Tikupitiriza kukumbukira mbiri ya chitukuko cha chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu dziko lotseguka gwero. M'nkhani yapita ife za zomwe zidachitika kale Linux isanabwere, ndikuwuza nkhani ya kubadwa kwa mtundu woyamba wa kernel. Nthawi ino tiyang'ana pa nthawi ya malonda a OS yotsegukayi, yomwe inayamba mu 90s.
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Kubadwa kwa Zamalonda
Nthawi yomaliza tidayima pa SUSE, yomwe inali yoyamba kugulitsa OS yochokera ku Linux mu 1992. Idayamba kutulutsa zinthu zamakasitomala abizinesi kutengera kugawa kotchuka kwa Slackware. Chifukwa chake, kampaniyo yawonetsa kuti chitukuko cha gwero lotseguka sichingachitike chifukwa chongosangalatsa, komanso phindu.
M'modzi mwa oyamba kutsatira izi anali wabizinesi Bob Young ndi Marc Ewing wa ku USA. Mu 1993 Bob kampani yotchedwa ACC Corporation ndipo idayamba kugulitsa zinthu zamapulogalamu otseguka. Koma Mark, koyambirira kwa 90s anali akugwira ntchito yogawa Linux yatsopano. Ewing adatcha pulojekitiyi Red Hat Linux pambuyo pa chipewa chofiyira chomwe amavala akugwira ntchito mu labu yamakompyuta ku Carnegie Mellon University. Mtundu wa Beta wakugawa m'chilimwe cha 1994 kutengera Linux kernel 1.1.18.
Kutulutsidwa kotsatira kwa Red Hat Linux mu October ndipo ankatchedwa Halloween. Zinali zosiyana ndi beta yoyamba pamaso pa zolembedwa komanso kuthekera kosankha pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya kernel - 1.0.9 ndi 1.1.54. Pambuyo pake, zosintha zimatulutsidwa pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse. Gulu la otukula linayankha bwino pa ndondomekoyi ndipo adachita nawo mofunitsitsa kuyesa.
Zoonadi, kutchuka kwa dongosololi sikunadutse Bob Young, yemwe anafulumira kuwonjezera mankhwalawa ku kabukhu lake. Ma floppy disks ndi ma disks okhala ndi mitundu yoyambirira ya Red Hat Linux amagulitsidwa ngati makeke otentha. Pambuyo pa kupambana koteroko, wochita bizinesiyo adaganiza zokumana ndi Mark payekha.
Msonkhano pakati pa Young ndi Ewing unapangitsa kuti Red Hat ipangidwe mu 1995. Bob adatchedwa CEO wawo. Zaka zoyamba za kukhalapo kwa kampaniyi zinali zovuta. Kuti kampaniyo isamayende bwino, Bob anayenera kutero ndalama zochokera ku kirediti kadi. Panthawi ina, ngongole yonse inafika madola zikwi 50. Komabe, kumasulidwa koyamba kwa Red Hat Linux pa 1.2.8 kernel kunakonza vutoli. Phindu lake linali lalikulu, zomwe zinapangitsa Bob kulipira mabanki.
Mwa njira, inali nthawi yomwe dziko lapansi linawona odziwika bwino , amene wanyamula chikwama mβdzanja limodzi nβkugwira chipewa chake chofiira ndi china.
Pofika m'chaka cha 1998, ndalama zapachaka zochokera ku malonda a Red Hat zinali zoposa $ 5 miliyoni. Chaka chotsatira, chiwerengerocho chinawonjezeka kawiri, ndipo kampaniyo IPO pa madola mabiliyoni angapo.
Kukula kwachangu kwa gawo lamakampani
M'ma 90s, pamene Red Hat Linux yogawa kagawo kakang'ono pamsika, kampaniyo idadalira chitukuko cha ntchito. Madivelopa mtundu wamalonda wa OS womwe umaphatikizapo zolemba, zida zowonjezera, ndi njira yosavuta yoyika. Ndipo patapita nthawi, mu 1997, kampaniyo izo. kasitomala thandizo.
Mu 1998, pamodzi ndi Red Hat, chitukuko cha gawo la Linux chinali kale. Oracle, Informix, Netscape ndi Core. M'chaka chomwechi, IBM idatenga gawo lake loyamba ku mayankho otseguka. WebSphere, kutengera tsamba lotseguka la Apache.
