M'nkhaniyi, tiwona zomwe mapangano anzeru ali, zomwe ali, tidzadziwana ndi mapulatifomu osiyanasiyana anzeru, mawonekedwe awo, ndikukambirananso momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso zabwino zomwe angabweretse. Nkhaniyi idzakhala yothandiza kwambiri kwa owerenga omwe sadziwa bwino mutu wa mapangano anzeru, koma akufuna kuyandikira kuti amvetsetse.
Mgwirizano wanthawi zonse vs. smart contract
Tisanafufuze mwatsatanetsatane, tiyeni titenge chitsanzo cha kusiyana kwa mgwirizano wanthawi zonse, womwe wafotokozedwa pamapepala, ndi mgwirizano wanzeru, womwe umaimiridwa ndi digito.
Kodi izi zinagwira ntchito bwanji kusanabwere ma contract anzeru? Tangoganizani gulu la anthu omwe akufuna kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zina zogawira zikhalidwe, komanso njira ina yotsimikizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa kugawa kumeneku molingana ndi malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zoperekedwa. Kenako amasonkhana, kulemba pepala lomwe amalembapo zidziwitso zawo, ziganizo, zikhalidwe zomwe zimakhudzidwa, tsiku lawo ndikusaina. Mgwirizanowu udatsimikiziridwanso ndi gulu lodalirika, monga notary. Komanso, anthuwa anapita mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi mapepala awo a mgwirizano woterewu ndipo anayamba kuchita zinthu zina zomwe sizingagwirizane ndi mgwirizano womwewo, ndiko kuti, iwo anachita chinthu chimodzi, koma papepala adatsimikiziridwa kuti ayenera kuchita chinachake. zosiyana kwathunthu. Ndipo bwanji kuchoka mu mkhalidwewu? M'malo mwake, m'modzi mwa mamembala agululo akuyenera kutenga pepalali, kutenga umboni, kupita nawo kukhoti ndikukwaniritsa mgwirizano pakati pa mgwirizano ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa mgwirizanowu mwachilungamo, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zosasangalatsa.
Kodi tinganene chiyani za ma contract anzeru? Amaphatikiza zonse zomwe zingatheke polemba mfundo za mgwirizano ndi njira yoyendetsera ntchito yawo. Ngati zikhalidwezo zakhazikitsidwa ndipo ntchito yofananayo kapena pempho lasindikizidwa, ndiye pempholo kapena ntchitoyo itavomerezedwa, sizingatheke kusintha zikhalidwe kapena kukhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwake.
Pali chotsimikizira chimodzi kapena netiweki yonse, komanso nkhokwe yomwe imasunga makontrakitala anzeru omwe adatumizidwa kuti agwire ntchito motsatira nthawi. Ndikofunikiranso kuti database iyi ikhale ndi zinthu zonse zoyambitsa kuti mugwiritse ntchito mgwirizano wanzeru. Kuphatikiza apo, iyenera kuganizira mtengo womwe kugawa kwawo kumafotokozedwa mumgwirizanowu. Ngati izi zikugwira ntchito ku ndalama za digito, ndiye kuti databaseyi iyenera kuziganizira.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ovomerezeka a mgwirizano wanzeru ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza deta yonse yomwe mgwirizano wanzeru umagwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, nkhokwe imodzi yokha iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera ndalama zadijito nthawi imodzi, ndalama za ogwiritsa ntchito, zochita za ogwiritsa ntchito, ndi masitampu anthawi. Kenaka, mumgwirizano wanzeru, mkhalidwewo ukhoza kukhala kuΕ΅erengera kwa wogwiritsira ntchito ndalama inayake, kufika kwa nthaΕ΅i inayake, kapena chenicheni chakuti ntchito inayake yachitika, koma palibenso china.
Tanthauzo la mgwirizano wanzeru
Nthawi zambiri, mawuwo adapangidwa ndi wofufuza Nick Szabo ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu 1994, ndipo adalembedwa mu 1997 m'nkhani yomwe ikufotokoza lingaliro la mapangano anzeru.
Makontrakitala anzeru amatanthauza kuti makina ena ogawa mtengo amapangidwa, zomwe zingangodalira zomwe zidakonzedweratu. Mu mawonekedwe ake osavuta, amawoneka ngati mgwirizano wokhala ndi mawu omveka bwino, omwe amalembedwa ndi maphwando ena.
Makontrakitala anzeru adapangidwa kuti achepetse kukhulupirirana ndi anthu ena. Nthawi zina malo opangira zisankho omwe chilichonse chimadalira chimachotsedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mapangano otere ndi osavuta kuwunika. Izi ndi zotsatira za mawonekedwe ena a dongosolo loterolo, koma nthawi zambiri timamvetsetsa ndi mgwirizano wanzeru malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu komanso kukhalapo kwa ntchito zomwe zimalola aliyense kusanthula nkhokwe ndikuchita kafukufuku wathunthu wa mapangano. Izi zimateteza chitetezo ku kusintha kwa deta komwe kungaphatikizepo kusintha kwa mgwirizano womwewo. Kuyika kwa digito pamachitidwe ambiri popanga ndikukhazikitsa mgwirizano wanzeru nthawi zambiri kumathandizira ukadaulo komanso mtengo wake.
Chitsanzo chosavuta - ntchito ya Escrow
Tiyeni tione chitsanzo chosavuta. Zikuthandizani kuti muyandikire kumvetsetsa momwe ma contract anzeru amagwirira ntchito, komanso kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Itha kukhazikitsidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito Bitcoin, ngakhale pakali pano Bitcoin sangatchulidwebe kuti ndi nsanja yokwanira yamakontrakitala anzeru. Chifukwa chake, tili ndi ogula ndipo tili ndi sitolo yapaintaneti. Makasitomala akufuna kugula chowunikira kusitolo iyi. Muzosavuta, wogula amamaliza ndi kutumiza malipiro, ndipo sitolo ya pa intaneti imavomereza, imatsimikizira, ndiyeno imatumiza katunduyo. Komabe, muzochitika izi pakufunika kudalira kwakukulu - wogula ayenera kudalira sitolo yapaintaneti pamtengo wonse wa polojekiti. Popeza kuti sitolo ya pa intaneti ikhoza kukhala ndi mbiri yochepa pamaso pa wogula, pali chiopsezo kuti pazifukwa zina, atavomereza malipiro, sitoloyo idzakana ntchito ndipo sichidzatumiza katundu kwa wogula. Chifukwa chake, wogula amafunsa funso (ndipo, molingana, sitolo yapaintaneti imafunsa funso ili) zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pankhaniyi kuti muchepetse zoopsa zotere ndikupangitsa kuti malondawo akhale odalirika.
