Ntchito ikapanda kugwira ntchito, chinthu chomaliza chomwe mungafune kumva kuchokera kwa anzanu ndi mawu akuti "vuto lili kumbali yanu." Zotsatira zake, ogwiritsa ntchito amavutika - ndipo samasamala kuti ndi gawo liti la gulu lomwe limayambitsa kuwonongeka. Chikhalidwe cha DevOps chidatulukira ndendende kuti chibweretse chitukuko ndi kuthandizira pamodzi pazantchito zogawana pazomaliza.
Ndi machitidwe ati omwe akuphatikizidwa mu lingaliro la DevOps ndipo chifukwa chiyani amafunikira? Kodi mainjiniya a DevOps amachita chiyani ndipo ayenera kuchita chiyani? Akatswiri ochokera ku EPAM amayankha mafunso awa ndi ena: Kirill Sergeev, injiniya wa machitidwe ndi mlaliki wa DevOps, ndi Igor Boyko, katswiri wotsogolera machitidwe ndi wogwirizanitsa gulu limodzi la DevOps la kampani.
Chifukwa chiyani ma DevOps amafunikira?
Poyamba, panali chotchinga pakati pa omanga ndi chithandizo (chotchedwa ntchito). Zikumveka zododometsa, koma anali ndi zolinga zosiyana ndi ma KPIs, ngakhale anali kuchita zomwezo. Cholinga cha chitukukochi chinali kukhazikitsa zofunikira zamabizinesi mwachangu momwe zingathere ndikuwonjezera pa chinthu chogwira ntchito. Thandizo linali ndi udindo wowonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyo ikugwira ntchito mokhazikika - ndipo kusintha kulikonse kumaika kukhazikika pachiwopsezo. Pali mkangano wazokonda - DevOps adawonekera kuti athetse.
Kodi DevOps ndi chiyani?
Ndi funso labwino - komanso lotsutsana: dziko silinagwirizanebe pa izi. EPAM imakhulupirira kuti DevOps imaphatikiza matekinoloje, njira ndi chikhalidwe cholumikizirana mkati mwa gulu. Mgwirizanowu cholinga chake ndikupereka phindu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse.
Kirill Sergeev: "Madivelopa amalemba ma code, oyesa amawunikiranso, ndipo oyang'anira amatumiza chomaliza kuti apange. Kwa nthawi yayitali, mbali izi za gululo zinabalalika pang'ono, ndiyeno panabuka lingaliro lowagwirizanitsa kudzera munjira yofanana. Umu ndi momwe machitidwe a DevOps adawonekera. "
Tsiku linafika pamene okonza ndi okonza makina anayamba chidwi ndi ntchito ya wina ndi mzake. Chotchinga pakati pa kupanga ndi chithandizo chinayamba kutha. Umu ndi momwe DevOps adatulukira, zomwe zimaphatikizapo machitidwe, chikhalidwe ndi mgwirizano wamagulu.
Kodi chikhalidwe cha DevOps ndi chiyani?
Chowonadi ndi chakuti udindo wa zotsatira zomaliza uli ndi membala aliyense wa gulu. Chinthu chochititsa chidwi komanso chovuta kwambiri mu filosofi ya DevOps ndikumvetsetsa kuti munthu weniweni samangoyang'anira gawo lake la ntchito, koma ali ndi udindo wa momwe mankhwala onse angagwiritsire ntchito. Vuto silikhala kumbali ya aliyense - limagawidwa, ndipo membala aliyense wa gulu amathandizira kuthetsa.
Chofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha DevOps ndikuthetsa vutoli, osati kungogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a DevOps. Kuphatikiza apo, izi sizimayendetsedwa "kumbali ya wina", koma pazogulitsa zonse. Pulojekiti sifunikira mainjiniya a DevOps pa se imodzi - imafunikira yankho pavuto, ndipo udindo wa mainjiniya wa DevOps ukhoza kugawidwa pakati pa magulu angapo omwe ali ndi luso losiyanasiyana.
Kodi mitundu ya machitidwe a DevOps ndi ati?
Machitidwe a DevOps amakhudza magawo onse a pulogalamu yamapulogalamu.
Igor Boyko: "Nkhani yabwino ndi pamene tiyamba kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a DevOps poyambitsa polojekiti. Pamodzi ndi omangamanga, timakonzekera mtundu wamtundu wa zomangamanga zomwe ntchitoyo idzakhala nayo, komwe idzapezeke ndi momwe mungasinthire, ndikusankha nsanja. Masiku ano, zomangamanga za microservice zili m'mafashoni - chifukwa chake timasankha makina a orchestration: muyenera kuyang'anira chinthu chilichonse cha pulogalamuyo padera ndikuchisintha mosasamala za ena. Mchitidwe wina ndi "infrastructure as code." Ili ndilo dzina la njira yomwe pulojekiti imapangidwira ndikuyendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito code, osati kupyolera mu kugwirizana kwachindunji ndi ma seva.
