Posachedwapa panali zochitika ziwiri nthawi imodzi pakupanga machitidwe amitundu yambiri ndi kugawidwa: msonkhano (July 11-12) ndi sukulu (Julai 8-12). Anthu omwe ali pafupi ndi mutuwu amamvetsetsa kuti kubwera ku Russia Leslie Lamport, Maurice Herlihy и Michael Scott - chochitika chofunika kwambiri. Koma panabuka mafunso ena:
- Zoyenera kuyembekezera pamsonkhano: "zamaphunziro" kapena "kupanga"?
- Kodi sukulu ndi msonkhano zikugwirizana bwanji? Ndindani ameneyu ndi amene akulinga?
- N’chifukwa chiyani amaloŵana m’masiku?
- Kodi zidzakhala zothandiza kwa iwo omwe sanapereke moyo wawo wonse ku machitidwe ogawidwa?
Zonsezi zimadziwika bwino kwa munthu amene adabweretsa moyo wa Hydra: wotsogolera wathu Alexey Fedorov (). Anayankha mafunso onse.
mtundu
- Funso loyambira kwa iwo omwe ali kutali ndi machitidwe omwe amagawidwa: zochitika zonsezi ndi chiyani?
- Vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuti pafupi nafe pali mautumiki okhala ndi ntchito zambiri komanso zovuta zamakompyuta zomwe sizingachitike pakompyuta imodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti payenera kukhala magalimoto angapo. Ndiyeno mafunso amawuka okhudzana ndi momwe angagwirizanitse bwino ntchito yawo ndi zomwe angachite muzinthu zomwe sizingakhale zodalirika kwambiri (chifukwa zida zimasweka ndipo maukonde akugwa).
Makina akachuluka, m'pamenenso amalephera kulephera. Zoyenera kuchita ngati makina osiyanasiyana atulutsa zotsatira zosiyana pazowerengera zomwezo? Zoyenera kuchita ngati maukonde asowa kwakanthawi ndipo gawo lina la mawerengedwe limakhala lolekanitsidwa, mungaphatikize bwanji zonse? Mwambiri, pali mavuto miliyoni okhudzana ndi izi. Zatsopano zothetsera - mavuto atsopano.
M'derali pali madera ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu, ndipo pali asayansi ambiri - chinthu chomwe sichinakhale chodziwika bwino. Ndikufuna kulankhula za zomwe zikuchitika muzochita ndi sayansi, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, pa mphambano yawo. Izi ndi zomwe msonkhano woyamba wa Hydra udzakhala.
- Ndikufuna kumvetsa mfundo yakuti pali msonkhano, ndipo pali sukulu yachilimwe. Kodi zikugwirizana bwanji? Ngati kuchotsera kumapangidwa kuti otenga nawo mbali pasukulu apite kumsonkhanowo, ndiye chifukwa chiyani amadutsa masiku, kotero kuti sizingatheke kupezekapo chilichonse nthawi imodzi popanda kutayika?
- Sukuluyi ndi chochitika cha chipinda cha anthu 100-150, kumene akatswiri otsogola ochokera padziko lonse lapansi amabwera kudzapereka maphunziro kwa masiku asanu. Ndipo mkhalidwe umachitika pamene zounikira zapamwamba padziko lonse zimasonkhana ku St. Petersburg kwa masiku asanu, okonzekera kunena chinachake. Ndipo pankhaniyi, chigamulo chimachitika kukonza osati sukulu yachipinda chokha, komanso msonkhano waukulu.
Ndizotheka kukhala ndi sukulu yotereyi m'chilimwe, mu July, chifukwa pakati pa akatswiriwa pali aphunzitsi a yunivesite, ndipo sali okonzeka nthawi ina iliyonse: ali ndi ophunzira, madipuloma, maphunziro, ndi zina zotero. Maonekedwe a sukulu ndi masiku asanu a sabata. Zimadziwika kuti m'chilimwe kumapeto kwa sabata anthu amakonda kupita kwinakwake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sitingathe kuchita msonkhano mwina Loweruka ndi Lamlungu tisanayambe sukulu kapena Loweruka ndi Lamlungu pambuyo pa sukulu.