Pankhani ya Bitcoin, ndizotheka kulola wogula ndi wogulitsa kuti asankhe mkhalapakati pawokha. Pali anthu ambiri amene amatenga nawo mbali pothetsa mikangano. Ndipo otenga nawo mbali atha kusankha kuchokera pamndandanda wa oyimira pakati omwe angakhulupirire. Pamodzi amapanga 2 ya 3 ma adilesi ambiri pomwe pali makiyi atatu ndi ma siginecha awiri okhala ndi makiyi awiri aliwonse omwe amafunikira kuti awononge ndalama kuchokera ku adilesiyo. Kiyi imodzi idzakhala ya wogula, yachiwiri yogulitsira pa intaneti, ndipo yachitatu ya mkhalapakati. Ndipo ku adilesi yotereyi wogula adzatumiza ndalama zofunikira kuti alipire polojekiti. Tsopano, pamene wogulitsa akuwona kuti ndalama zatsekedwa kwa kanthawi pa adiresi ya multisignature yomwe imadalira iye, akhoza kutumiza mosamala ndi makalata.
Kenako, wogula amalandira phukusilo, nβkumayangβana katunduyo nβkupanga chisankho pa kugula komaliza. Angagwirizane kwathunthu ndi ntchito yomwe wapatsidwa ndikusaina kugulitsako ndi kiyi yake, komwe amasamutsa ndalama zachitsulo kuchokera ku ma adilesi ambiri kupita kwa wogulitsa, kapena sangakhutire ndi china chake. Chachiwiri, amalumikizana ndi mkhalapakati kuti apange njira ina yomwe idzagawire ndalamazo mosiyana.
Tiyerekeze kuti polojekitiyo idafika pang'ono ndipo zidazo sizinaphatikizepo chingwe cholumikizira pakompyuta, ngakhale tsamba lawebusayiti yapaintaneti linanena kuti chingwecho chiyenera kuphatikizidwa mu zida. Ndiye wogula amasonkhanitsa umboni wofunikira kuti atsimikizire kwa mkhalapakati kuti adanyengedwa muzochitika izi: amatenga zithunzi za malowa, amatenga chithunzi cha chiphaso cha makalata, amatenga chithunzi cha zikwangwani pa polojekiti ndikuwonetsa kuti chisindikizocho chinali. chinasweka ndipo chingwe chinatulutsidwa. Malo ogulitsira pa intaneti nawonso amasonkhanitsa umboni wake ndikuupereka kwa mkhalapakati.
Mkhalapakati akufuna kukhutiritsa nthawi yomweyo kukwiyira kwa wogula komanso zokonda za sitolo yapaintaneti (zidzadziwika chifukwa chake pambuyo pake). Ndikuchitapo kanthu komwe ndalama zochokera ku adilesi yamitundu yambiri zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi wogula, sitolo yapaintaneti ndi mkhalapakati, popeza amatenga gawo lake ngati mphotho ya ntchito yake. Tinene kuti 90% ya ndalama zonse zimapita kwa wogulitsa, 5% kwa mkhalapakati ndi 5% chipukuta misozi kwa wogula. Mkhalapakati amasaina izi ndi fungulo lake, koma silingagwiritsidwe ntchito, chifukwa limafuna ma signature awiri, koma imodzi yokha ndiyofunika. Zimatumiza kugulitsa koteroko kwa wogula ndi wogulitsa. Ngati mmodzi wa iwo akhutitsidwa ndi njira iyi yogawiranso ndalama, ndiye kuti malondawo adzasaina ndi kugawidwa ku intaneti. Kuti atsimikizire, ndikwanira kuti m'modzi mwa omwe akukhudzidwa nawo agwirizane ndi chisankho cha mkhalapakati.
Ndikofunika kusankha mkhalapakati poyamba kuti onse awiri amukhulupirire. Pankhaniyi, adzachita popanda zofuna za mmodzi kapena winayo ndikuwunika momwe zinthu zilili. Ngati mkhalapakati sapereka mwayi wogawira ndalama zomwe zingakhutiritse otenga nawo mbali mmodzi, ndiye, atagwirizana pamodzi, wogula ndi sitolo yapaintaneti akhoza kutumiza ndalamazo ku adiresi yatsopano yamitundu yambiri poika ma signature awo awiri. Adilesi yatsopano ya multisignature idzaphatikizidwa ndi mkhalapakati wosiyana, yemwe angakhale woyenerera pa nkhaniyi ndikupereka njira yabwino.
Chitsanzo ndi chipinda chogona ndi firiji
Tiyeni tiwone chitsanzo chovuta kwambiri chomwe chimawonetsa kuthekera kwa mgwirizano wanzeru momveka bwino.
Tiyerekeze kuti pali anyamata atatu omwe adasamukira m'chipinda chimodzi cha dorm. Atatuwa akufuna kugula firiji ya chipinda chawo kuti agwiritse ntchito limodzi. Mmodzi wa iwo anadzipereka kutenga ndalama zofunika kugula firiji ndi kukambirana ndi wogulitsa. Komabe, adangokumana posachedwa ndipo palibe kudalirana kokwanira pakati pawo. Mwachiwonekere, awiri a iwo akutenga chiopsezo popereka ndalama kwa wachitatu. Kuonjezera apo, ayenera kukwaniritsa mgwirizano posankha wogulitsa.
Atha kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya escrow, ndiye kuti, asankhe mkhalapakati yemwe angayang'anire momwe ntchitoyo ikuyendera ndikuthana ndi mikangano ngati ingachitike. Kenako, atagwirizana, amapanga mgwirizano wanzeru ndikulemba zinthu zina momwemo.