Glyn Moody, wolemba mabuku okhudza Linux ndi Linus Torvalds, , kuti panthawiyi IBM idayamba njira yomwe, zaka 20 pambuyo pake, idatsogolera kugula Red Hat kwa $ 34 biliyoni. Njira imodzi kapena imzake, kuyambira pamenepo, IBM yakhala ikuyandikira kwambiri ku Linux ecosystem ndi Red Hat mu makamaka. Mu 1999 kampani kuyesetsa kugwira ntchito pamabizinesi a IBM kutengera Red Hat Linux.
Patatha chaka chimodzi, Red Hat ndi IBM adagwirizananso - iwo kulimbikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa mayankho a Linux kuchokera kumakampani onse m'mabizinesi padziko lonse lapansi. Mgwirizanowu unakhudza zinthu za IBM monga DB2, WebSphere Application Server, Lotus Domino ndi IBM Small Business Pack. Mu 2000, IBM nsanja zake zonse za seva zimakhazikitsidwa pa Linux. Pa nthawiyo, ntchito zingapo zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri za kampaniyo zinali kale zikugwira ntchito pamaziko a machitidwewa. Ena mwa iwo anali, mwachitsanzo, makompyuta apamwamba pa yunivesite ya New Mexico.
Kuphatikiza pa IBM, Dell adayamba kugwirizana ndi Red Hat m'zaka zimenezo. Makamaka chifukwa cha izi, mu 1999 kampaniyo seva yoyamba yokhala ndi Linux OS yokhazikitsidwa kale. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, Red Hat inalowa mgwirizano ndi mabungwe ena - ndi HP, SAP, Compaq. Zonsezi zinathandiza Red Hat kupeza gawo mu gawo la bizinesi.
Kusintha kwa mbiri ya Red Hat Linux kudabwera mu 2002-2003, pomwe kampaniyo idasinthanso chinthu chake chachikulu Red Hat Enterprise Linux ndikusiyiratu kugawa kwaulere. Kuyambira pamenepo, idadzikonzekeretsanso kugawo lamakampani ndipo, mwanjira ina, yakhala mtsogoleri wawo - tsopano kampaniyo. pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a msika wonse wa seva.
Koma ngakhale zonsezi, Red Hat sinatembenukire kumbuyo pulogalamu yaulere. Wolowa m'malo mwa kampaniyi m'derali anali kugawa kwa Fedora, mtundu woyamba (wotulutsidwa mu 2003) kutengera Red Hat Linux kernel 2.4.22. Masiku ano, Red Hat imathandizira kwambiri chitukuko cha Fedora ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito zomwe gulu likuchita muzogulitsa zake.
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Kuyamba kwa mpikisano
Theka loyamba la nkhaniyi ndi pafupifupi pafupifupi Red Hat. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti zochitika zina mu Linux ecosystem sizinawonekere m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za OS. Red Hat makamaka adatsimikiza vekitala ya chitukuko cha machitidwe opangira opaleshoni ndi magawo ambiri, koma ngakhale mu gawo lamakampani kampaniyo sinali yokhayo osewera.
Kuwonjezera pa iye, SUSE, TurboLinux, Caldera ndi ena ankagwira ntchito pano, amenenso anali otchuka ndi "anakulira" ndi anthu okhulupirika. Ndipo zochitika zotere sizinadziwike ndi omwe akupikisana nawo, makamaka Microsoft.
Mu 1998, a Bill Gates adalankhula zoyesa kutsitsa Linux. Mwachitsanzo, iye kuti "sanamvepo kuchokera kwa makasitomala ponena za opaleshoni yotereyi."
Komabe, chaka chomwecho, mu lipoti lapachaka ku US Securities and Exchange Commission, Microsoft Linux ndi ena mwa omwe akupikisana nawo. Nthawi yomweyo panali kutayikira kwa otchedwa - zolemba zochokera kwa wogwira ntchito wa Microsoft, yemwe adasanthula kuopsa kwa mpikisano kuchokera ku Linux ndi pulogalamu yotseguka.
