama zambiri pakukulitsa maukonde osadalira pulogalamu yake ya supercomputing, sizinataye nthawi pazinthu zazing'ono. Atsogoleri amalingaliro a pulogalamu ya NSFNET, Steve Wolfe ndi Jane Cavines, adaganiza zongopanga makina apamwamba kwambiri, koma chidziwitso chatsopano cha makoleji aku America ndi mayunivesite. Chifukwa chake adapanga pulogalamu ya Connections, yomwe idatenga gawo la mtengo wolumikizira mayunivesite ku netiweki posinthana ndi iwo kuti apatse anthu ambiri momwe angathere ndi intaneti pamasukulu awo. Izi zinakulitsa kufalikira kwa intaneti mwachindunji komanso mwanjira ina. Mosalunjika, chifukwa maukonde ambiri amderali adayambitsa mabizinesi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo zothandizidwa kuti agulitse intaneti kumabungwe azamalonda.

Koma Minitel analinso ndi zothandizira. Komabe, chomwe chidasiyanitsa intaneti koposa zonse chinali mawonekedwe ake okhala ndi magawo ambiri komanso kusinthasintha kwake. IP idalola maukonde okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana kotheratu kuti agwire ntchito ndi ma adilesi omwewo, ndipo TCP idawonetsetsa kuperekedwa kwa mapaketi kwa wolandila. Ndizomwezo. Kuphweka kwa dongosolo loyendetsera ntchito zapaintaneti kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kuwonjezera pafupifupi pulogalamu iliyonse kwa izo. Chofunika kwambiri, wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense atha kupereka ntchito zatsopano ngati atha kukopa ena kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yake. Mwachitsanzo, kusamutsa mafayilo pogwiritsa ntchito FTP inali imodzi mwa njira zodziwika kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito intaneti m'zaka zoyambirira, koma zinali zosatheka kupeza ma seva omwe amapereka mafayilo omwe mumawakonda kupatula kudzera pakamwa. Chifukwa chake, ogwiritsa ntchito ochita bizinesi adapanga ma protocol osiyanasiyana kuti asanthule ndikusunga mndandanda wa maseva a FTP - mwachitsanzo, Gopher, Archie ndi Veronica.

Mwamwano, OSI network model panali kusinthasintha komweku, komanso kudalitsidwa kovomerezeka kwa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi zimphona zamatelefoni kuti azigwira ntchito ngati mulingo wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Komabe, pochita, mundawu udakhalabe ndi TCP / IP, ndipo phindu lake lalikulu linali code yomwe inkayenda poyamba pa zikwi ndiyeno pa mamiliyoni a makina.

Kusamutsa kuwongolera kosanjikiza kwa pulogalamu m'mphepete mwa netiweki kwadzetsa chotsatira china chofunikira. Izi zinatanthauza kuti mabungwe akuluakulu, omwe anazolowera kuyendetsa ntchito zawozawo, atha kukhala omasuka. Mabungwe amatha kukhazikitsa ma seva awo a imelo ndikutumiza ndi kulandira maimelo popanda zonse zomwe zili mkati mwake kusungidwa pakompyuta ya wina. Atha kulembetsa mayina awo omwe adadziwika, kukhazikitsa mawebusayiti awo omwe aliyense pa intaneti azitha kupeza, koma kuwasunga kwathunthu pansi pawo.

Mwachilengedwe, chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chamitundu yambiri ndi kugawikana kwa mayiko ndi World Wide Web. Kwa zaka makumi awiri, machitidwe kuyambira pamakompyuta ogawana nthawi a 1960s kupita ku mautumiki monga CompuServe ndi Minitel adazungulira kagawo kakang'ono ka ntchito zosinthira mauthenga - imelo, mabwalo ndi zipinda zochezera. Webusaiti yasanduka chinthu chatsopano. Masiku oyambirira a intaneti, pamene inali ndi masamba apadera, opangidwa ndi manja, sizili zofanana ndi zomwe zilili lero. Komabe, kulumpha kuchokera ku ulalo kupita ku ulalo kunali kale kosangalatsa, ndipo kunapatsa mabizinesi mwayi wopereka zotsatsa zotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso chithandizo chamakasitomala. Palibe m'modzi mwa omanga pa intaneti omwe adakonzekera intaneti. Zinali zipatso za luso la Tim Berners-Lee, injiniya waku Britain ku European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), yemwe adazipanga mu 1990 ndi cholinga chogawa zidziwitso mosavuta pakati pa ofufuza a labotale. Komabe, idakhala pa TCP/IP mosavuta ndipo idagwiritsa ntchito dzina lachidabwile lopangidwira zolinga zina zama URL omwe amapezeka paliponse. Aliyense amene ali ndi intaneti amatha kupanga webusaitiyi, ndipo pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 90, zinkawoneka ngati aliyense akuchita - maholo a mizinda, nyuzipepala za m'deralo, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, ndi okonda zosangalatsa amitundu yonse.

Kutsatsa

Ndasiya zinthu zingapo zofunika m’nkhaniyi zokhudza kukwera kwa intaneti, ndipo mwina mungakhale ndi mafunso angapo. Mwachitsanzo, kodi kwenikweni mabizinesi ndi ogula adapeza bwanji intaneti, yomwe poyambilira inali yozungulira NSFNET, maukonde omwe amathandizidwa ndi boma la US omwe cholinga chake chinali kuthandiza ofufuza? Kuti tiyankhe funsoli, m’nkhani yotsatira tidzabwereranso ku zochitika zofunika kwambiri zimene sindinatchulepo pakali pano; zochitika zomwe pang'onopang'ono koma mosalephera zinasintha dziko la sayansi ya intaneti kukhala yachinsinsi komanso yamalonda.

Chinanso choti muwerenge

• Janet Abatte, Kupanga Intaneti (1999)
• Karen D. Fraser "NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed ​​​​Networking, Final Report" (1996)
• John S. Quarterman, The Matrix (1990)
• Peter H. Salus, Casting the Net (1995)

Source: www.habr.com