Chofunikira choyamba ndikuti isanakwane nthawi inayake, tinene mkati mwa sabata imodzi, akaunti yofananira ya mgwirizano wanzeru iyenera kulandira malipiro atatu kuchokera ku maadiresi enaake. Ngati izi sizichitika, mgwirizano wanzeru umasiya kugwira ntchito ndikubwezera ndalamazo kwa onse omwe atenga nawo mbali. Ngati mkhalidwewo wakwaniritsidwa, ndiye kuti zizindikiritso za wogulitsa ndi mkhalapakati zimayikidwa, ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa kuti onse omwe atenga nawo mbali agwirizane ndi kusankha kwa wogulitsa ndi mkhalapakati. Zinthu zonse zikakwaniritsidwa, ndiye kuti ndalamazo zidzasamutsidwa ku ma adilesi otchulidwa. Njirayi imatha kuteteza otenga nawo mbali ku chinyengo kumbali iliyonse ndipo nthawi zambiri imachotsa kufunikira kokhulupirira.
Tikuwona m'chitsanzo ichi mfundo yoti kuthekera uku kwapang'onopang'ono kukhazikitsa magawo kuti mukwaniritse chikhalidwe chilichonse kumakupatsani mwayi wopanga machitidwe azovuta zilizonse komanso kuya kwa milingo yokhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kufotokozera kaye chikhalidwe choyambirira mumgwirizano wanzeru, ndipo pokhapokha mutakwaniritsidwa mutha kukhazikitsa magawo amtundu wotsatira. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chikhalidwecho chimalembedwa mwalamulo, ndipo magawo ake akhoza kukhazikitsidwa kale pamene akugwira ntchito.
Gulu la makontrakitala anzeru
Kuti mugawane, mutha kukhazikitsa magulu osiyanasiyana. Komabe, panthawi ya chitukuko cha zamakono, zinayi mwa izo ndizofunikira.
Mapangano anzeru amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi malo omwe amachitidwira, omwe amatha kukhala apakati kapena kugawidwa. Pankhani ya kugawikana kwa mayiko, tili ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha komanso kulolera zolakwika pochita mapangano anzeru.
Athanso kusiyanitsidwa ndi njira yokhazikitsira ndi kukwaniritsa zikhalidwe: amatha kukhala osinthika mwaufulu, ocheperako kapena ofotokozedwatu, i.e. olembedwa mosamalitsa. Pakakhala mapangano anzeru a 4 okha papulatifomu yanzeru, magawo awo amatha kukhazikitsidwa mwanjira iliyonse. Chifukwa chake, kuwakhazikitsa ndikosavuta: timasankha mgwirizano pamndandanda ndikudutsa magawo.
Malinga ndi njira yoyambira, pali mapangano anzeru okha, ndiye kuti, pakachitika zinthu zina, amadzipangira okha, ndipo pali mapangano omwe mikhalidweyo imanenedwa, koma nsanja siyingoyang'ana kukwaniritsidwa kwawo; chifukwa ziyenera kuyambitsidwa mosiyana.
Kuphatikiza apo, makontrakitala anzeru amasiyanasiyana mulingo wawo wachinsinsi. Zitha kukhala zotseguka, pang'ono kapena zachinsinsi. Chotsatiracho chikutanthauza kuti owonera chipani chachitatu samawona mfundo zamakontrakitala anzeru. Komabe, mutu wachinsinsi ndi waukulu kwambiri ndipo ndi bwino kuuganizira mosiyana ndi nkhani yamakono.
Pansipa tiwona mwatsatanetsatane njira zitatu zoyambirira kuti timvetsetse bwino mutu womwe ulipo.
Ma contract anzeru potengera nthawi
Kutengera ndi momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito, kusiyana kumapangidwa pakati pa nsanja zapakati komanso zokhazikitsidwa mwanzeru. Pankhani ya mapangano apakati pa digito, ntchito imodzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe pali chovomerezeka chimodzi chokha ndipo pangakhale ntchito yosunga zobwezeretsera ndi kuchira, yomwe imayendetsedwanso pakati. Pali nkhokwe imodzi yomwe imasunga zidziwitso zonse zofunika kukhazikitsa mfundo za mgwirizano wanzeru ndikugawa mtengo womwe umaganiziridwa mu database yomweyi. Utumiki wapakati woterewu uli ndi kasitomala yemwe amaika zinthu ndi zopempha zina ndikugwiritsa ntchito mapangano otere. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chapakati cha nsanja, njira zovomerezeka zingakhale zotetezeka kwambiri kusiyana ndi ma cryptocurrencies.
Mwachitsanzo, titha kutenga opereka mauthenga a m'manja (ogwiritsa ntchito mafoni osiyanasiyana). Tinene kuti woyendetsa wina amasunga mbiri yapakati pamaseva ake, omwe amatha kufalitsidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo: mumayendedwe amawu, kutumiza ma SMS, kuchuluka kwa mafoni pa intaneti, komanso molingana ndi miyezo yosiyanasiyana, komanso kusunga zolemba. za ndalama pamabanki ogwiritsira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, wopereka mauthenga am'manja amatha kupanga mapangano owerengera ntchito zomwe zaperekedwa komanso kulipira kwawo mosiyanasiyana. Pachifukwa ichi, ndizosavuta kukhazikitsa zinthu monga "kutumiza SMS yokhala ndi nambala zotere ku nambala iyi ndi iyi ndipo mudzalandira izi ndi izi pakugawa magalimoto."
Chitsanzo china chingaperekedwe: mabanki achikhalidwe omwe ali ndi ntchito zowonjezera zamabanki a pa intaneti ndi mapangano osavuta monga malipiro okhazikika, kutembenuka kwachiwongoladzanja kwa malipiro omwe akubwera, kuchotsera chiwongoladzanja ku akaunti inayake, ndi zina zotero.
