Chaka chino Linux kernel imatembenuza zaka 27. OS kutengera izo mabungwe ambiri, mabungwe aboma, mabungwe ofufuza ndi kuzungulira dziko lapansi.
Kwazaka zopitilira kotala, zolemba zambiri zasindikizidwa (kuphatikiza za HabrΓ©) zonena za magawo osiyanasiyana a mbiri ya Linux. Pazida izi, taganiza zowunikira mfundo zofunika kwambiri komanso zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi kachitidwe kameneka.
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi zomwe zidachitika Linux isanachitike komanso mbiri ya mtundu woyamba wa kernel.
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Nthawi ya "Free Market"
Kuwonekera kwa Linux chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya mapulogalamu otseguka. Kubadwa kwa kachitidwe kameneka kameneka kamakhala ndi malingaliro ndi zida zomwe zapangidwa ndi "zokhwima" kwa zaka zambiri pakati pa omanga. Kotero, choyamba, tiyeni titembenuzire ku chiyambi cha "open source movement".
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50, mapulogalamu ambiri ku United States adapangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku mayunivesite ndi ma laboratories ndi popanda zoletsa zilizonse. Izi zidachitidwa kuti achepetse kusinthana kwa chidziwitso pakati pa asayansi. Yankho loyamba lotseguka la nthawi imeneyo system A-2, yolembera kompyuta ya UNIVAC Remington Rand mu 1953.
M'zaka zomwezo, gulu loyamba la opanga mapulogalamu aulere, SHARE, linapangidwa. Iwo ankagwira ntchito molingana ndi chitsanzo" Zotsatira za ntchito ya gululi chakumapeto kwa 50s OS ya dzina lomwelo.
Dongosololi (ndi zinthu zina SHARE) kuchokera kwa opanga zida zamakompyuta. Chifukwa cha ndondomeko yawo yotseguka, adatha kupereka makasitomala osati hardware yokha, komanso mapulogalamu popanda ndalama zowonjezera.
Kufika kwa Zamalonda ndi Kubadwa kwa Unix
Mu 1959, Applied Data Research (ADR) inalandira lamulo kuchokera ku bungwe la RCA - pulogalamu yomalizitsira zokha ma flowcharts. Opangawo adamaliza ntchitoyi, koma sanagwirizane ndi RCA pamtengo. Kuti "asataye" zomwe zidamalizidwa, ADR idakonzanso yankho la nsanja ya IBM 1401 ndikuyamba kuyigwiritsa ntchito palokha. Komabe, malonda sanali abwino kwambiri, chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri anali kuyembekezera njira ina yaulere ya ADR yomwe IBM ikukonzekera.
ADR sinalole kutulutsidwa kwa chinthu chaulere chokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ofanana. Chifukwa chake, wopanga mapulogalamu Martin Goetz wochokera ku ADR adapereka chilolezo cha pulogalamuyi ndipo mu 1968 adakhala woyamba m'mbiri ya US. zake. Kuyambira pano kupita mtsogolo nthawi yamalonda mumakampani achitukuko - kuchokera ku "bonasi" kupita ku hardware, mapulogalamu asintha kukhala chinthu chodziyimira pawokha.
Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, gulu laling'ono la opanga mapulogalamu ochokera ku Bell Labs pa makina opangira a PDP-7 minicomputer - Unix. Unix idapangidwa ngati njira ina ya OS - Multics.
Chotsatiracho chinali chovuta kwambiri ndipo chinangogwira ntchito pa nsanja za GE-600 ndi Honeywell 6000. Zolembedwanso mu SI, Unix inkayenera kukhala yonyamulika komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito (makamaka chifukwa cha dongosolo la fayilo la hierarchical lomwe lili ndi mizu imodzi).
M'zaka za m'ma 50s, AT&T ikugwira, yomwe panthawiyo inali ndi Bell Labs, mgwirizano ndi boma la US loletsa kampaniyo kugulitsa mapulogalamu. Pachifukwa ichi, ogwiritsa ntchito oyamba a Unix - mabungwe asayansi - Khodi yoyambira OS ndi yaulere.
AT&T idachoka pamalingaliro ogawa mapulogalamu aulere koyambirira kwa 80s. Zotsatira zake Pambuyo pogawanitsa kampaniyo m'makampani angapo, kuletsa kugulitsa mapulogalamu kunasiya kugwira ntchito, ndipo ogwirizirawo adasiya kugawa Unix kwaulere. Madivelopa adawopsezedwa ndi milandu yakugawana mosaloledwa kwa code source. Zowopsezazo sizinali zopanda pake - kuyambira 1980, mapulogalamu apakompyuta akhala ovomerezeka ku United States.
