Kuwerenga mbiri ya ma disks ndi chiyambi cha ulendo womvetsetsa mfundo zoyendetsera ma drive olimba. Gawo loyamba la nkhani zathu, "Introduction to SSDs," idzayendera mbiri yakale ndikukulolani kuti mumvetse bwino kusiyana kwa SSD ndi mpikisano wake wapamtima, HDD.
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zida zosiyanasiyana zosungira zidziwitso, kutchuka kwa ma HDD ndi ma SSD munthawi yathu sikungatsutsidwe. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi ya ma drive kumawonekera kwa munthu wamba: SSD ndi yokwera mtengo komanso yachangu, pomwe HDD ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yotakata.
Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa ku gawo la muyeso wa mphamvu zosungirako: m'mbiri, ma prefixes a decimal monga kilo ndi mega amamvetsetsedwa muzochitika zamakono zamakono monga mphamvu khumi ndi makumi awiri za ziwiri. Kuti athetse chisokonezo, ma prefixes a binary kibi-, mebi- ndi ena adayambitsidwa. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mabokosi apamwambawa kumawonekera pamene voliyumu ikuwonjezeka: pogula 240 gigabyte disk, mukhoza kusunga 223.5 gigabytes zambiri pa izo.
Dziwirani mu mbiriyakale
Kukula kwa hard drive yoyamba kudayamba mu 1952 ndi IBM. Pa September 14, 1956, zotsatira zomaliza za chitukuko zinalengezedwa - IBM 350 Model 1. Kuyendetsa kunali ndi ma mebibytes a 3.75 a data ndi miyeso yochepa kwambiri: 172 masentimita mu msinkhu, 152 masentimita m'litali ndi 74 masentimita m'lifupi. Mkati mwake munali ma disks opyapyala 50 okutidwa ndi chitsulo chowona bwino ndi mainchesi 610 ( mainchesi 24). Nthawi yapakati yofufuza deta pa disk idatenga ~ 600 ms.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, IBM idasintha ukadaulo pang'onopang'ono. Inakhazikitsidwa mu 1961 yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 18.75 megabytes yokhala ndi mitu yowerengera pambale iliyonse. MU zochotseka litayamba makatiriji anaonekera, ndipo kuyambira 1970 anayambitsa dongosolo kuzindikira zolakwika ndi kukonza mu IBM 3330. Patapita zaka zitatu anaonekera amatchedwa "Winchester".
Winchester (kuchokera ku English Winchester rifle) - dzina lambiri lamfuti ndi mfuti zopangidwa ndi Winchester Repeating Arms Company ku USA mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX. Izi zinali imodzi mwa mfuti zobwerezabwereza zomwe zidadziwika kwambiri pakati pa ogula. Anali ndi dzina lawo kwa woyambitsa kampaniyo, Oliver Fisher Winchester.
IBM 3340 inali ndi zopota ziwiri za 30 MiB iliyonse, ndichifukwa chake Akatswiri adatcha disc iyi "30-30". Dzinali linali chikumbutso cha mfuti ya Winchester Model 1894 yomwe ili mu .30-30 Winchester, kutsogolera Kenneth Haughton, yemwe anatsogolera chitukuko cha IBM 3340, kuti "Ngati ndi 30-30, iyenera kukhala Winchester." a 30 -30, ndiye iyenera kukhala Winchester."). Kuyambira pamenepo, osati mfuti zokha, komanso ma hard drive adatchedwa "hard drive".
Patadutsa zaka zitatu, IBM 3350 "Madrid" inatulutsidwa ndi mbale za 14-inch ndi nthawi yofikira 25 ms.
SSD drive yoyamba idapangidwa ndi Dataram mu 1976. Dalaivala ya Dataram BulkCore inali ndi chassis yokhala ndi ndodo zisanu ndi zitatu za RAM zokhala ndi mphamvu ya 256 KB iliyonse. Poyerekeza ndi hard drive yoyamba, BulkCore inali yaying'ono: kutalika kwa 50,8 cm, 48,26 cm mulifupi ndi 40 cm kutalika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nthawi yopezera deta mu chitsanzo ichi inali 750 ns yokha, yomwe ili nthawi 30000 mofulumira kuposa galimoto yamakono ya HDD panthawiyo.
Mu 1978, Shugart Technology idakhazikitsidwa, yomwe patapita chaka idasintha dzina lake kukhala Seagate Technology kuti ipewe mikangano ndi Shugart Associates. Pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri za ntchito, Seagate adatulutsa ST-506 - hard drive yoyamba yamakompyuta amunthu mu mawonekedwe a 5.25-inch komanso mphamvu ya 5 MiB.