Ngati tikukamba za mapangano anzeru okhala ndi malo opha anthu, ndiye kuti tili ndi gulu la ovomerezeka. Momwemo, aliyense akhoza kukhala wovomerezeka. Chifukwa cha njira yolumikizira nkhokwe ndikufikira kumvana, tili ndi nkhokwe yofananira yomwe idzasunga zochitika zonse ndi makontrakitala olongosoledwa bwino, osati mafunso ena okhazikika, mawonekedwe ake omwe nthawi zambiri amasintha, ndipo palibe zowonekera. Apa, zotulukazo zidzakhala ndi malangizo oti achite mgwirizano motsatira ndondomeko yokhwima. Izi ndi zotseguka ndipo, chifukwa chake, ogwiritsa ntchito nsanja okha amatha kufufuza ndikutsimikizira mapangano anzeru. Apa tikuwona kuti mapulaneti okhazikitsidwa ndi apamwamba kuposa omwe ali apakati potengera kudziyimira pawokha komanso kulolerana zolakwika, koma mapangidwe awo ndi kukonza kwawo ndizovuta kwambiri.
Mapangano anzeru ndi njira yokhazikitsira ndi kukwaniritsa zikhalidwe
Tsopano tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane momwe makontrakitala anzeru angasiyanire momwe amakhazikitsira ndikukwaniritsa zikhalidwe. Apa timayang'ana kwambiri mapangano anzeru omwe amatha kusinthidwa mwachisawawa komanso Kukhazikika komaliza. Turing-complete smart contract imakupatsani mwayi woyika pafupifupi ma aligorivimu ngati momwe mungakwaniritsire mgwirizanowo: kulemba kuzungulira, ntchito zina zowerengera zomwe zingachitike, ndi zina zotero - mpaka pamasiginecha anu amagetsi. Pamenepa, tikutanthauza kulemba mosasinthasintha kwenikweni.
Palinso mapangano anzeru okhazikika, koma osati Turing athunthu. Izi zikuphatikiza Bitcoin ndi Litecoin ndi zolemba zawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zina mwanjira iliyonse, koma simungathenso kulemba malupu ndi ma aligorivimu anu.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali nsanja zamakontrakitala anzeru omwe amakhazikitsa makontrakitala omwe adafotokozedwa kale. Izi zikuphatikizapo Bitshares ndi Steemit. Bitshares ali ndi ma contract anzeru opangira malonda, kasamalidwe ka akaunti, kasamalidwe ka nsanja yokha ndi magawo ake. Steemit ndi nsanja yofananira, koma siyikuyang'ananso pakupereka ma tokeni ndi malonda, monga Bitshares, koma pakulemba mabulogu, mwachitsanzo, imasunga ndikukonza zomwe zili m'njira yovomerezeka.
Mapangano osagwirizana ndi Turing amaphatikizapo nsanja ya Ethereum ndi RootStock, yomwe idakalipobe. Chifukwa chake, pansipa tikhala mwatsatanetsatane pang'ono pa nsanja ya Ethereum smart contract.
Ma contract anzeru ndi njira yoyambira
Kutengera ndi njira yoyambira, ma contract anzeru amathanso kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: automated and manual (osati automated). Zodziwikiratu zimadziwika kuti, kupatsidwa magawo ndi mikhalidwe yonse yodziwika, mgwirizano wanzeru umangochitika zokha, ndiye kuti, sikutanthauza kutumiza zina zowonjezera ndikugwiritsa ntchito ntchito yowonjezera pakuphedwa kotsatira. Pulatifomu yokha ili ndi deta yonse yowerengera momwe mgwirizano wanzeru udzakwaniritsire. Mfundo zomveka kumeneko sizongotsatira, koma zokonzedweratu ndipo zonsezi ndizodziwikiratu. Ndiko kuti, mutha kulingalira pasadakhale zovuta zogwirira ntchito yanzeru, gwiritsani ntchito mtundu wina wantchito yokhazikika, ndipo njira zonse zogwirira ntchito zake ndizabwino kwambiri.
Kwa makontrakitala anzeru omwe amapangidwa mwaulere, kuchita sikungochitika zokha. Kuti muyambitse mgwirizano wanzeru wotere, pafupifupi sitepe iliyonse muyenera kupanga chinthu chatsopano, chomwe chidzayitanitse gawo lotsatira la kuphedwa kapena njira yotsatira yanzeru, perekani ntchito yoyenera ndikudikirira kuti ntchitoyo itsimikizidwe. Kuphedwa kumatha kutha bwino kapena ayi, chifukwa code yanzeru yamakontrakitala imakhala yosasunthika ndipo nthawi zina zosayembekezereka zitha kuwoneka, monga kuzungulira kwamuyaya, kusowa kwa magawo ndi mikangano, zosiyanitsa zosayendetsedwa, ndi zina zambiri.
Malipoti a malipoti a ndalama Ethereum
Mitundu ya Akaunti ya Ethereum
Tiyeni tiwone mitundu ya akaunti yomwe ingakhale pa nsanja ya Ethereum. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha yamaakaunti pano ndipo palibe njira zina. Mtundu woyamba umatchedwa akaunti ya ogwiritsa ntchito, chachiwiri ndi akaunti ya mgwirizano. Tiyeni tione mmene amasiyana.
Akaunti ya ogwiritsa ntchito imayendetsedwa kokha ndi kiyi yaumwini ya siginecha yamagetsi. Mwiniwake wa akauntiyo amapanga awiri ake ofunikira kuti asayine pakompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm ya ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm). Zokhazo zomwe zasainidwa ndi kiyiyi zitha kusintha momwe akauntiyi ilili.
Lingaliro lapadera limaperekedwa pa akaunti ya smart contract. Ikhoza kulamulidwa ndi ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya mapulogalamu yomwe imatsimikiziratu khalidwe la mgwirizano wanzeru: momwe idzayendetsere ndalama zake nthawi zina, poyesa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito ndani komanso pazifukwa zina zomwe ndalamazi zidzagawidwe. Ngati mfundo zina sizikuperekedwa ndi omanga mu code code, mavuto angabwere. Mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano wanzeru ukhoza kulandira dziko lina lomwe silivomereza kuyambitsanso kuphedwa kuchokera kwa aliyense wa ogwiritsa ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, ndalamazo zidzasungunuka, chifukwa mgwirizano wanzeru sumapereka kutuluka kwa dziko lino.