Ndipo ngati muwonjezera masiku angapo kumapeto kwa sabata kapena kumapeto kwa sabata, ndiye kuti masiku asanu okhala akatswiri ku St. Petersburg amasintha kukhala asanu ndi anayi. Ndipo iwo sanakonzekere izi.
Chifukwa chake, yankho lokhalo lomwe tidapeza linali kungochita msonkhanowo limodzi ndi sukulu. Inde, izi zimabweretsa mavuto. Pali anthu amene akufuna kupita kusukulu ndi kumsonkhano, ndipo adzaphonya nkhani zina apa kapena apo. Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti zonsezi zidzachitika m'maholo oyandikana nawo, mutha kuthamanga uku ndi uku. Ndipo chinthu china chabwino ndi kupezeka kwa makanema ojambulira, momwe mutha kuwonera modekha zomwe mudaphonya.
— Zinthu ziŵiri zikachitika nthawi imodzi, anthu amakhala ndi funso lakuti “Kodi ndikufunika chiti?” Kodi muyenera kuyembekezera chiyani kwa aliyense, ndipo pali kusiyana kotani?
- Sukulu ndizochitika zamaphunziro, sukulu yasayansi yamasiku angapo. Aliyense amene wachita nawo sayansi ndipo anali ndi chochita ndi omaliza maphunziro ali ndi lingaliro la zomwe sukulu yamaphunziro ili.
Nthawi zambiri zochitika zamaphunziro zoterezi sizimakonzedwa bwino chifukwa chosowa ukatswiri wa zochitika pakati pa anthu omwe amachita. Koma ndife anyamata odziwa zambiri, kotero tikhoza kuchita zonse mwaluso. Ndikuganiza kuti kuchokera ku bungwe, SPTDC idzakhala mutu ndi mapewa pamwamba pa sukulu iliyonse ya maphunziro kapena kafukufuku yomwe mudawonapo.
Sukulu ya SPTDC - ili ndi mawonekedwe omwe nkhani yayikulu iliyonse imawerengedwa mu awiriawiri: "ola ndi theka - kupuma - ola ndi theka." Muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti sizingakhale zophweka kwa wophunzira kwa nthawi yoyamba: pamene sukuluyi inachitika kwa nthawi yoyamba zaka ziwiri zapitazo, ine ndekha ndinali wachilendo, ndinazimitsa kangapo pafupifupi pakati pa maphunziro awiri, ndipo ndiye zinali zovuta kumvetsa zomwe zinkachitika. Koma izi zimadalira kwambiri mphunzitsi: mphunzitsi wabwino amalankhula mosangalatsa kwa maola atatu onse.
Msonkhano wa Hydra - chochitika chothandiza kwambiri. Padzakhala zowunikira zingapo za sayansi omwe abwera kudzaphunzitsa ku Sukulu: kuchokera , omwe ntchito yawo imagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha machitidwe amitundu yambiri ndi kugawidwa, kuti , mmodzi wa olemba buku lodziwika bwino la concurrency "The Art of Multiprocessor Programming". Koma pamsonkhanowu tidzayesa kulankhula za momwe ma aligorivimu ena amagwiritsidwira ntchito zenizeni, ndi mavuto ati omwe akatswiri amakumana nawo pochita, omwe amapambana ndi kulephera, chifukwa chiyani ma algorithms ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo ena sali. Ndipo ndithudi, tiyeni tiyankhule za tsogolo la chitukuko cha machitidwe amitundu yambiri ndi ogawidwa. Ndiko kuti, tidzapereka mpata woterewu: zomwe sayansi yapadziko lonse ikukamba tsopano, zomwe malingaliro a akatswiri otsogolera akuzungulira, ndi momwe zimakhalira pamodzi.
- Popeza kuti msonkhanowu ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kodi sipadzakhala zowunikira zamaphunziro zokha, komanso olankhula kuchokera ku "kupanga"?