Kuphatikiza pa kutuluka kwa Shugart Technology, 1978 idakumbukiridwa pakutulutsidwa kwa Enterprise SSD yoyamba kuchokera ku StorageTek. The StorageTek STC 4305 inali ndi 45 MiB ya data. SSD iyi idapangidwa m'malo mwa IBM 2305, inali ndi miyeso yofananira ndipo idawononga $400 yodabwitsa.
Mu 1982, SSD idalowa pamsika wamakompyuta. Kampani ya Axlon ikupanga diski ya SSD pa tchipisi ta RAM yotchedwa RAMDISK 320 makamaka kwa Apple II. Mphamvu ya batri inali yokwanira maola a 3 a ntchito yodziyimira payokha ngati mphamvu yatha.
Patatha chaka chimodzi, Rodime adzatulutsa RO352 10 MiB hard drive yoyamba mu mawonekedwe a 3.5-inch omwe amadziwika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito amakono. Ngakhale kuti iyi ndi njira yoyamba yoyendetsera malonda mu mawonekedwe awa, Rodime sanachite chilichonse chatsopano.
Chogulitsa choyamba mu mawonekedwe awa chimatengedwa ngati floppy drive yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi Tandon ndi Shugart Associates. Kuphatikiza apo, Seagate ndi MiniScribe adagwirizana kutengera muyezo wamakampani a 3.5-inch, ndikusiya Rodime kumbuyo, yemwe adakumana ndi "patent troll" ndikutuluka kwathunthu kumakampani opanga magalimoto.
Mu 1980, injiniya wa Toshiba, Pulofesa Fujio Masuoka, analembetsa patent ya mtundu watsopano wa kukumbukira wotchedwa NOR Flash memory. Chitukuko chinatenga zaka 4.
NOR memory ndi mtundu wakale wa 2D wa ma conductor, momwe selo imodzi imayikidwa pamzere wa mizere ndi zipilala (zofanana ndi kukumbukira pa maginito cores).
Mu 1984, Pulofesa Masuoka adalankhula za zomwe adapanga pa International Electronics Developers Meeting, komwe Intel adazindikira mwachangu lonjezo lachitukukochi. Toshiba, komwe Pulofesa Masuoka ankagwira ntchito, sanaganizire kuti Flash memory ndi chinthu chapadera, choncho anatsatira pempho la Intel kuti apange ma prototypes angapo kuti aphunzire.
Chidwi cha Intel pa chitukuko cha Fujio chinapangitsa Toshiba kugawa mainjiniya asanu kuti athandize pulofesayo kuthetsa vuto la malonda opangidwa. Intel, nayenso, adaponya antchito mazana atatu kuti apange mtundu wake wa Flash memory.
Pamene Intel ndi Toshiba anali kupanga chitukuko m'munda wa Flash storage, zochitika ziwiri zofunika zinachitika mu 1986. Choyamba, SCSI, mndandanda wamisonkhano yolumikizirana pakati pa makompyuta ndi zida zotumphukira, yakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo. Kachiwiri, mawonekedwe a AT Attachment (ATA), odziwika pansi pa dzina la Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), adapangidwa, chifukwa chomwe wowongolera adasunthidwa mkati mwa drive.
Kwa zaka zitatu, Fujio Mausoka adagwira ntchito yopititsa patsogolo ukadaulo wa Flash memory ndipo pofika 1987 adapanga kukumbukira kwa NAND.
Memory ya NAND ndi kukumbukira kwa NOR komweko, kopangidwa kukhala magawo atatu. Kusiyana kwakukulu kunali kuti ndondomeko yopezera selo iliyonse inakhala yovuta kwambiri, dera la selo linakhala laling'ono, ndipo mphamvu yonse inakula kwambiri.
Chaka chotsatira, Intel adapanga kukumbukira kwake kwa NOR Flash, ndipo Digipro adayendetsa galimoto yotchedwa Flashdisk. Mtundu woyamba wa Flashdisk pamasinthidwe ake apamwamba anali ndi 16 MiB ya data ndipo amawononga ndalama zosakwana $500.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80 ndi koyambirira kwa 90s, opanga ma hard drive adapikisana kuti ma drive achepetse. Mu 1989, PrairieTek idatulutsa PrairieTek 220 20 MiB drive mu mawonekedwe a 2.5-inch. Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, Integral Peripherals imapanga Integral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" disc ndi voliyumu yomweyi, koma kale 1.8 mainchesi. Patatha chaka chimodzi, Hewlett-Packard adachepetsa kukula kwa disk kukhala mainchesi 1.3.