Momwe ma akaunti amapangidwira pa Ethereum
Pankhani ya akaunti yogwiritsa ntchito, mwiniwake amadzipangira yekha makiyi awiri pogwiritsa ntchito ECDSA. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti Ethereum imagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yofanana ndi yofanana ndi yofanana ndi yozungulira yozungulira pamasaina apakompyuta monga Bitcoin, koma adiresi imawerengedwa mosiyana pang'ono. Apa, zotsatira za hashing iwiri sizikugwiritsidwanso ntchito, monga Bitcoin, koma hashing imodzi imaperekedwa ndi Keccak ntchito kutalika kwa 256 bits. Ma bits ocheperako amachotsedwa pamtengo womwe umachokera, womwe ndi ma bits 160 ofunikira a mtengo wa hashi. Zotsatira zake, timapeza adilesi ku Ethereum. M'malo mwake, zimatengera ma byte 20.
Chonde dziwani kuti chizindikiritso cha akaunti ku Ethereum chimayikidwa mu hex popanda kugwiritsa ntchito cheke, mosiyana ndi Bitcoin ndi machitidwe ena ambiri, pomwe adilesiyo imayikidwa pamakina oyambira 58 ndikuwonjezera cheke. Izi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kusamala mukamagwira ntchito ndi zizindikiritso za akaunti ku Ethereum: ngakhale kulakwitsa kumodzi muzozindikiritsa kumatsimikiziridwa kuti kumabweretsa kutayika kwa ndalama.
Pali chinthu chofunikira ndipo ndikuti akaunti ya ogwiritsa ntchito pagulu lazosungidwa zonse imapangidwa panthawi yomwe amavomereza kulipira koyamba.
Kupanga anzeru contract account kumatenga njira yosiyana. Poyambirira, mmodzi wa ogwiritsa ntchito amalemba gwero lachidziwitso cha mgwirizano wanzeru, pambuyo pake kachidindo kameneka kadutsa mwa compiler yapadera pa nsanja ya Ethereum, kupeza bytecode kwa makina ake enieni a Ethereum. Zotsatira za bytecode zimayikidwa mu gawo lapadera la zochitikazo. Zimatsimikiziridwa m'malo mwa akaunti ya woyambitsa. Chotsatira, izi zimafalitsidwa pamanetiweki ndikuyika ma code anzeru a contract. Komiti yoyendetsera ntchitoyi ndipo, motero, kuti akwaniritse mgwirizano amachotsedwa pa akaunti ya woyambitsa.
Mgwirizano uliwonse wanzeru umakhala ndi womanga wake (wa mgwirizanowu). Itha kukhala yopanda kanthu kapena ikhoza kukhala ndi zomwe zili. Wopangayo akamaliza, chizindikiritso cha akaunti yanzeru chimapangidwa, chomwe mutha kutumiza ndalama, kuyimbira njira zina zanzeru zamakontrakitala, ndi zina.
Ethereum Transaction Structure
Kuti tifotokoze momveka bwino, tiyamba kuyang'ana momwe ntchito ya Ethereum imapangidwira komanso chitsanzo cha smart contract code.
Kugulitsa kwa Ethereum kumakhala ndi magawo angapo. Yoyamba mwa izi, nonce, ndi nambala inayake yamalonda yokhudzana ndi akaunti yomwe imagawa ndipo ndi mlembi wake. Izi ndizofunikira kuti tisiyanitse zochitika ziwiri, ndiko kuti, kuchotseratu mlanduwo pamene ntchito yomweyo ikuvomerezedwa kawiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiritso, malonda aliwonse amakhala ndi mtengo wake wa hashi.
Kenako pakubwera munda ngati mtengo wamafuta. Izi zikuwonetsa mtengo womwe ndalama zoyambira Ethereum zimasinthidwa kukhala gasi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polipira kuphatikizika kwa mgwirizano wanzeru komanso kugawa kwa makina opangira makina. Zikutanthauza chiyani?
Mu Bitcoin, malipiro amaperekedwa mwachindunji ndi ndalama zoyambira-Bitcoin palokha. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa cha njira yosavuta yowerengera: timalipira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zomwe zili mumalondawo. Mu Ethereum zinthu zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kudalira kuchuluka kwa deta yogulitsa. Apa, ntchitoyo ingakhalenso ndi ndondomeko ya pulogalamu yomwe idzachitidwa pamakina enieni, ndipo ntchito iliyonse ya makina enieni ikhoza kukhala ndi zovuta zosiyana. Palinso ntchito zomwe zimagawa kukumbukira kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Adzakhala ndi zovuta zawo, zomwe malipiro a ntchito iliyonse adzadalira.
Mtengo wa ntchito iliyonse yofanana ndi gasi udzakhala wokhazikika. Zimayambitsidwa mwachindunji kuti mudziwe mtengo wokhazikika wa ntchito iliyonse. Malingana ndi katundu pa intaneti, mtengo wa gasi udzasintha, ndiko kuti, coefficient malinga ndi momwe ndalama zoyambira zidzasinthidwa kukhala gawo lothandizira ili kuti lipereke malipiro.
Pali chinthu chinanso cha malonda ku Ethereum: bytecode yomwe ili nayo kuti ichitidwe mu makina enieni idzachitidwa mpaka itatha ndi zotsatira zina (kupambana kapena kulephera) kapena mpaka ndalama zina zomwe zaperekedwa zidzatha kulipira ntchitoyo. . Ndicholinga chopewa vuto lomwe, pakachitika zolakwika, ndalama zonse zochokera ku akaunti ya wotumiza zidagwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, mtundu wina wa kuzungulira kwamuyaya womwe unayambika pamakina), gawo lotsatirali liripo - kuyamba gasi (nthawi zambiri amatchedwa malire a gasi) - imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe wotumiza ali wokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito kuti amalize ntchito inayake.
