Chifukwa chiyani timafunikira zosintha zamafakitale ndi EMC yabwino?

Chifukwa chiyani mapaketi amatha kutayika pa LAN? Pali zosankha zosiyanasiyana: kusungirako sikunakonzedwe molakwika, maukonde sangathe kulimbana ndi katunduyo, kapena LAN ndi "mkuntho". Koma chifukwa sichimagona nthawi zonse pa intaneti.

Kampani ya Arktek LLC idapanga makina owongolera ndi makina owonera makanema a Rasvumchorrsky mgodi wa Apatit JSC kutengera Kusintha kwa Phoenix Contact.

Panali mavuto mu gawo limodzi la netiweki. Pakati pa masinthidwe a FL SWITCH 3012E-2FX - 2891120 ndi FL SITCH 3006T-2FX - 2891036 njira yolumikizirana inali yosakhazikika kwambiri.

Zidazi zidalumikizidwa ndi chingwe chamkuwa chomwe chidayikidwa munjira imodzi kupita ku chingwe champhamvu cha 6 kV. Chingwe chamagetsi chimapanga gawo lamphamvu lamagetsi, lomwe limayambitsa kusokoneza. Ma switch ochiritsira mafakitale alibe chitetezo chokwanira chaphokoso, kotero zina zidatayika.

Pamene masiwichi a FL SWITCH 3012E-2FX adayikidwa mbali zonse ziwiri - 2891120, kulumikizana kwakhazikika. Kusinthaku kumagwirizana ndi IEC 61850-3. Mwa zina, Gawo 3 la muyezo uwu limafotokoza zofunikira za electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) pazida zomwe zimayikidwa m'mafakitale amagetsi ndi ma substation.

Chifukwa chiyani ma switch omwe ali ndi EMC yabwino adachita bwino?

EMC - zofunikira zonse

Zikuoneka kuti kukhazikika kwa kufalitsa deta pa LAN kumakhudzidwa osati kokha ndi kasinthidwe koyenera kwa zipangizo ndi kuchuluka kwa deta yotumizidwa. Mapaketi ogwetsedwa kapena masinthidwe osweka amatha chifukwa cha kusokonezedwa kwa ma elekitiroma: wailesi yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupi ndi zida zapaintaneti, chingwe chamagetsi choyalidwa pafupi, kapena chosinthira magetsi chomwe chimatsegula chigawocho panthawi yachidule.

Wailesi, chingwe ndi switch ndi magwero osokoneza ma elekitiroma. Ma switch a Enhanced Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) adapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito bwino akakumana ndi izi.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya kusokoneza ma elekitiroma: inductive ndi kuchitidwa.

Kusokoneza kwa inductive kumafalikira kudzera mu gawo la electromagnetic "kupyolera mumlengalenga". Kusokoneza uku kumatchedwanso kusokoneza kwa ma radiation kapena ma radiation.

Kusokoneza komwe kumayendetsedwa kumayendetsedwa ndi ma conductor: mawaya, nthaka, ndi zina.

Kusokoneza kwa inductive kumachitika mukakumana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi kapena maginito. Kusokoneza komwe kumachitika kumatha chifukwa chakusintha mabwalo apano, kugunda kwamphezi, kugunda, ndi zina.

Zosintha, monga zida zonse, zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi phokoso lochititsa chidwi komanso lopangidwa.

Tiyeni tiwone magwero osiyanasiyana osokoneza pa malo ogulitsa mafakitale, ndi zosokoneza zamtundu wanji zomwe zimapanga.

Magwero osokoneza

Zida zotulutsa mawayilesi (walkie-talkies, mafoni am'manja, zida zowotcherera, ng'anjo zoyatsira, ndi zina zotero)
Chida chilichonse chimatulutsa gawo lamagetsi. Gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi ili limakhudza zida zonse mochititsa chidwi komanso motsogola.

Ngati munda umapangidwa mwamphamvu mokwanira, ukhoza kupanga panopa mu kondakitala, zomwe zingasokoneze njira yotumizira chizindikiro. Kusokoneza kwamphamvu kwambiri kungayambitse kuzimitsa kwa zida. Chifukwa chake, inductive effect imawonekera.

Ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito zachitetezo amagwiritsa ntchito mafoni am'manja ndi ma walkie-talkies kuti azilankhulana. Ma transmitters a wayilesi ndi wailesi yakanema amagwira ntchito pamalowa; Zida za Bluetooth ndi WiFi zimayikidwa pamayimidwe am'manja.

Zida zonsezi ndi majenereta amphamvu amagetsi akumunda. Chifukwa chake, kuti mugwire ntchito moyenera m'malo ogulitsa, ma switch amayenera kulekerera kusokonezedwa ndi ma elekitiroma.

Ma electromagnetic chilengedwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi amagetsi.

