Wopereka mtambo aliyense amapereka ntchito zosungirako deta. Izi zitha kukhala zosungirako zozizira komanso zotentha, kuzizira kwa Ice, ndi zina. Kusunga zambiri mumtambo ndikosavuta. Koma kodi deta inasungidwa bwanji zaka 10, 20, 50 zapitazo? Cloud4Y adamasulira nkhani yosangalatsa yomwe imanena izi.
Dongosolo la data likhoza kusungidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga zatsopano, zotsogola komanso zosungirako zofulumira zimawonekera nthawi zonse. A byte ndi gawo losunga ndi kukonza zidziwitso za digito, zomwe zimakhala ndi ma bits asanu ndi atatu. Gawo limodzi litha kukhala ndi 0 kapena 1.
Pankhani ya nkhonya makhadi, pang'ono amasungidwa ngati kukhalapo / kusakhalapo kwa dzenje mu khadi pamalo enaake. Ngati tibwereranso patsogolo pang'ono ku Babbage's Analytical Engine, zolembera zomwe zidasungidwa manambala anali magiya. M'zida zosungirako maginito monga matepi ndi ma disks, pang'ono amaimiridwa ndi polarity ya dera linalake la filimu ya maginito. M'makumbukiro amakono a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), pang'ono nthawi zambiri imayimiridwa ngati magetsi a magawo awiri omwe amasungidwa mu chipangizo chomwe chimasunga mphamvu zamagetsi mugawo lamagetsi. Chotengera cholipiridwa kapena chotulutsidwa chimasunga zambiri.
Mu Juni 1956 anatulukira mawu kutanthauza gulu la ma bits omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza chilembo chimodzi . Tiye tikambirane pang'ono za kabisidwe ka zilembo. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kachidindo kachi America kachidziwitso, kapena ASCII. ASCII idachokera ku zilembo za Chingerezi, kotero chilembo chilichonse, nambala ndi chizindikiro (az, AZ, 0-9, +, - , /, ",!, etc. ) ankaimiridwa ngati 7-bit integer kuchokera ku 32 mpaka 127. Izi sizinali "zochezeka" kwenikweni ku zilankhulo zina. , zilembo zazing'ono j ndi U+006A, pomwe U imayimira Unicode kenako nambala ya hexadecimal.
UTF-8 ndi muyezo woyimira zilembo ngati ma bits asanu ndi atatu, zomwe zimalola kuti code iliyonse mumtundu wa 0-127 isungidwe mu baiti imodzi. Ngati tikumbukira ASCII, izi ndi zachilendo kwa zilembo za Chingerezi, koma zilankhulo zina nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa mu ma byte awiri kapena kupitilira apo. UTF-16 ndi muyezo woyimira zilembo ngati 16 bits, ndipo UTF-32 ndi mulingo woyimira zilembo ngati 32 bits. Mu ASCII, munthu aliyense ndi baiti, koma ku Unicode, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizowona, munthu amatha kukhala ndi ma byte 1, 2, 3 kapena kuposerapo. Nkhaniyi igwiritsa ntchito magulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero cha ma bits mu byte chimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe ka media.
M'nkhaniyi, tibwerera mmbuyo mu nthawi kudzera muzosungirako zosiyanasiyana kuti tifufuze mbiri ya kusungirako deta. Palibe chomwe tingachite kuti tiyambe kuphunzira mozama njira iliyonse yosungirako yomwe idapangidwapo. Iyi ndi nkhani yosangalatsa yodziwitsa zambiri zomwe sizikunena kuti ndizofunika kwambiri pa encyclopedic.
Tiyeni tiyambe. Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi data byte tosungira: chilembo j, kaya ngati encoded byte 6a, kapena ngati binary 01001010. Pamene tikuyenda kudutsa nthawi, data byte idzagwiritsidwa ntchito muzosungirako zingapo zomwe zidzafotokozedwa.
1951
Nkhani yathu imayamba mu 1951 ndi tepi ya UNIVAC UNISERVO ya kompyuta ya UNIVAC 1. Inali yoyamba tepi yopangira makompyuta amalonda. Gululo linapangidwa kuchokera ku mkuwa wopyapyala wa nickel-plated bronze, 12,65 mm mulifupi (wotchedwa Vicalloy) ndi pafupifupi mamita 366 kutalika. Ma byte athu a data amatha kusungidwa pa zilembo 7 pamphindikati pa tepi yoyenda pa 200 metres pa sekondi iliyonse. Panthawi imeneyi m'mbiri, mukhoza kuyeza liwiro la aligorivimu yosungirako ndi mtunda umene tepi inayenda.