Munda wotsatira umatchedwa adilesi yakopita. Izi zikuphatikizapo adiresi ya wolandira ndalamazo kapena adiresi ya mgwirizano wanzeru womwe njira zake zidzatchedwa. Pambuyo pakubwera munda mtengo, komwe ndalama zomwe zimatumizidwa ku adiresi yopita zimalowetsedwa.
Chotsatira ndi gawo losangalatsa lotchedwa deta, kumene dongosolo lonse likugwirizana. Iyi si gawo losiyana, koma dongosolo lonse momwe code ya makina enieni imatanthauzidwa. Mutha kuyika ma data osasintha apa - pali malamulo osiyana a izi.
Ndipo gawo lomaliza limatchedwa siginecha. Panthawi imodzimodziyo imakhala ndi siginecha yamagetsi ya wolemba ntchito iyi komanso kiyi yapagulu yomwe siginecha iyi idzatsimikiziridwa. Kuchokera pa kiyi ya anthu onse mukhoza kupeza chizindikiritso cha akaunti ya wotumiza malondawa, ndiko kuti, dziwani mwapadera akaunti ya wotumizayo mu dongosolo lomwelo. Tidapeza chinthu chachikulu chokhudza kapangidwe kawo.
Chitsanzo cha smart contract code ya Solidity
Tiyeni tsopano tiyang'ane mwatsatanetsatane mgwirizano wosavuta wanzeru pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo.
contract Bank {
address owner;
mapping(address => uint) balances;
function Bank() {
owner = msg.sender;
}
function deposit() public payable {
balances[msg.sender] += msg.value;
}
function withdraw(uint amount) public {
if (balances[msg.sender] >= amount) {
balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
msg.sender.transfer(amount);
}
}
function getMyBalance() public view returns(uint) {
return balances[msg.sender];
}
function kill() public {
if (msg.sender == owner)
selfdestruct(owner);
}
}Pamwambapa pali kachidindo kosavuta komwe kamatha kusunga ndalama za ogwiritsa ntchito ndikuzibweza akafuna.
Chifukwa chake, pali mgwirizano wanzeru wa Bank womwe umagwira ntchito zotsatirazi: imadziunjikira ndalama zachitsulo pamlingo wake, ndiko kuti, pamene malonda atsimikiziridwa ndipo mgwirizano woterewu umayikidwa, akaunti yatsopano imapangidwa yomwe ingakhale ndi ndalama zachitsulo pamlingo wake; imakumbukira ogwiritsa ntchito ndi kugawa ndalama pakati pawo; ili ndi njira zingapo zoyendetsera masikelo, ndiko kuti, ndizotheka kubwezeretsanso, kuchotsa ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.
Tiyeni tidutse mzere uliwonse wa magwero a code. Mgwirizanowu uli ndi magawo okhazikika. Mmodzi wa iwo, ndi mtundu adilesi, amatchedwa mwini. Apa mgwirizano umakumbukira adilesi ya wogwiritsa ntchito yemwe adapanga mgwirizano wanzeru uyu. Kuphatikiza apo, pali dongosolo losinthika lomwe limasunga makalata pakati pa ma adilesi ndi ma banki.
Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi njira ya Bank - ili ndi dzina lofanana ndi mgwirizano. Chifukwa chake, uyu ndiye womanga wake. Apa mwiniwakeyo amapatsidwa adilesi ya munthu yemwe adayika mgwirizano wanzeru pa netiweki. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mwa womanga uyu. Ndiko kuti, msg munkhaniyi ndi ndendende deta yomwe idasamutsidwa ku makina enieni pamodzi ndi malonda omwe ali ndi code yonse ya mgwirizanowu. Mogwirizana ndi izi, msg.sender ndiye mlembi wamalondawa omwe ali ndi khodiyi. Adzakhala mwini wa contract yanzeru.
Njira yosungiramo ndalama imakulolani kusamutsa nambala inayake ya ndalama ku akaunti ya mgwirizano ndi malonda. Pachifukwa ichi, mgwirizano wanzeru, wolandira ndalamazi, umazisiya pamasamba ake, koma zimalemba m'mabanki omwe adatumiza ndalamazi kuti adziwe kuti ndi ndani.
Njira yotsatira imatchedwa kuchotsa ndipo zimatengera gawo limodzi - kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe wina akufuna kuzichotsa ku banki iyi. Izi zimayang'ana ngati pali ndalama zokwanira pamlingo wa wogwiritsa ntchito yemwe amayimbira njira iyi kuti atumize. Ngati alipo okwanira, ndiye kuti mgwirizano wanzeru wokha umabwezera nambala imeneyo ya ndalama kwa woyimbayo.
Kenako pamabwera njira yowonera momwe wogwiritsa ntchito alili. Amene adzayimba njira iyi adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza ndalamazo mu mgwirizano wanzeru. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti chosintha cha njira iyi ndi mawonekedwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira yokhayo sikusintha zosinthika za kalasi yake mwanjira iliyonse ndipo kwenikweni ndi njira yowerengera. Palibe ntchito yosiyana yomwe imapangidwa kuti iitanitse njira iyi, palibe malipiro omwe amalipidwa, ndipo zowerengera zonse zimachitidwa kwanuko, pambuyo pake wogwiritsa ntchito amalandira zotsatira.
Njira yakupha ndiyofunikira kuti iwononge dziko la mgwirizano wanzeru. Ndipo apa pali cheke chowonjezera ngati woyimba njira iyi ndi mwini wake wa mgwirizanowu. Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti mgwirizano umadziwononga, ndipo ntchito yowonongeka imatenga gawo limodzi - chizindikiro cha akaunti chomwe mgwirizano udzatumiza ndalama zonse zomwe zatsala pamlingo wake. Pankhaniyi, ndalama zotsalazo zidzangopita ku adilesi ya mwiniwake wa mgwirizano.
Kodi node yonse pa intaneti ya Ethereum imagwira ntchito bwanji?
Tiyeni tiwone mwadongosolo momwe mapangano anzeru otere amachitikira pa nsanja ya Ethereum ndi momwe node yonse yama network imagwirira ntchito.
Node yonse pa intaneti ya Ethereum iyenera kukhala ndi ma modules osachepera anayi.