Poyesa chosinthira chokana kukhudzidwa kwamphamvu kwamagetsi amagetsi, gawo la 10 V / mXNUMX limayendetsedwa pa switch. Pankhaniyi, chosinthira chiyenera kugwira ntchito mokwanira.

Makondakitala aliwonse mkati mwa switch, komanso zingwe zilizonse, amangolandira tinyanga. Zipangizo zotulutsa ma wailesi zitha kuyambitsa kusokoneza kwa ma elekitiromagineti pama frequency osiyanasiyana a 150 Hz mpaka 80 MHz. Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imapangitsa ma voltages mu ma conductor awa. Ma voltages awa nawonso amayambitsa mafunde, omwe amapanga phokoso mu switch.

Kuyesa kusintha kwa chitetezo cha EMI, magetsi amayikidwa pamadoko a data ndi madoko amagetsi. GOST R 51317.4.6-99 imayika mtengo wamagetsi wa 10 V pamlingo wapamwamba wa radiation yamagetsi. Pankhaniyi, chosinthira chiyenera kugwira ntchito mokwanira.

Zomwe zilipo mu zingwe zamagetsi, zingwe zamagetsi, mabwalo oyambira
Zomwe zili mu zingwe zamagetsi, zingwe zamagetsi, ndi mabwalo oyambira zimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi yama frequency a mafakitale (50 Hz). Kuwonekera kwa maginito kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya wotsekedwa, womwe ndi wosokoneza.

Mphamvu ya maginito yamagetsi imagawidwa mu:

• maginito okhazikika komanso otsika kwambiri chifukwa cha mafunde pansi pazikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito;
• mphamvu ya maginito yamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa cha mafunde pansi pazidzidzidzi, ikugwira ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa mpaka zida zitayambika.

Poyesa kusintha kwa kukhazikika kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi, gawo la 100 A / m limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali ndi 1000 A / m kwa nthawi ya 3 s. Akayesedwa, masiwichi ayenera kugwira ntchito mokwanira.

Poyerekeza, uvuni wamba wamba wa microwave umapanga mphamvu ya maginito mpaka 10 A/m.

Kugunda kwa mphezi, zochitika zadzidzidzi mumanetiweki amagetsi
Kuwomba kwa mphezi kumayambitsanso kusokoneza kwa zida zamaneti. Sakhala nthawi yayitali, koma kukula kwawo kumatha kufika ma volts masauzande angapo. Kusokoneza koteroko kumatchedwa pulsed.

Phokoso la kugunda litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamadoko amagetsi ndi madoko a data. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwambiri, onse amatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito a zida ndikuwotcha kwathunthu.

Kugunda kwa mphezi ndi vuto lapadera la phokoso lachidziwitso. Itha kutchulidwa ngati phokoso lamphamvu lamphamvu la microsecond pulse.

Kuwombera kwa mphezi kungakhale kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana: kugunda kwa mphezi ku dera lakunja lamagetsi, kugunda kosalunjika, kugunda pansi.

Pamene mphezi igunda dera lakunja lamagetsi, kusokoneza kumachitika chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa mpweya waukulu wotuluka kudzera mu dera lakunja ndi dera loyambira.

Kuwomba kwamphezi kosalunjika kumawonedwa ngati kutulutsa mphezi pakati pa mitambo. Panthawi imeneyi, ma electromagnetic minda amapangidwa. Amapangitsa ma voltages kapena mafunde mu ma conductor amagetsi. Izi ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kusokoneza.

Pamene mphezi igunda pansi, madzi amadutsa pansi. Ikhoza kupanga kusiyana komwe kungatheke pamayendedwe oyendetsa galimoto.

Ndendende kusokoneza komweko kumapangidwa ndikusintha mabanki a capacitor. Kusintha kotereku ndikusintha kwakanthawi. Kusintha kwanthawi zonse kumayambitsa phokoso lamphamvu lamphamvu la microsecond.

Kusintha kwachangu kwamagetsi kapena kwapano pomwe zida zodzitchinjiriza zikugwira ntchito kungayambitsenso phokoso la microsecond pulse m'mabwalo amkati.

Kuyesa kusinthana kwa kukana phokoso la kugunda, majenereta apadera oyesa ma pulse amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, UCS 500N5. Jenereta iyi imapereka ma pulses amitundu yosiyanasiyana kumadoko osinthira poyesedwa. Ma pulse parameters amadalira mayeso omwe achitika. Amatha kukhala osiyana ndi mawonekedwe a pulse, kukana kutulutsa, magetsi, ndi nthawi yowonekera.

Panthawi yoyesa chitetezo champhamvu cha microsecond pulse, 2 kV pulses imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamadoko amagetsi. Kwa madoko a data - 4 kV. Pakuyesedwa uku, zimaganiziridwa kuti ntchitoyo ikhoza kusokonezedwa, koma kusokonezeka kutatha, idzachira yokha.