1952
Mofulumira chaka mpaka May 21, 1952, pamene IBM inalengeza kutulutsidwa kwa tepi yake yoyamba ya maginito, IBM 726. Dongosolo lathu la deta tsopano likhoza kusunthidwa kuchokera ku tepi yachitsulo ya UNISERVO kupita ku tepi ya maginito ya IBM. Nyumba yatsopanoyi idakhala yabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha data yathu yaying'ono, chifukwa tepiyo imatha kusunga manambala opitilira 2 miliyoni. Tepi ya maginito 7 iyi idayenda pa 1,9 metres pa sekondi imodzi ndi liwiro la 12 kapena 7500 (pa nthawiyo ankatchedwa magulu a makope) pa sekondi imodzi. Kuti mumve zambiri: nkhani yapakati pa HabrΓ© ili ndi zilembo pafupifupi 10.
Tepi ya IBM 726 inali ndi nyimbo zisanu ndi ziwiri, zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira zidziwitso, ndi imodzi yowongolera parity. Chingwe chimodzi chimatha kukhala ndi tepi ya mamita 400 ndi m'lifupi mwake masentimita 1,25. Liwiro la kutengerapo deta lafika pa 12,5 zikwi zikwi pamphindi; kachulukidwe kujambula ndi 40 bits pa centimita. Dongosololi lidagwiritsa ntchito njira ya "vacuum" momwe cholumikizira cha tepi chimazungulira pakati pa mfundo ziwiri. Izi zinapangitsa kuti tepiyo iyambe ndi kuyima pang'onopang'ono. Izi zidatheka poyika zipilala zazitali za vacuum pakati pa tepi spools ndi mitu yowerengera / kulemba kuti itenge kuwonjezereka kwadzidzidzi kwa kupsinjika kwa tepiyo, popanda zomwe tepiyo imatha kusweka. Mphete ya pulasitiki yochotsedwa kumbuyo kwa tepiyo inali kupereka chitetezo cholembera. Chingwe chimodzi cha tepi chimatha kusunga pafupifupi 1,1 .
Kumbukirani matepi a VHS. Munayenera kuchita chiyani kuti muwonerenso filimuyo? Bwezerani m'mbuyo tepiyo! Kodi ndi kangati komwe mwawomba kaseti kwa wosewera wanu pa pensulo, kuti musawononge mabatire ndikupeza tepi yong'ambika kapena yotsekeka? N'chimodzimodzinso ndi matepi ntchito makompyuta. Mapulogalamu sakanangodumphira pa tepi kapena kupeza zambiri mwachisawawa, amatha kuwerenga ndi kulemba deta mosamalitsa.
1956
Mofulumira zaka zingapo mpaka 1956, ndipo nthawi yosungira maginito disk idayamba ndi IBM kutsiriza makina apakompyuta a RAMAC 305, omwe Zellerbach Paper adapereka . Kompyutayi inali yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito hard drive yokhala ndi mutu wosuntha. RAMAC disk drive inali ndi mbale zazitsulo zokhala ndi maginito makumi asanu zokhala ndi mainchesi 60,96 cm, zomwe zimatha kusunga pafupifupi zilembo mamiliyoni asanu, ma bits 7 pamunthu aliyense, ndikuzungulira kuzungulira 1200 pamphindi. Kusungirako kunali pafupifupi 3,75 megabytes.
RAMAC idalola mwayi wopezeka nthawi yeniyeni kuzinthu zambiri, mosiyana ndi tepi yamaginito kapena makhadi okhomedwa. IBM idalengeza kuti RAMAC imatha kusunga ndalama zokwana 64 . M'mbuyomu, RAMRAC idayambitsa lingaliro lakusinthana mosalekeza momwe zimachitikira, kuti deta ibwezedwe nthawi yomweyo ikadali yatsopano. Zambiri zathu mu RAMAC zitha kupezeka pa liwiro la 100 . M'mbuyomu, tikamagwiritsa ntchito matepi, timayenera kulemba ndikuwerenga zotsatizana, ndipo sitinathe kulumphira mwangozi mbali zosiyanasiyana za tepiyo. Kufikira kwachisawawa kwanthawi yeniyeni kunali kosinthika panthawiyo.