Yoyamba, monga ya protocol yokhazikika, ndi gawo la maukonde a P2P - gawo lolumikizira maukonde ndikugwira ntchito ndi ma node ena, pomwe midadada, kusinthana, ndi chidziwitso chokhudza ma node ena amasinthidwa. Ichi ndi gawo lachikhalidwe cha ma cryptocurrencies onse omwe ali ndi decentralized.
Kenako, tili ndi gawo losungira deta ya blockchain, kukonza, kusankha nthambi yofunika kwambiri, kuwonjezera midadada, midadada yosagwirizana, kutsimikizira midadada iyi, ndi zina zambiri.
Gawo lachitatu limatchedwa EVM (Ethereum makina enieni) - iyi ndi makina enieni omwe amalandira bytecode kuchokera ku Ethereum. Gawoli limatenga momwe akauntiyo ilili ndipo imasintha dziko lake kutengera ma bytecode omwe adalandira. Mtundu wamakina pamtundu uliwonse wa netiweki uyenera kukhala wofanana. Ziwerengero zomwe zimachitika pa mfundo iliyonse ya Ethereum ndizofanana, koma zimachitika mwachisawawa: wina amayang'ana ndikuvomereza izi kale, ndiko kuti, amachitira malamulo onse omwe ali mmenemo, ndi wina pambuyo pake. Momwemo, pamene malonda apangidwa, amagawidwa ku intaneti, ma node amavomereza, ndipo panthawi yotsimikiziranso, mofanana ndi Bitcoin Script amachitidwa mu Bitcoin, bytecode ya makina enieni amachitidwa pano.
Kugulitsa kumaonedwa kuti kutsimikiziridwa ngati ndondomeko yonse yomwe ili mmenemo yachitidwa, dziko latsopano la akaunti inayake lapangidwa ndikusungidwa mpaka zikuwonekeratu ngati izi zagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena ayi. Ngati ntchitoyo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti dziko lino silimangomaliza, komanso panopa. Pali database yomwe imasunga chikhalidwe cha akaunti iliyonse pa node iliyonse ya netiweki. Chifukwa chakuti mawerengedwe onse amachitika mofanana ndipo dziko la blockchain ndilofanana, nkhokwe yomwe ili ndi mayiko a akaunti zonse idzakhalanso yofanana pa node iliyonse.
Nthano ndi malire a makontrakitala anzeru
Ponena za zoletsa zomwe zilipo papulatifomu yanzeru yofanana ndi Ethereum, zotsatirazi zitha kutchulidwa:
- ntchito ya code;
- kugawa kukumbukira;
- data blockchain;
- kutumiza malipiro;
- kupanga mgwirizano watsopano;
- kuitana ma contract ena.
Tiyeni tiwone zoletsa zomwe zimayikidwa pamakina enieni, ndipo, molingana ndi izi, tichotse nthano zokhuza mapangano anzeru. Pa makina pafupifupi, amene angakhale osati Ethereum, komanso nsanja ofanana, mukhoza kuchita moona umasinthasintha zomveka ntchito, ndiye kulemba kachidindo ndipo adzaphedwa kumeneko, mukhoza kuwonjezera kugawa kukumbukira. Komabe, ndalamazo zimalipidwa padera pa ntchito iliyonse ndi gawo lililonse la kukumbukira lomwe laperekedwa.
Kenako, makina pafupifupi akhoza kuwerenga deta kuchokera blockchain Nawonso achichepere kuti ntchito deta ngati choyambitsa kuti apereke mmodzi kapena wina nzeru mgwirizano logic. Makina enieni amatha kupanga ndi kutumiza zochitika, amatha kupanga mapangano atsopano ndikuyitanitsa njira zamapangano ena anzeru omwe amasindikizidwa kale pamaneti: omwe alipo, omwe alipo, ndi zina zambiri.
Nthano yodziwika bwino ndi yakuti mapangano anzeru a Ethereum angagwiritse ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera kuzinthu zilizonse za intaneti m'mawu awo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti makina enieni sangatumize pempho la intaneti kuzinthu zina zakunja pa intaneti, ndiko kuti, n'zosatheka kulemba mgwirizano wanzeru womwe udzagawira mtengo pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito malingana ndi, kunena, momwe nyengo ilili kunja, kapena amene adapambana mpikisano wina, kapena kutengera zomwe zidachitika kunja, chifukwa zambiri zomwe zidachitikazi sizili m'nkhokwe ya nsanja. Ndiye kuti, palibe chilichonse pa blockchain pa izi. Ngati sichikuwoneka pamenepo, ndiye kuti makina enieni sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito deta iyi ngati zoyambitsa.
Zoyipa za Ethereum
Tiyeni titchule zikuluzikulu. Choyipa choyamba ndi chakuti pali zovuta pakupanga, kupanga ndi kuyesa mapangano anzeru ku Ethereum (Ethereum amagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha Solidity kulemba mapangano anzeru). Zowonadi, machitidwe akuwonetsa kuti gawo lalikulu kwambiri la zolakwa zonse ndi zamunthu. Izi ndi zoona pamakontrakitala olembedwa kale a Ethereum omwe ali ndi zovuta zambiri kapena zapamwamba. Ngati kwa mapangano osavuta anzeru mwayi wa cholakwika ndi wochepa, ndiye kuti m'mapangano ovuta kwambiri pamakhala zolakwika zomwe zimatsogolera kuba ndalama, kuzizira kwawo, kuwononga mapangano anzeru mwanjira yosayembekezereka, ndi zina zambiri. kudziwika.
Choyipa chachiwiri ndichakuti makina enieniwo sakhala angwiro, chifukwa amalembedwanso ndi anthu. Ikhoza kutsata malamulo osagwirizana, ndipo m'menemo muli chiwopsezo: malamulo angapo akhoza kukhazikitsidwa mwanjira inayake yomwe ingabweretse zotsatira zomwe sizinadziwiketu. Ili ndi dera lovuta kwambiri, koma pali kale maphunziro angapo omwe amasonyeza kuti zofookazi zilipo panopa pa intaneti ya Ethereum ndipo zingayambitse kulephera kwa mapangano ambiri anzeru.