Kusintha kwa katundu wokhazikika, "kudumpha" kwa omwe akulumikizana nawo, kusinthana pokonza zosintha zapano
Njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira zimatha kuchitika pamagetsi: kusokonezeka kwa katundu wolowetsa, kutsegula kwa ma relay, ndi zina.

Kusintha kotereku kumapangitsanso phokoso lachidziwitso. Kutalika kwawo kumayambira pa nanosecond imodzi kupita ku microsecond imodzi. Phokoso lotereli limatchedwa nanosecond impulse noise.

Kuti achite mayeso, kuphulika kwa nanosecond pulses kumatumizidwa ku ma switch. Ma pulses amaperekedwa kumadoko amagetsi ndi ma data.

Madoko amagetsi amaperekedwa ndi 2 kV pulses, ndipo madoko a data amaperekedwa ndi 4 kV pulses.
Pakuyesa kwa phokoso la nanosecond, ma switch amayenera kugwira ntchito mokwanira.

Phokoso lochokera ku zida zamagetsi zamafakitale, zosefera ndi zingwe
Ngati chosinthiracho chayikidwa pafupi ndi makina ogawa magetsi kapena zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, ma voltages osagwirizana amatha kulowetsedwa mwa iwo. Kusokoneza koteroko kumatchedwa kusokoneza kwa electromagnetic.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kusokoneza kochitidwa ndi:

• machitidwe ogawa mphamvu, kuphatikizapo DC ndi 50 Hz;
• zida zamagetsi zamagetsi.

Malingana ndi kumene kusokoneza, iwo amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri:

• voteji nthawi zonse ndi voteji ndi pafupipafupi 50 Hz. Maulendo afupikitsa ndi zosokoneza zina pamachitidwe ogawa zimabweretsa kusokoneza pafupipafupi;
• voteji mu frequency band kuchokera 15 Hz mpaka 150 kHz. Kusokoneza koteroko kawirikawiri kumapangidwa ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi.

Kuti muyese ma switch, ma doko amagetsi ndi data amaperekedwa ndi rms voteji ya 30V mosalekeza ndi rms voteji ya 300V kwa 1 s. Ma voliyumu awa amafanana ndi kuopsa kwa mayeso a GOST.

Zidazi ziyenera kupirira zokoka zotere ngati zitayikidwa pamalo owopsa amagetsi. Amadziwika ndi:

• zida zomwe zikuyesedwa zidzalumikizidwa ndi ma netiweki amagetsi otsika kwambiri komanso mizere yapakati-voltage;
• zipangizo zidzalumikizidwa ku dongosolo lapansi la zida zamphamvu kwambiri;
• otembenuza mphamvu amagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amalowetsa mafunde ofunikira mu dongosolo loyambira.

Zofananazo zitha kupezeka pamasiteshoni kapena masiteshoni.

Kuwongolera voteji ya AC pomangirira mabatire
Pambuyo pa kukonzanso, mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu nthawi zonse imayenda. Ndiye kuti, ma voliyumu amasintha mwachisawawa kapena nthawi ndi nthawi.

Ngati ma switch amayendetsedwa ndi magetsi a DC, ma ripples akulu amatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito a zida.

Monga lamulo, machitidwe onse amakono amagwiritsa ntchito zosefera zapadera zotsutsa-aliasing ndipo mlingo wa ripple siwokwera. Koma zinthu zimasintha pamene mabatire aikidwa mu dongosolo lamagetsi. Pamene kulipiritsa mabatire, ripple amawonjezeka.

Choncho, kuthekera kwa kusokoneza koteroko kuyeneranso kuganiziridwa.

Pomaliza
Kusintha kogwirizana ndi ma elekitiromu owongolera amakulolani kusamutsa deta m'malo ovuta kwambiri amagetsi. Muchitsanzo cha mgodi wa Rasvumchorr koyambirira kwa nkhaniyi, chingwe cha data chidawonetsedwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamafakitale ndikusokoneza ma frequency band kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 150 kHz. Zosintha zamafakitale ochiritsira sizinathe kupirira kufala kwa data pamikhalidwe yotere ndipo mapaketi adatayika.

Kusintha kogwirizana ndi ma elekitiromu amatha kugwira ntchito mokwanira atakumana ndi zosokoneza zotsatirazi:

• ma radio frequency electromagnetic minda;
• mafakitale pafupipafupi maginito minda;
• phokoso la nanosecond;
• phokoso lamphamvu kwambiri la microsecond pulse;
• kusokoneza komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha radio frequency electromagnetic field;
• kusokoneza pafupipafupi pakati pa 0 mpaka 150 kHz;
• Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi ya DC.

Source: www.habr.com