Kenako timapita ku gawo lachitukuko. Chimodzi mwazochita zazikulu apa ndikumanga CI / CD: muyenera kuthandiza otukula kuphatikiza kusintha kwazinthu mwachangu, m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zambiri komanso mosapweteka. CI/CD imakhudza kuwunika kwa ma code, kukweza mbuye ku code base, ndikuyika pulogalamuyo kuti iyesere ndi kupanga mapangidwe.
Pamagawo a CI / CD, code imadutsa pazipata zabwino. Ndi chithandizo chawo, amayang'ana kuti code yomwe imachokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito ya wopangayo ikugwirizana ndi zomwe zatchulidwa. Kuyesa kwa Unit ndi UI kwawonjezedwa apa. Kuti mutumize mwachangu, mopanda ululu komanso molunjika, mutha kusankha mtundu woyenera wotumizira.
Othandizira a DevOps alinso ndi malo pagawo lothandizira zomwe zamalizidwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito powunikira, kuyankha, chitetezo, ndikuyambitsa zosintha. DevOps imayang'ana ntchito zonsezi mosalekeza. Timachepetsa kubwerezabwereza ndikuzipanga zokha. Izi zikuphatikizanso kusamuka, kukulitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu, ndikuthandizira magwiridwe antchito. β
Kodi maubwino a machitidwe a DevOps ndi ati?
Tikadakhala kuti tikulemba zolemba zamachitidwe amakono a DevOps, pangakhale mfundo zitatu patsamba loyamba: zodzichitira zokha, zotulutsa mwachangu, komanso mayankho ofulumira kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
Kirill Sergeev: βChinthu choyamba ndi makina. Titha kusintha machitidwe onse mugulu: adalemba nambala - adayitulutsa - adayiyang'ana - adayiyika - adasonkhanitsa ndemanga - kubwereranso koyambirira. Zonsezi zimangochitika zokha.
Chachiwiri ndikufulumizitsa kumasulidwa komanso ngakhale kufewetsa chitukuko. Nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kwa kasitomala kuti mankhwalawa alowe pamsika posachedwa ndikuyamba kupereka zopindulitsa kale kuposa ma analogue a opikisana nawo. Njira yobweretsera katunduyo imatha kupitilizidwa kosatha: kuchepetsa nthawi, kuwonjezera zizindikiro zowongolera, kukonza kuwunika.
Chachitatu ndi kufulumira kwa ndemanga za ogwiritsa ntchito. Ngati ali ndi ndemanga, titha kusintha nthawi yomweyo ndikusintha pulogalamuyo nthawi yomweyo. β
Kodi malingaliro a "injiniya wamakina", "injiniya womanga" ndi "DevOps mainjiniya" amagwirizana bwanji?
Amadutsana, koma amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Systems engineer ku EPAM ndi udindo. Amabwera m'magulu osiyanasiyana: kuyambira wamng'ono mpaka katswiri wamkulu.
Wopanga zomangamanga ndi gawo lalikulu lomwe lingagwire ntchito. Tsopano izi ndi zomwe anthu omwe ali ndi udindo wa CI/CD amatchedwa.
Katswiri wa DevOps ndi katswiri yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a DevOps pa projekiti.
Ngati tifotokoza mwachidule, timapeza zinthu monga izi: munthu yemwe ali ndi injiniya wa machitidwe amagwira ntchito ya zomangamanga pa ntchito ndipo akugwira nawo ntchito yokonza machitidwe a DevOps kumeneko.
Kodi injiniya wa DevOps amachita chiyani kwenikweni?
Akatswiri opanga ma DevOps amaphatikiza zidutswa zonse zomwe zimapanga projekiti. Amadziwa zenizeni za ntchito ya opanga mapulogalamu, oyesa, oyang'anira machitidwe ndikuthandizira kupeputsa ntchito yawo. Amamvetsetsa zosowa ndi zofunikira za bizinesi, ntchito yake pakupanga chitukuko - ndikumanga ndondomekoyi poganizira zofuna za makasitomala.
Tidalankhula zambiri za automation - izi ndi zomwe mainjiniya a DevOps amakumana nazo poyamba. Iyi ndi mfundo yaikulu kwambiri, yomwe, mwa zina, imaphatikizapo kukonzekera chilengedwe.
Kirill Sergeev: βAsanagwiritse ntchito zosintha pazamalonda, amayenera kuyesedwa pamalo ena. Imakonzedwa ndi mainjiniya a DevOps. Amalimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha DevOps pa polojekiti yonse: amayambitsa machitidwe a DevOps pamagulu onse a ntchito zawo. Mfundo zitatu izi: makina, kuphweka, kuthamangitsa - amabweretsa kulikonse kumene angafikire. "
Kodi injiniya wa DevOps ayenera kudziwa chiyani?
Pazonse, ayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana: mapulogalamu, kugwira ntchito ndi machitidwe opangira, ma database, misonkhano ndi kasinthidwe kachitidwe. Izi zimaphatikizidwa ndi kuthekera kogwira ntchito ndi zida zamtambo, zoyimba ndi kuwunikira.