Vuto lina lalikulu, likhoza kuonedwa ngati lopanda phindu. Zili m'gulu loti mutha kuganiza kapena mwaukadaulo kuti ngati mupanga ma bytecode a mgwirizano womwe udzachitika pamakina enieni, mutha kudziwa kachitidwe kake. Zikachitidwa pamodzi, izi zimadzaza makina owoneka bwino ndikuchedwetsa mosagwirizana ndi ndalama zomwe zidalipiridwa pochita izi.
M'mbuyomu, panali kale nthawi ya chitukuko cha Ethereum, pamene anyamata ambiri omwe amamvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane ntchito ya makina pafupifupi anapeza zofooka zotere. M'malo mwake, zogulitsa zidalipira ndalama zochepa, koma zidachepetsa netiweki yonseyo. Mavutowa ndi ovuta kwambiri kuthetsa, chifukwa m'pofunika, choyamba, kudziwa iwo, kachiwiri, kusintha mtengo wa ntchito izi, ndipo chachitatu, kuchita mphanda molimba, kutanthauza kukonzanso mfundo zonse maukonde ku Baibulo latsopano. za mapulogalamu, ndiyeno kutsegula munthawi yomweyo kwa zosinthazi.
Ponena za Ethereum, kafukufuku wambiri wachitika, zochitika zambiri zothandiza zapezeka: zonse zabwino ndi zoipa, koma komabe pali zovuta ndi zofooka zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa mwanjira ina.
Chifukwa chake, gawo lamutu wankhaniyo lamalizidwa, tiyeni tipitirire ku mafunso omwe amabuka nthawi zambiri.
Mafunso ofunsidwa kawirikawiri
- Ngati onse omwe ali mumgwirizano wanzeru omwe alipo akufuna kusintha mawu, kodi atha kuletsa mgwirizano wanzeruwu pogwiritsa ntchito ma multisig, kenako ndikupanga mgwirizano watsopano wanzeru wokhala ndi mfundo zosinthidwa?
Yankho pano likhala pawiri. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa kumbali imodzi, mgwirizano wanzeru umatanthauzidwa kamodzi ndipo sukutanthauzanso kusintha kulikonse, ndipo kumbali ina, ukhoza kukhala ndi malingaliro olembedwa kale omwe amapereka kusintha kwathunthu kapena pang'ono kwa zikhalidwe zina. Ndiye kuti, ngati mukufuna kusintha china chake mumgwirizano wanu wanzeru, ndiye kuti muyenera kulembera mikhalidwe yomwe mungasinthire izi. Chifukwa chake, mwanzeru motere m'pamene kukonzanso mgwirizano kungakonzedwe. Koma apa, inunso, mutha kukumana ndi mavuto: pangani zolakwika ndikupeza chiwopsezo chofananira. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zotere ziyenera kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane komanso kupangidwa mosamala komanso kuyesedwa.
- Nanga bwanji ngati mkhalapakati achita mgwirizano ndi m'modzi mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali: escrow kapena smart contract? Kodi mkhalapakati amafunikira mu mgwirizano wanzeru?
Mkhalapakati safunikira mu mgwirizano wanzeru. Mwina kulibe. Ngati, pa nkhani ya escrow, mkhalapakati alowa mu chiwembu ndi mmodzi wa maphwando, ndiye inde, chiwembu ichi ndiye kwambiri amataya mtengo wake wonse. Choncho, oyimira pakati amasankhidwa m'njira yodalirika ndi onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi panthawi imodzi. Chifukwa chake, simungasamutse ndalama ku adilesi yamasiginecha ambiri ndi mkhalapakati yemwe simumukhulupirira.
- Kodi n'zotheka ndi ntchito imodzi ya Ethereum kusamutsa zizindikiro zambiri zosiyana kuchokera ku adiresi yanu kupita ku maadiresi osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, kusinthanitsa maadiresi kumene zizindikirozi zimagulitsidwa?
Ili ndi funso labwino ndipo likukhudzana ndi chitsanzo cha Ethereum ndi momwe chimasiyana ndi chitsanzo cha Bitcoin. Ndipo kusiyana kwake ndi kwakukulu. Ngati mumtundu wa Ethereum mumangosamutsa ndalama, ndiye kuti amangosamutsidwa kuchokera ku adiresi imodzi kupita ku ina, palibe kusintha, ndalama zomwe mwatchula. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ichi si chitsanzo cha zotuluka zosagwiritsidwa ntchito (UTXO), koma chitsanzo cha maakaunti ndi miyeso yofanana. Ndi theoretically n'zotheka kutumiza zizindikiro zingapo zosiyana pakuchitapo kamodzi kamodzi ngati mulemba mgwirizano wochenjera, koma mudzafunikabe kuchita zambiri, kupanga mgwirizano, ndiyeno kusamutsa zizindikiro ndi ndalama kwa izo, ndiyeno kuyitana njira yoyenera. . Izi zimafuna khama ndi nthawi, kotero muzochita sizigwira ntchito monga choncho ndipo malipiro onse ku Ethereum amapangidwa mosiyana.
- Imodzi mwa nthano zokhudzana ndi nsanja ya Ethereum ndizosatheka kufotokoza zikhalidwe zomwe zidzadalira deta ya gwero la intaneti lakunja, choncho chotani ndiye?
Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi yakuti mgwirizano wanzeru wokha ukhoza kupereka chimodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimatchedwa oracles odalirika, omwe amasonkhanitsa deta za momwe zinthu zilili kunja kwa dziko ndikuzipereka ku mapangano anzeru kudzera mu njira zapadera. Mgwirizano womwewo umawona zomwe adalandira kuchokera kwa anthu odalirika kukhala owona. Kuti mukhale odalirika kwambiri, ingosankhani gulu lalikulu la olankhulira ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kugwirizana kwawo. Mgwirizano womwewo sungathe kuwerengera zambiri kuchokera m'mawu omwe amatsutsana ndi ambiri.
Imodzi mwa maphunziro a pa intaneti pa Blockchain yaperekedwa pamutuwu - "".
Source: www.habr.com