- Ndithu. Tikuyesera kuyang'ana "zazikulu" zonse: Google, Netflix, Yandex, Odnoklassniki, Facebook. Pali zovuta zina zoseketsa. Mwachitsanzo, aliyense amati: "Netflix ndi dongosolo logawidwa, pafupifupi theka la anthu aku US, ozizira kwambiri," ndipo mukayamba kuyang'ana malipoti awo enieni, zolemba ndi zofalitsa, kukhumudwa pang'ono kumayamba. Chifukwa, ngakhale izi ndizabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo pali njira yodula, pali zochepa kuposa momwe zimawonekera poyang'ana koyamba.
Vuto losangalatsa likubuka: mutha kuyimbira oyimira makampani akuluakulu, kapena mutha kuyimbira wina yemwe timamudziwa kale. Kunena zoona, ukatswiri ulipo pano ndi apo. Ndipo m'malo mwake tikuyesera kutulutsa osati "anthu amitundu yayikulu kwambiri", koma akatswiri akulu kwambiri, anthu enieni.
Mwachitsanzo, padzakhala Martin Kleppmann, yemwe nthawi ina adapanga phokoso pa LinkedIn ndipo adatulutsidwanso - mwina limodzi mwa mabuku ofunikira pankhani ya machitidwe ogawidwa.
- Ngati munthu sagwira ntchito ku Netflix, koma pakampani yosavuta, angafunse kuti: "Kodi ndipite kumsonkhano wotero, kapena pali mitundu yonse ya ma Netflix akuyankhulana, koma ndilibe chochita?"
- Ndikunena izi: pamene ndinagwira ntchito ku Oracle kwa zaka zoposa zitatu, ndinamva zinthu zodabwitsa komanso zosangalatsa kwambiri m'khitchini ndi m'zipinda zosuta fodya, pamene anzanga anasonkhana kumeneko kupanga mbali zina za nsanja ya Java. Awa akhoza kukhala anthu ochokera ku makina enieni, kapena ku dipatimenti yoyesera, kapena kuchokera ku mgwirizano wa ntchito - mwachitsanzo, Lyosha Shiplev ndi Seryozha Kuksenko.
Akayamba kukambirana zinazake, nthawi zambiri ndinkangomvetsera nditatsegula pakamwa. Kwa ine izi zinali zinthu zodabwitsa komanso zosayembekezereka zomwe sindinaziganizire nkomwe. Mwachibadwa, poyamba sindinamvetse 90% ya zomwe amalankhula. Kenako 80% idakhala yosamvetsetseka. Ndipo nditachita homuweki ndikuwerenga mabuku angapo, chiwerengerochi chinatsika mpaka 70%. Sindikumvetsabe zambiri zomwe amalankhula pakati pawo. Koma nditakhala pakona ndikumwa khofi ndikumvetsera, ndinayamba kumvetsetsa pang'ono zomwe zinkachitika.
Choncho, pamene Google, Netflix, LinkedIn, Odnoklassniki ndi Yandex amalankhulana, izi sizikutanthauza kuti ndi chinthu chosamvetsetseka komanso chosasangalatsa. M’malo mwake, tiyenera kumvetsera mwatcheru, chifukwa ili ndilo tsogolo lathu.
Inde, pali anthu omwe safuna zonsezi. Ngati simukufuna kukulitsa mutuwu, simukuyenera kupita ku msonkhano uno, mungotaya nthawi pamenepo. Koma ngati mutuwo ndi wosangalatsa, koma simukumvetsa chilichonse kapena mukungoyang'ana, ndiye kuti muyenera kubwera, chifukwa simudzapeza chilichonse chonga icho kulikonse. Komanso, ndikuganiza kuti osati ku Russia kokha, komanso padziko lapansi. Tikuyesera kupanga msonkhano womwe sudzakhala mtsogoleri pamutuwu ku Russia, koma ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Iyi si ntchito yophweka, koma tikakhala ndi mwayi wodabwitsa wosonkhanitsa okamba amphamvu ochokera kudziko lonse lapansi, ndine wokonzeka kupereka zambiri kuti zitheke. Inde, ena mwa omwe tidawayitanira ku Hydra yoyamba sangathe kubwera. Koma ndinena izi: sitinayambe msonkhano watsopano ndi mzere wamphamvu wotere. Kupatula, mwina, JPoint yoyamba zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo.