1963
Tiyeni tithamangire 1963 pomwe DECtape idayambitsidwa. Dzinali limachokera ku Digital Equipment Corporation, yotchedwa DEC. DECtape inali yotsika mtengo komanso yodalirika, kotero idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mibadwo yambiri ya makompyuta a DEC. Inali 19mm tepi laminated ndi sandwich pakati pa zigawo ziwiri za Mylar pa mainchesi anayi (10,16 cm) reel.
Mosiyana ndi omwe adatsogolera olemera, ochulukirapo, DECtape imatha kunyamulidwa ndi dzanja. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yabwino kwambiri pamakompyuta anu. Mosiyana ndi ma track 7, DECtape inali ndi ma data 6, 2 cue tracks, ndi 2 ya wotchi. Deta inalembedwa pa 350 bits pa inchi (138 bits per cm). Data byte yathu, yomwe ndi 8 bits koma ikhoza kukulitsidwa mpaka 12, ikhoza kusamutsira ku DECtape pa mawu 8325 12-bit pa sekondi iliyonse pa tepi liwiro la 93 (Β± 12) mainchesi pa . Izi ndi 8% zowonjezera pa sekondi iliyonse kuposa tepi yachitsulo ya UNISERVO mu 1952.
1967
Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, mu 1967, gulu laling'ono la IBM linayamba kugwira ntchito pa IBM floppy drive, yotchedwa codenamed. . Kenako gululo lidapatsidwa ntchito yopanga njira yodalirika komanso yotsika mtengo yoyika ma microcode IBM System/370. Ntchitoyi idasinthidwanso ndikusinthidwanso ndikuyikanso ma microcode mu controller ya IBM 3330 Direct Access Storage Facility, yotchedwa Merlin.
Ma byte athu tsopano atha kusungidwa pa ma floppy disks owerengeka a mainchesi 8 okha, omwe masiku ano amadziwika kuti ma floppy disks. Panthawi yotulutsidwa, mankhwalawa amatchedwa IBM 23FD Floppy Disk Drive System. Ma disks amatha kusunga ma kilobytes 80 a data. Mosiyana ndi ma hard drive, wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusuntha floppy disk mu chipolopolo choteteza kuchoka pagalimoto kupita ku ina. Pambuyo pake, mu 1973, IBM idatulutsa floppy disk yowerenga / kulemba, yomwe idakhala mafakitale. .
1969
Mu 1969, Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) yokhala ndi chikumbutso cha chingwe idakhazikitsidwa mu chombo cha Apollo 11, chomwe chinanyamula astronaut aku America kupita ku Mwezi ndi kubwerera. Chikumbutso cha chingwechi chinapangidwa ndi manja ndipo chimatha kusunga ma data 72 kilobytes. Kupanga kukumbukira zingwe kunali kovutirapo, pang'onopang'ono, komanso kofunikira luso lofanana ndi kuluka; izo zikhoza kutenga . Koma chinali chida choyenera cha nthawizo pamene kunali kofunika kugwirizanitsa zochulukirapo mu malo ochepa kwambiri. Pamene waya ankadutsa mu umodzi wa zingwe zozungulira, ankaimira 1. Waya wodutsa kuzungulira chingwecho umayimira 0. Data byte yathu inkafuna kuti munthu aluke mphindi zingapo mu chingwecho.
1977
Mu 1977, Commodore PET, kompyuta yoyamba (yopambana) inatulutsidwa. PET idagwiritsa ntchito Commodore 1530 Datasette, kutanthauza data kuphatikiza kaseti. PET idasintha zomwe zidachitikazo kukhala ma audio a analogi, omwe adasungidwa . Izi zinatithandiza kupanga njira yosungiramo ndalama komanso yodalirika, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono. Dongosolo lathu laling'ono la data limatha kusamutsidwa pa liwiro la pafupifupi 60-70 byte pa . Makaseti amatha kukhala ndi ma kilobytes 100 mbali iliyonse ya mphindi 30, ndi mbali ziwiri pa tepi. Mwachitsanzo, mbali imodzi ya kaseti imatha kukhala ndi zithunzi ziwiri za 55 KB. Ma datasette adagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu Commodore VIC-20 ndi Commodore 64.