Kutsimikizira mantha onse a Microsoft mu 1999, mazana a ogwiritsa ntchito Linux padziko lonse lapansi tsiku limodzi. ku maofesi amakampani. Amafuna kubweza ndalama zamakina a Windows omwe adayikidwa kale pamakompyuta awo ngati gawo la kampeni yapadziko lonse lapansi - Windows Refund Day. Chifukwa chake, ogwiritsa ntchito adawonetsa kusakhutira kwawo ndi kukhazikika kwa Microsoft's OS pamsika wa PC.
Mikangano yosaneneka pakati pa chimphona cha IT ndi gulu la Linux idapitilirabe kukula koyambirira kwa 2000s. Pa nthawi yomweyo Linux oposa kotala la msika wa seva ndipo nthawi zonse akuwonjezera gawo lake. Potsutsana ndi izi, CEO wa Microsoft Steve Ballmer adakakamizika kuvomereza poyera Linux ngati mpikisano waukulu pamsika wa seva. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye Tsegulani "khansa" ya OS yanzeru ndipo amatsutsa zochitika zilizonse ndi chilolezo cha GPL.
Tili mkati Tidasonkhanitsa ziwerengero za OS zamaseva athu omwe akugwira ntchito.
Ngati tilankhula za kugawa kwapayekha, Ubuntu akadali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa makasitomala a 1cloud - 45%, akutsatiridwa ndi CentOS (28%) ndi Debian (26%) kumbuyo pang'ono.
Chinthu chinanso pakulimbana kwa Microsoft ndi gulu lachitukuko chinali kutulutsidwa kwa Lindows OS kutengera Linux kernel, dzina lake lomwe linakopedwa ndi Windows. Mu 2001 Microsoft USA motsutsana ndi kampani yopanga OS, ikufuna kusintha dzina. Poyankha, adayesa kulepheretsa ufulu wa Microsoft pa mawu amodzi achingerezi ndi zotuluka zake. Patatha zaka ziwiri, kampaniyo idapambana mkanganowu - dzina la LindowsOS pa Linspire. Komabe, opanga ma OS otseguka adapanga chisankhochi mwakufuna kwawo kuti apewe milandu kuchokera ku Microsoft m'maiko ena komwe makina awo ogwiritsira ntchito amagawidwa.
Nanga bwanji Linux kernel?
Ngakhale pali mikangano pakati pa mabungwe ndi mawu achipongwe otsutsa mapulogalamu aulere kuchokera kwa oyang'anira makampani akuluakulu, gulu la Linux lidapitilira kukula. Madivelopa adagwira ntchito zogawa zatsopano ndikuwongolera kernel. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa intaneti, izi zakhala zosavuta. Mu 1994, mtundu 1.0.0 wa Linux kernel unatulutsidwa, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri ndi mtundu 2.0. Ndi kumasulidwa kulikonse, OS imathandizira ntchito pa kuchuluka kwa mapurosesa ndi mainframes.
Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 90, Linux, yomwe idadziwika kale pakati pa omanga, idapangidwa osati monga tekinoloje, komanso ngati chizindikiro. Mu 1995 Chiwonetsero choyamba cha Linux ndi msonkhano, wokhala ndi olankhula odziwika bwino mdera, kuphatikiza Mark Ewing. M'zaka zochepa, Expo idakhala imodzi mwazochitika zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse la Linux.
Mu 1996, dziko lapansi linawona koyamba chizindikiro ndi penguin yotchuka , zomwe zimatsaganabe ndi zinthu za Linux. Ake wopanga mapulogalamu ndi wopanga Larry Ewing kutengera nkhani za "penguin woopsa" yemwe tsiku lina anaukira Linus Torvalds ndikumupatsa matenda otchedwa "penguinitis".
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90, zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Linux zidatulutsidwa chimodzi chotsatira - GNOME ndi KDE. Chifukwa cha zida izi, machitidwe a Unix, kuphatikiza Linux, adalandira mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a nsanja. Kutulutsidwa kwa zida izi kungatchulidwe kuti ndi imodzi mwamasitepe oyamba kumsika waukulu. Tikuwuzani zambiri za gawo ili la mbiri ya Linux mu gawo lotsatira.
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Source: www.habr.com