- Ndikufuna kuwonjezera pa mawu akuti "ili ndi tsogolo lathu": kodi mutuwo pambuyo pake udzakhudza iwo omwe sakuganiza za izo lero?
- Inde, ndikutsimikiza. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kwa ine zolondola kuti ndiyambe kukambirana mwachangu momwe ndingathere. Mwachitsanzo, chiphunzitso cha multithreading chinawonekera kalekale (m'ma 70s, ntchito inali itasindikizidwa kale), koma kwa nthawi yaitali iwo anali akatswiri ambiri opapatiza, mpaka anawonekera woyamba wogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta awiri. kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 10. Ndipo tsopano tonse tili ndi ma seva amitundu yambiri, ma laputopu ngakhale mafoni, ndipo ichi ndiye chachikulu. Zinatenga pafupifupi zaka XNUMX kuti izi zifalikire, kuti anthu amvetsetse kuti nkhani imeneyi si gawo la akatswiri ochepa chabe.
Ndipo tsopano tikuwona pafupifupi chinthu chomwecho ndi machitidwe ogawidwa. Chifukwa mayankho oyambira monga kugawa katundu, kulolerana ndi zolakwika ndi zina zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali, koma ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa zomwe, mwachitsanzo, kugawa kapena Paxos.
Chimodzi mwa zolinga zofunika kwambiri zomwe ndakhazikitsa pamwambowu ndikumiza mainjiniya mochulukira muzokambiranazi. Muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti pamisonkhano mitu ina ndi mayankho samangokambidwa, komanso thesaurus imatuluka - zida zogwirizanitsa.
Ndikuwona ngati ntchito yanga kupanga nsanja yomwe aliyense angakambirane zonsezi, kugawana zomwe akumana nazo komanso malingaliro. Kuti inu ndi ine timvetse bwino zomwe aligorivimu imodzi imachita, zomwe wina amachita, ndi ziti zomwe zili bwino pansi pazikhalidwe ziti, momwe zimayenderana, ndi zina zotero.
Chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri chikugwirizana ndi ma multithreading omwewo. Anzathu a Oracle (makamaka Lesha Shipilev ndi SERGEY Kuksenko) adayamba kuyankhula mwachangu za magwiridwe antchito ndipo, makamaka, za kuwerenga zambiri, zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu pambuyo pake mafunsowa adayamba kufunsidwa pamafunso kumakampani, anthu adayamba kukambirana nawo. zipinda zosuta. Ndiko kuti, chinthu chomwe chinali akatswiri ambiri opapatiza mwadzidzidzi chinakhala chodziwika bwino.
Ndipo izi ndi zolondola kwambiri. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti tathandiza anyamatawa kufalitsa nkhani yonseyi, yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri, yothandiza komanso yosangalatsa. Ngati m'mbuyomu palibe amene ankaganiza za momwe seva ya Java imayendera zopempha mofanana, tsopano anthu ali ndi chidziwitso cha momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Ndipo izo nzabwino.
Ntchito yomwe ndikuwona tsopano ndikuchita pafupifupi chimodzimodzi ndi machitidwe ogawidwa. Kotero kuti aliyense amvetse bwino chomwe chiri, kumene chimachokera, ntchito ndi mavuto omwe alipo, kotero kuti izinso zikhale zofala.
Makampani ali ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa anthu omwe amamvetsetsa za izi, ndipo pali anthu ochepa otere. Pamene timapanga mozungulira izi ndi mwayi wophunzira kuchokera pamenepo, pamene timapatsa anthu mwayi wofunsa mafunso omwe ali mumlengalenga, timakhala ndi mwayi woti tisunthire mbali iyi.
prehistory
— Msonkhanowu ukuchitikira koyamba, koma aka sikoyamba kwa sukuluyi. Kodi zonsezi zidatheka bwanji?