1978
Chaka chotsatira, mu 1978, MCA ndi Philips adayambitsa LaserDisc pansi pa dzina lakuti "Discovision". Jaws inali filimu yoyamba kugulitsidwa pa LaserDisc ku United States. Mawonekedwe ake amawu ndi makanema anali abwino kwambiri kuposa omwe amapikisana nawo, koma laserdisc inali yokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa ogula ambiri. LaserDisc sinathe kujambulidwa, mosiyana ndi matepi a VHS omwe anthu amajambulapo mapulogalamu a pa TV. Ma Laserdiss adagwira ntchito ndi kanema wa analogi, audio ya analogi ya FM stereo ndi pulse code , kapena PCM, nyimbo za digito. Ma diskiwo anali ndi mainchesi 12 (30,47 cm) ndipo anali ndi ma disc a aluminiyamu awiri a mbali imodzi okutidwa ndi pulasitiki. Masiku ano LaserDisc imakumbukiridwa ngati maziko a ma CD ndi ma DVD.
1979
Chaka chotsatira, mu 1979, Alan Shugart ndi Finis Conner adayambitsa Seagate Technology ndi lingaliro lakukweza hard drive mpaka kukula kwa 5 ΒΌ-inch floppy disk, yomwe inali yokhazikika panthawiyo. Chogulitsa chawo choyamba mu 1980 chinali Seagate ST506 hard drive, hard drive yoyamba yamakompyuta apang'ono. Disikiyo inali ndi data ya ma megabytes asanu, yomwe panthawiyo inali yayikulu kuwirikiza kasanu kuposa floppy disk. Oyambitsa adatha kukwaniritsa cholinga chawo chochepetsera kukula kwa disk kukula kwa 5ΒΌ-inch floppy disk. Chipangizo chatsopano chosungiramo deta chinali mbale yachitsulo yolimba yomwe imakutidwa mbali zonse ziwiri ndi nsalu yopyapyala ya maginito yosungirako deta. Ma byte athu a data amatha kusamutsidwa ku disk pa liwiro la 625 kilobytes pa . Ndi pafupifupi .
1981
Mofulumira zaka zingapo mpaka 1981, pamene Sony adayambitsa ma floppy disks oyambirira a 3,5-inch. Hewlett-Packard adakhala woyamba kutengera ukadaulo uwu mu 1982 ndi HP-150 yake. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ma floppy disks a 3,5-inch atchuke ndikupangitsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. . Ma floppy disks anali mbali imodzi yokhala ndi mphamvu yopangidwa ndi 161.2 kilobytes ndi mphamvu yosasinthika ya 218.8 kilobytes. Mu 1982, mtundu wa mbali ziwiri unatulutsidwa, ndipo bungwe la Microfloppy Industry Committee (MIC) la makampani 23 atolankhani adatengera mawonekedwe a 3,5-inch pakupanga koyambirira kwa Sony, ndikuyika mbiriyo m'mbiri monga tikudziwira lero. . Tsopano ma byte athu a data akhoza kusungidwa pamtundu wakale wa imodzi mwazosungira zofala kwambiri: 3,5-inch floppy disk. Pambuyo pake, peyala ya 3,5-inch floppies ndi inakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya ubwana wanga.
1984
Posakhalitsa, mu 1984, kutulutsidwa kwa Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) kunalengezedwa. Awa anali ma CD-ROM a 550 megabyte ochokera ku Sony ndi Philips. Kapangidwe kameneka kanakula kuchokera mβma CD okhala ndi ma audio a digito, kapena kuti CD-DA, amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugaΕ΅ira nyimbo. CD-DA inapangidwa ndi Sony ndi Philips mu 1982 ndipo inali ndi mphamvu ya mphindi 74. Malinga ndi nthano, pomwe Sony ndi Philips amakambirana za CD-DA, m'modzi mwa anthu anayiwo adanenetsa kuti zitha. ndi Ninth Symphony yonse. Chinthu choyamba chotulutsidwa pa CD chinali Grolier's Electronic Encyclopedia, chofalitsidwa mu 1985. Encyclopediayo inali ndi mawu mamiliyoni asanu ndi anayi, omwe adangotenga 12% yokha ya disk space yomwe ilipo, yomwe ndi 553. . Tingakhale ndi malo ochulukirapo a encyclopedia ndi baiti ya data. Posakhalitsa, mu 1985, makampani apakompyuta anagwirira ntchito limodzi kupanga muyezo wa disk drive kuti kompyuta iliyonse izitha kuwawerenga.