Osati onse omwe akutukula adakhutitsidwa ndi zomwe AT&T adauza. Gulu la okonda ochokera ku Yunivesite ya California ku Berkeley adayamba kufunafuna njira ina. M'zaka za m'ma 70, sukuluyi idalandira chilolezo kuchokera ku AT&T, ndipo okonda adayamba kupanga kugawa kwatsopano kutengera izo, zomwe pambuyo pake zidakhala Unix Berkeley Software Distribution, kapena BSD.
Dongosolo lotseguka ngati Unix linali lopambana, lomwe lidawonedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi AT&T. Kampani kukhothi, ndipo olemba BSD adayenera kuchotsa ndikusintha ma code onse a Unix omwe adakhudzidwa. Izi zidachepetsa kufalikira kwa Berkeley Software Distribution pang'ono zaka zimenezo. Mtundu waposachedwa wa dongosololi udatulutsidwa mu 1994, koma kutulukira kwa OS yaulere komanso yotseguka idakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri yamapulojekiti otseguka.
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Bwererani ku chiyambi cha mapulogalamu aulere
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70, antchito a Massachusetts Institute of Technology dalaivala wa chosindikizira choikidwa mu imodzi mwa makalasi. Pamene kupanikizana kwa mapepala kunayambitsa mzere wa ntchito zosindikiza, ogwiritsa ntchito adalandira chidziwitso chowapempha kuti akonze vutoli. Pambuyo pake, dipatimentiyo idapeza chosindikizira chatsopano, chomwe antchito adafuna kuwonjezera ntchito yotere. Koma chifukwa cha ichi tidafunikira code source ya driver woyamba. Wolemba mapulogalamu Richard M. Stallman anapempha kwa anzake, koma anakanidwa - zinapezeka kuti izi zinali zachinsinsi.
Chigawo chaching'onochi chikhoza kukhala chimodzi mwa zoopsa kwambiri m'mbiri ya mapulogalamu aulere. Stallman adakwiya ndi momwe zidalili. Sanasangalale ndi zoletsa zomwe zidayikidwa pakugawana magwero amtundu wa IT. Chifukwa chake, Stallman adaganiza zopanga pulogalamu yotseguka ndikulola okonda kusintha mwaufulu.
Mu Seputembala 1983, adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa GNU Project - GNU's Not UNIX ("GNU si Unix"). Zinachokera pa manifesto yomwe idagwiranso ntchito ngati maziko a chilolezo cha pulogalamu yaulere - GNU General Public License (GPL). Sitepe iyi ndi chiyambi cha ntchito yotseguka gwero mapulogalamu kayendedwe.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, pulofesa wa Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Andrew S. Tanenbaum anapanga dongosolo la Unix-like Minix monga chida chophunzitsira. Ankafuna kuti azitha kupezeka mosavuta kwa ophunzira. Wosindikiza buku lake, lomwe linabwera ndi OS, osachepera pa chindapusa mwadzina ntchito ndi dongosolo. Andrew ndi wofalitsayo adagwirizana pamtengo walayisensi wa $ 69. Kumayambiriro kwa 90s Minix kutchuka pakati pa opanga. Ndipo iye anaikidwiratu maziko a chitukuko cha Linux.
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Kubadwa kwa Linux ndi magawo oyamba
Mu 1991, wolemba mapulogalamu wachichepere wochokera ku yunivesite ya Helsinki, Linus Torvalds, anali katswiri wa Minix. Kuyesera kwake ndi OS kugwira ntchito pa kernel yatsopano. Pa Ogasiti 25, Linus adapanga kafukufuku wotseguka wa gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito a Minix pazomwe sanasangalale nazo mu OS iyi, ndipo adalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa kachitidwe katsopano. Kalata ya Ogasiti ili ndi mfundo zingapo zofunika za OS yamtsogolo:
- dongosolo lidzakhala laulere;
- dongosololi lidzakhala lofanana ndi Minix, koma code code idzakhala yosiyana kwambiri;
- dongosolo silidzakhala "lalikulu ndi akatswiri ngati GNU."
August 25th imatengedwa kuti ndi tsiku lobadwa la Linux. Linus mwini kuyambira tsiku lina - Seputembara 17. Patsiku lino adakweza kutulutsidwa koyamba kwa Linux (0.01) ku seva ya FTP ndikutumiza imelo kwa anthu omwe adawonetsa chidwi ndi kulengeza kwake ndi kafukufuku wake. Mawu akuti "Freaks" adasungidwa mu code source ya kutulutsidwa koyamba. Ndicho chimene Torvalds anakonza kuti azitcha kernel yake (kuphatikiza mawu oti "mfulu", "freak" ndi Unix). Woyang'anira seva ya FTP sanakonde dzinali ndipo adasinthanso pulojekitiyi kukhala Linux.