- Iyi ndi nkhani yosangalatsa. Zaka ziwiri zapitazo, mu May 2017, tinakhala ku Kyiv ndi Nikita Koval (), katswiri pa nkhani ya multithreading. Ndipo anandiuza kuti ukachitikira ku St .
Mutu wamapulogalamu owerengeka ambiri wakhala wosangalatsa kwambiri m'zaka zitatu zapitazi za ntchito yanga ya uinjiniya. Ndiyeno zinapezeka kuti m'chilimwe kwambiri, anthu otchuka kwambiri anabwera ku St. Petersburg, yemweyo Maurice Herlihy ndi Nir Shavit, malinga ndi zomwe ndinaphunzira. Ndipo anzanga ambiri anali ndi chochita ndi izi - mwachitsanzo, Roma Elizarov (). Ndinazindikira kuti sindikanaphonya chochitika choterocho.
Pamene zinaonekeratu kuti pulogalamu ya 2017 ya sukuluyi idzakhala yabwino, kunabwera lingaliro lakuti nkhanizo ziyenera kulembedwa pavidiyo. Ife ku JUG.ru Gulu tinali kumvetsetsa bwino momwe nkhani zoterezi ziyenera kujambulidwa. Ndipo tidalowa mu SPTCC ngati anyamata omwe adapanga kanema pasukuluyi. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro onse akusukulu pa YouTube channel yathu.
Ndinayamba kulankhula ndi Pyotr Kuznetsov, yemwe anali katswiri wa maganizo ndi wokonza sukuluyi, komanso Vitaly Aksenov, yemwe anathandizira kukonza zonsezi ku St. Ndinazindikira kuti izi ndizozizira kwambiri komanso zosangalatsa ndipo, mwinamwake, ndizoipa kwambiri kuti otenga nawo mbali 100 okha ndi omwe angakhudze kukongola.
Peter ataganiza kuti akuyenera kuyambanso sukulu (mu 2018 panalibe mphamvu ndi nthawi, choncho adaganiza zozichita mu 2019), zidawonekeratu kuti tikhoza kumuthandiza mwa kungochotsa zinthu zonse za bungwe kwa iye. Izi ndi zomwe zikuchitika tsopano, Petro amachita ndi zomwe zili, ndipo timachita china chirichonse. Ndipo ichi chikuwoneka ngati chiwembu choyenera: Peter mwina ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi pulogalamuyi kuposa "kuti aliyense azidya nkhomaliro ndi liti." Ndipo ndife okhoza kugwira ntchito ndi maholo, malo, ndi zina zotero.
Panthawiyi, m'malo mwa SPTCC, sukuluyi imatchedwa SPTDC, osati "computing computing", koma "computing computing". Chifukwa chake, izi ndizosiyana: nthawi yomaliza kusukulu sanalankhule za machitidwe ogawidwa, koma nthawi ino tikambirana za iwo mwachangu.
— Popeza kuti sukuluyi sikuchitika koyamba, titha kunena kale mfundo zina za m’mbuyomu. Kodi chinachitika ndi chiyani nthawi yapitayi?
- Pamene sukulu yoyamba idapangidwa zaka ziwiri zapitazo, zinkayembekezeredwa kuti padzakhala chochitika cha maphunziro, makamaka chokondweretsa ophunzira. Komanso, ophunzira ochokera padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa sukuluyi ili mu Chingerezi, ndipo zinkaganiziridwa kuti ophunzira ambiri akunja adzabwera.
M'malo mwake, zidapezeka kuti akatswiri ambiri adachokera kumakampani akulu aku Russia monga Yandex. Panali Andrey Pangin () kuchokera ku Odnoklassniki, panali anyamata ochokera ku JetBrains omwe akugwira ntchito mwakhama pamutuwu. Nthawi zambiri, panali anthu ambiri odziwika ochokera kumakampani omwe timagwira nawo ntchito kumeneko. Sindikudabwa konse, ndikumvetsetsa bwino chifukwa chake adabwera kumeneko.
Kwenikweni, okonzawo anali kuyembekezera kuti padzakhala anthu ophunzira ku Sukulu, koma mwadzidzidzi anthu ochokera ku mafakitale anabwera, ndipo kenako zinandionekeratu kuti pakufunika kutero.