1. Zinenero zopanga mapulogalamu
Akatswiri opanga ma DevOps amadziwa zilankhulo zingapo zoyambira zokha ndipo amatha, mwachitsanzo, kuwuza wopanga mapulogalamu kuti: "Nanga bwanji muyike kachidindo osati pamanja, koma pogwiritsa ntchito script yathu, yomwe imangosintha chilichonse? Tidzakonzekera fayilo ya config, idzakhala yabwino kwa inu ndi ife kuti tiwerenge, ndipo tidzatha kusintha nthawi iliyonse. Tiwonanso kuti ndani, liti komanso chifukwa chiyani asintha izi. β
Katswiri wa DevOps amatha kuphunzira chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa zilankhulo izi: Python, Groovy, Bash, Powershell, Ruby, Go. Sikoyenera kuwadziwa pamlingo wakuya - zoyambira za syntax, mfundo za OOP, komanso kuthekera kolemba zolemba zosavuta zongopanga zokha ndizokwanira.
2. Njira zogwirira ntchito
Katswiri wa DevOps ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti chinthucho chidzakhazikitsidwa pa seva yanji, malo omwe adzayendetsedwe, ndi mautumiki ati omwe angagwirizane nawo. Mutha kusankha kukhala mwapadera mu Windows kapena banja la Linux.
3. Machitidwe owongolera matembenuzidwe
Popanda kudziwa makina owongolera, injiniya wa DevOps palibe. Git ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika kwambiri pakadali pano.
4. Opereka mitambo
AWS, Google, Azure - makamaka ngati tikukamba za mayendedwe a Windows.
Kirill Sergeev: "Opereka mtambo amatipatsa ma seva enieni omwe amakwanira bwino mu CI/CD.
Kuyika ma seva khumi akuthupi kumafuna pafupifupi zana lamanja lamanja. Seva iliyonse iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamanja, kuyika ndikukonza makina ogwiritsira ntchito, kuyika pulogalamu yathu pa maseva khumi awa, ndikuwunika kawiri chilichonse kakhumi. Ntchito zamtambo m'malo mwa njirayi ndi mizere khumi yamakhodi, ndipo injiniya wabwino wa DevOps ayenera kugwira nawo ntchito. Izi zimapulumutsa nthawi, khama komanso ndalama - kwa kasitomala komanso kampani. β
5. Makina oimba: Docker ndi Kubernetes
Kirill Sergeev: "Ma seva enieni amagawidwa m'mitsuko, yomwe timatha kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yathu. Pakakhala zotengera zambiri, muyenera kuziwongolera: yatsani imodzi, zimitsani ina, pangani zosunga zobwezeretsera kwinakwake. Izi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo zimafuna dongosolo la orchestration.
M'mbuyomu, ntchito iliyonse inkagwiridwa ndi seva yosiyana - kusintha kulikonse pakugwira ntchito kungakhudze ntchito ya pulogalamuyo. Chifukwa cha zotengera, mapulogalamu amadzipatula ndikuyendetsa padera - iliyonse pamakina ake enieni. Ngati kulephera kukuchitika, palibe chifukwa chotaya nthawi kufunafuna chifukwa chake. Ndikosavuta kuwononga chidebe chakale ndikuwonjezera china. β
6. Kusintha machitidwe: Chef, Ansible, Puppet
Mukafunika kusunga ma seva onse, muyenera kuchita zambiri zamtundu womwewo. Ndi yayitali komanso yovuta, ndipo ntchito yamanja imawonjezeranso mwayi wolakwitsa. Apa ndipamene kasinthidwe kachitidwe kamabwera kudzapulumutsa. Ndi chithandizo chawo, amapanga zolemba zosavuta kuwerenga kwa olemba mapulogalamu, akatswiri a DevOps, ndi oyang'anira machitidwe. Script iyi imathandizira kugwira ntchito zomwezo pa seva zokha. Izi zimachepetsa ntchito zamanja (ndipo chifukwa chake zolakwika).
Kodi injiniya wa DevOps angapange ntchito yanji?
Mutha kupanga zonse molunjika komanso molunjika.
Igor Boyko: "Malinga ndi chitukuko chopingasa, mainjiniya a DevOps tsopano ali ndi chiyembekezo chokulirapo. Chilichonse chikusintha nthawi zonse, ndipo mutha kupanga luso m'malo osiyanasiyana: kuchokera ku machitidwe owongolera matembenuzidwe mpaka kuwunika, kuyambira pakuwongolera kasinthidwe mpaka pazosungidwa.
Mutha kukhala womanga makina ngati wogwira ntchito akufuna kumvetsetsa momwe pulogalamuyo imagwirira ntchito pamayendedwe ake onse - kuyambira pachitukuko kupita ku chithandizo. "
Kodi mungakhale bwanji injiniya wa DevOps?
- Werengani The Phoenix Project ndi DevOps Handbook. Izi ndizo mizati yeniyeni ya filosofi ya DevOps, yoyamba kukhala ntchito yopeka.
- Phunzirani matekinoloje pamndandanda womwe uli pamwambapa: wekha kapena maphunziro apaintaneti.
- Lowani nawo ngati injiniya wa DevOps pa projekiti yotseguka.
- Yesetsani ndikupereka machitidwe a DevOps pama projekiti anu aumwini ndi antchito.
Source: www.habr.com