Seagate idakhalabe yokhulupirika pamagalimoto mu mawonekedwe a 3.5-inch ndikudalira kuchuluka kwa liwiro lozungulira, ndikutulutsa mtundu wake wotchuka wa Barracuda mu 1992, hard drive yoyamba yokhala ndi liwiro la spindle la 7200 rpm. Koma Seagate sanayime pamenepo. Mu 1996, zoyendetsa kuchokera pamzere wa Seagate Cheetah zidafika pa liwiro la 10000 rpm, ndipo patatha zaka zinayi kusinthidwa kwa X15 kunakwera mpaka 15000 rpm.
Mu 2000, mawonekedwe a ATA adadziwika kuti PATA. Chifukwa chake chinali kutuluka kwa mawonekedwe a seri ATA (SATA) okhala ndi mawaya ophatikizika, kuthandizira kosinthana kotentha komanso kuthamanga kwa data. Seagate adatsogoleranso pano, ndikutulutsa hard drive yoyamba yokhala ndi mawonekedwe otere mu 2002.
Kukumbukira kwa Flash poyamba kunali kokwera mtengo kwambiri kupanga, koma ndalama zidatsika kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Transcend adapezerapo mwayi pa izi, ndikutulutsa ma drive a SSD okhala ndi mphamvu kuyambira 2003 mpaka 16 MiB mu 512. Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, Samsung ndi SanDisk adalumikizana ndi kupanga anthu ambiri. M'chaka chomwecho, IBM idagulitsa gawo lake la disk ku Hitachi.
Ma Solid State Drives anali kukulirakulira ndipo panali vuto lodziwikiratu: mawonekedwe a SATA anali ochedwa kuposa ma SSD omwe. Kuti athetse vutoli, gulu la NVM Express Workgroup linayamba kupanga NVMe - ndondomeko yofikira ma SSD molunjika pa basi ya PCIe, kudutsa "mkhalapakati" ngati wolamulira wa SATA. Izi zitha kulola kuti data ifike pa liwiro la basi ya PCIe. Patapita zaka ziwiri, mtundu woyamba wa specifications anali okonzeka, ndipo patatha chaka choyamba NVMe galimoto anaonekera.
Kusiyana pakati pa ma SSD amakono ndi ma HDD
Pamlingo wakuthupi, kusiyana pakati pa SSD ndi HDD kumawonekera mosavuta: SSD ilibe zinthu zamakina, ndipo zambiri zimasungidwa m'maselo okumbukira. Kusakhalapo kwa zinthu zosuntha kumabweretsa mwayi wofikira mwachangu pagawo lililonse la kukumbukira, komabe, pali malire pa kuchuluka kwa zozungulira zolemberanso. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zolembera zolemberanso pa cell iliyonse yamakumbukiro, pamafunika njira yolumikizirana - kuwongolera kuvala kwa ma cell posamutsa deta pakati pa ma cell. Ntchitoyi ikuchitika ndi disk controller.
Kuti akwaniritse kusanja, wolamulira wa SSD ayenera kudziwa kuti ndi maselo ati omwe ali ndi ufulu. Wowongolera amatha kutsata kujambula kwa data mu selo lokha, zomwe sizinganenedwe za kufufutidwa. Monga mukudziwira, machitidwe opangira (OS) samachotsa deta pa disk pamene wogwiritsa ntchito achotsa fayilo, koma lembani malo okumbukira omwe ali nawo ngati aulere. Yankholi limathetsa kufunika kodikira kuti disk igwire ntchito mukamagwiritsa ntchito HDD, koma ndiyosayenera kugwiritsa ntchito SSD. Wowongolera pagalimoto wa SSD amagwira ntchito ndi ma byte, osati mafayilo amafayilo, motero amafunikira uthenga wosiyana pamene fayilo yachotsedwa.
Umu ndi momwe lamulo la TRIM (Chingerezi - trim) linawonekera, lomwe OS imadziwitsa wolamulira wa disk wa SSD kuti amasule malo ena okumbukira. Lamulo la TRIM limafufutiratu deta kuchokera pa disk. Si machitidwe onse ogwiritsira ntchito omwe amadziwa kutumiza lamuloli ku ma drive olimba, ndipo olamulira a hardware RAID mu disk array mode samatumiza TRIM ku disks.
Zipitilizidwaβ¦
M'magawo otsatirawa tikambirana za mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe olumikizirana ndi gulu lamkati la ma drive olimba.
Mu labotale yathu Mutha kuyesa paokha ma drive amakono a HDD ndi SSD ndikupeza malingaliro anu.
Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. chonde.
Kodi mukuganiza kuti SSD idzachotsa HDD?
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71.2%Inde, ma SSD ndi tsogolo396
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7.5%Ayi, nthawi ya magneto-optical HDD42 ili patsogolo
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21.2%Mtundu wosakanizidwa wa HDD + SSD118 udzapambana
Ogwiritsa ntchito 556 adavota. Ogwiritsa 72 adakana.
Source: www.habr.com