Ngati chochitika chomwe sichinakhazikitsidwe paliponse, pakuwonekera koyamba kwa chala, chinasonkhanitsa omvera akuluakulu, zikutanthauza kuti palidi chidwi. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti pempho pamutuwu lachedwa.
Maurice Herlihy pamsonkhano wa JUG.ru
- Kuwonjezera pa sukulu, Maurice Herlihy analankhula ku St. Petersburg pamsonkhano wa JUG.ru mu 2017, za kukumbukira zochitika, ndipo izi zili pafupi ndi mawonekedwe a msonkhano. Ndani adabwera ndiye - anthu omwewo omwe nthawi zambiri amabwera kumisonkhano ya JUG.ru, kapena omvera ena?
- Zinali zosangalatsa chifukwa tidamvetsetsa kuti Maurice adzakhala ndi lipoti wamba, osati la Java, ndipo tidalengeza mokulirapo kuposa momwe timachitira nthawi zonse kwa olembetsa athu a JUG.
Anthu ambiri omwe ndimawadziwa adachokera kumadera omwe sali a Java konse: kuchokera ku gulu la .NET, kuchokera ku gulu la JavaScript. Chifukwa mutu wa kukumbukira kwapang'onopang'ono sukhudzana ndi ukadaulo wina wachitukuko. Katswiri wapadziko lonse akabwera kudzalankhula za kukumbukira zochitika, kusowa mwayi womvera munthu woteroyo ndikumufunsa mafunso ndi mlandu chabe. Zimangochititsa chidwi munthu amene buku lake mukuphunzirako akabwera kwa inu n’kukuuzani zinazake. Mwachidule wosangalatsa.
- Ndipo mayankho ake anali otani? Kodi njirayo inali yophunzirira kwambiri komanso yosamvetsetseka kwa anthu ochokera kumakampani?
- Ndemanga za lipoti la Herlihy zinali zabwino. Anthu adalemba kuti adanena momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino zomwe sizimayembekezereka kuchokera kwa pulofesa wamaphunziro. Koma tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti tinamuitanira pazifukwa, iye ndi katswiri wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi wodziwa zambiri pakulankhula komanso mbiri yochokera ku gulu la mabuku ndi zolemba. Ndipo, mwinamwake, adakhala wotchuka m'njira zambiri chifukwa cha luso lake lopereka zinthu kwa anthu. Choncho, zimenezi n’zosadabwitsa.
Amalankhula Chingelezi chomveka bwino, chomveka, ndipo, ndithudi, amamvetsetsa bwino zomwe akunena. Ndiko kuti, mutha kumufunsa mafunso aliwonse. Kwenikweni, anthu anadandaula kuti tinapatsa Maurice nthawi yochepa kwambiri ya lipoti lake: maola awiri sali okwanira kwa chinthu choterocho, osachepera awiri akufunika. Chabwino, tinakwanitsa kuchita zomwe tinakwanitsa mu maola awiri.
Chilimbikitso
- Nthawi zambiri JUG.ru Gulu limachita ndi zochitika zazikulu, koma mutuwu umawoneka wapadera kwambiri. N’chifukwa chiyani munaganiza zoti muvale? Kodi pali kufunitsitsa kuchita chochitika chaching'ono, kapena owonerera ambiri amasonkhana pamutu wotero?
- Zowonadi, mukakhala ndi chochitika ndikukhazikitsa gawo lina la zokambirana, funso limadza nthawi zonse la momwe zokambiranazi zafalikira. Ndi anthu angati - khumi, zana kapena chikwi - ali ndi chidwi ndi izi? Pali kusinthanitsa pakati pa misa ndi kuya. Ili ndi funso lodziwika bwino, ndipo aliyense amayankha mosiyana.