Zosintha zingapo zidatsatira. Mu Okutobala chaka chomwecho, kernel version 0.02 inatulutsidwa, ndipo mu December - 0.11. Linux poyamba idagawidwa popanda chilolezo cha GPL. Izi zikutanthauza kuti opanga angagwiritse ntchito kernel ndikusintha, koma analibe ufulu wogulitsanso zotsatira za ntchito yawo. Kuyambira mu February 1992, zoletsa zonse zamalonda zidachotsedwa - ndikutulutsidwa kwa mtundu 0.12, Torvalds adasintha chilolezo kukhala GNU GPL v2. Izi pambuyo pake Linus adatcha chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Linux apambane.
Kutchuka kwa Linux pakati pa opanga Minix kudakula. Kwa kanthawi, zokambirana zidachitika mu comp.os.minix Usenet feed. Kumayambiriro kwa 92, mlengi wa Minix Andrew Tanenbaum adayambitsa mderalo za kamangidwe ka kernel, kunena kuti "Linux yatha." Chifukwa, m'malingaliro ake, chinali kernel ya OS monolithic, yomwe m'magawo angapo imakhala yotsika kwa Minix microkernel. Chidandaulo china cha Tanenbaum chinali chokhudza "kumanga" kwa Linux ku mzere wa purosesa wa x86, womwe, malinga ndi zolosera za pulofesayo, umayenera kuiwalika posachedwa. Linus mwiniwake ndi ogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe onse awiri adalowa mkangano. Chifukwa cha mkanganowo, anthu ammudzi adagawidwa m'misasa iwiri, ndipo othandizira Linux adapeza chakudya chawo - comp.os.linux.
Anthu ammudzi adayesetsa kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito a mtundu woyambira - madalaivala oyamba ndi makina amafayilo adapangidwa. Mabaibulo oyambirira a Linux pa ma floppy disks awiri ndipo munali boot disk yokhala ndi kernel ndi root disk yomwe idayika mafayilo amafayilo ndi mapulogalamu angapo oyambira kuchokera ku GNU toolkit.
Pang'onopang'ono, anthu ammudzi adayamba kupanga magawo oyamba a Linux. Mabaibulo ambiri oyambirira anapangidwa ndi okonda osati makampani.
Kugawa koyamba, MCC Interim Linux, idapangidwa kutengera mtundu 0.12 mu February 1992. Wolemba wake ndi wolemba mapulogalamu kuchokera ku Computer Center ya University of Manchester - chitukuko ngati "kuyesa" kuti athetse zolakwika zina pamakina oyika kernel ndikuwonjezera ntchito zingapo.
Posakhalitsa, chiwerengero cha magawo omwe amagawidwa chinawonjezeka kwambiri. Ambiri aiwo adakhalabe ma projekiti amderalo, "Β»osapitilira zaka zisanu, mwachitsanzo, Softlanding Linux System (SLS). Komabe, panalinso zogawira zomwe sizinatheke kuti zitheke pamsika, komanso zinakhudzanso kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zotseguka. Mu 1993, magawo awiri adatulutsidwa - Slackware ndi Debian - zomwe zidayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu pamapulogalamu aulere.
Debian Ian Murdock mothandizidwa ndi Stallman Free Software Foundation. Idapangidwa ngati "yowongoka" m'malo mwa SLS. Debian akadali kuthandizidwa lero ndipo ali kukhazikitsidwa kwa Linux. Pamaziko ake, zida zina zingapo zogawa zofunika pa mbiri ya kernel zidapangidwa - mwachitsanzo, Ubuntu.
Ponena za Slackware, ndi pulojekiti ina yoyambira komanso yopambana ya Linux. Baibulo lake loyamba linatulutsidwa mu 1993. Wolemba , patatha zaka ziwiri, Slackware adawerengera pafupifupi 80% ya kukhazikitsa kwa Linux. Ndipo zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake kugawa otchuka pakati pa opanga.
Mu 1992, kampani ya SUSE (chidule cha Software- und System-Entwicklung - software and systems development) inakhazikitsidwa ku Germany. Iye ndi woyamba Zopangidwa ndi Linux zamakasitomala abizinesi. Kugawa koyamba komwe SUSE idayamba kugwira ntchito kunali Slackware, yosinthidwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito olankhula Chijeremani.
Kuyambira nthawi ino kuti nthawi yamalonda m'mbiri ya Linux imayamba, yomwe tidzakambirana m'nkhani yotsatira.
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Source: www.habr.com