Pankhaniyi, ndikufuna kupanga chochitikacho "kwa ine ndekha." Ndimamvetsetsabe za multithreading (ndinapereka nkhani pamutuwu pamisonkhano, ndipo ndinauza ophunzira kangapo), koma ndine novice pankhani ya machitidwe ogawidwa: Ndawerengapo zolemba zina ndikuwona maphunziro angapo, koma osati. ngakhale bukhu limodzi lathunthu analiŵerenga.
Tili ndi komiti ya pulogalamu yopangidwa ndi akatswiri omwe amatha kuwunika kulondola kwa malipoti. Ndipo kwa ine, ndikuyesera kupanga chochitika ichi chimodzi chomwe ine, ndikusowa kwaukadaulo wanga, ndikufuna kupitako. Kaya zitha kusangalatsa anthu ambiri, sindikudziwa. Mwina iyi si ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamwambowu pakadali pano. Tsopano ndikofunikira kupanga pulogalamu yamphamvu kwambiri munthawi yochepa.
Mwinamwake, tsopano sindinakhazikitse gululo ntchito ya "kusonkhanitsa anthu chikwi nthawi yoyamba," koma "kuti msonkhano uwoneke." Izi sizingamveke ngati zabizinesi komanso zopanda nzeru, ngakhale sindine wodzipereka konse. Koma nthawi zina ndimatha kudzilola ndekha ufulu.
Pali zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuposa ndalama komanso ndalama. Timachita kale kuchuluka kwa zochitika zazikuluzikulu za anthu chikwi kapena kupitilira apo. Misonkhano yathu ya Java yadutsa kale anthu chikwi, ndipo tsopano zochitika zina zikudumphira pa bar iyi. Ndiko kuti, funso loti takhala odziwa komanso otsogolera odziwika bwino siliyeneranso. Ndipo, mwina, zomwe timapeza pazochitikazi zimatipatsa mwayi wobwezeretsanso zomwe zimatisangalatsa, ndipo pakadali pano, kwa ine ndekha.
Pochita chochitikachi, ndikutsutsana ndi mfundo zina za gulu lathu. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri timayesetsa kukonzekera misonkhano pasadakhale, koma tsopano tili ndi nthawi zothina kwambiri, ndipo timamaliza pulogalamuyo pakangotha mwezi umodzi kuti chochitikacho chichitike.
Ndipo chochitika ichi chidzakhala 70-80% mu Chingerezi. Pano, nayenso, kukambirana nthawi zonse kumakhala ngati tikufunikira kukhala pafupi ndi anthu (omwe amamvetsetsa bwino pamene malipoti ambiri ali mu Chirasha) kapena ku dziko lonse lapansi (chifukwa dziko laukadaulo likulankhula Chingerezi). Nthawi zambiri timayesa kuchita malipoti ambiri mu Chirasha. Koma osati pa nthawi ino.
Komanso, tipemphanso ena mwa olankhula Chirasha kuti azilankhula Chingerezi. Mwanjira ina, iyi ndi njira yotsutsana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito komanso yopanda umunthu. Koma tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti panopa palibe mabuku a chinenero cha Chirasha pamutuwu, ndipo munthu aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi izi amakakamizika kuwerenga mu Chingerezi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amatha kumva Chingelezi mwanjira ina. Ngati pa nkhani ya JavaScript, Java kapena .NET pali anthu ambiri omwe sadziwa Chingerezi bwino, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo akhoza kupanga bwino, ndiye, mwinamwake, machitidwe ogawidwa ndi malo omwe mulibenso wina. njira yophunzirira tsopano.
Ndikufunadi kuyesa izi: momwe chochitika cha 70-80% mu Chingerezi chidzazindikiridwa ndi anthu ku Russia. Kodi idzalowa kapena ayi? Sitikudziwiratu zimenezi chifukwa sitinachitepo zimenezi. Koma bwanji osachita zimenezo? Tingonena kuti uku ndi kuyesa kumodzi kwakukulu komwe sindingathe kuchita koma kuyesa.
Pulogalamu yasukulu ya SPTDC ili kale kwathunthu, komanso pankhani ya Hydra kale mbali yodziŵika, ndipo posachedwapa tidzasindikiza kusanthula kwa programu yonse ya msonkhano.
Source: www.habr.com