1984
Ndiponso mu 1984, Fujio Masuoka anapanga mtundu watsopano wa kukumbukira pazipata zoyandama wotchedwa flash memory, umene unali wokhoza kufafanizidwa ndi kulembedwanso nthaΕ΅i zambiri.
Tiyeni titenge kamphindi kuti tiyang'ane kukumbukira kwa flash pogwiritsa ntchito chipata choyandama cha transistor. Transistors ndi zipata zamagetsi zomwe zimatha kuyatsidwa ndi kuzimitsidwa payekhapayekha. Popeza kuti transistor iliyonse ikhoza kukhala m'madera awiri osiyana (kutsegula ndi kutseka), ikhoza kusunga manambala awiri osiyana: 0 ndi 1. Chipata choyandama chimatanthawuza chipata chachiwiri chowonjezeredwa ku transistor yapakati. Chipata chachiwiri ichi ndi insulated ndi woonda oxide wosanjikiza. Ma transistorswa amagwiritsa ntchito voteji yaying'ono yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pachipata cha transistor kuti iwonetse ngati yayatsidwa kapena kuzimitsa, zomwe zimatanthawuza 0 kapena 1.
Ndi zipata zoyandama, voteji yoyenera ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pagawo la oxide, ma elekitironi amadutsa pamenepo ndikukakamira pazipata. Choncho, ngakhale mphamvu itazimitsidwa, ma elekitironi amakhalabe pa iwo. Ngati palibe ma elekitironi pazipata zoyandama, iwo amaimira 1, ndipo pamene ma elekitironi amamatira, iwo amaimira 0. Kutembenuza ndondomekoyi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi oyenera kupyolera mu oxide wosanjikiza mbali ina kumapangitsa kuti ma elekitironi azidutsa pazipata zoyandama. ndi kubwezeretsa transistor kubwerera ku chikhalidwe chake choyambirira. Choncho maselo amapangidwa programmable ndi . Ma byte athu amatha kukonzedwa mu transistor ngati 01001010, yokhala ndi ma elekitironi, okhala ndi ma elekitironi okhazikika pazipata zoyandama kuyimira ziro.
Mapangidwe a Masuoka anali otsika mtengo pang'ono koma osasinthika kuposa PROM (EEPROM) yofufutika ndi magetsi, chifukwa amafunikira magulu angapo a maselo omwe amayenera kufufutidwa palimodzi, koma izi zidawerengeranso liwiro lake.
Pa nthawiyo, Masuoka ankagwira ntchito ku Toshiba. Kenako anasiya kugwira ntchito pa yunivesite ya Tohoku chifukwa sankasangalala kuti kampaniyo sinamupatse mphoto chifukwa cha ntchito yake. Masuoka anasumira Toshiba, akumamukakamiza kuti alipidwe. Mu 2006, adapatsidwa ndalama zokwana 87 miliyoni, zomwe ndi $ 758 za US. Izi zikuwonekabe ngati zosafunika chifukwa cha momwe kukumbukira kwa flash kwathandizira pamakampani.
Pamene tikukamba za flash memory, ndizofunikanso kudziwa kusiyana komwe kuli pakati pa NOR ndi NAND flash memory. Monga tikudziwira kale kuchokera ku Masuoka, flash imasunga zidziwitso m'maselo okumbukira omwe amakhala ndi ma transistors oyandama. Mayina a matekinoloje amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi momwe maselo okumbukira amapangidwira.
Mu NOR kung'anima, ma cell okumbukira amalumikizidwa molumikizana kuti apereke mwayi wopezeka mwachisawawa. Zomangamangazi zimachepetsa nthawi yowerengera yofunikira kuti mupeze malangizo a microprocessor mwachisawawa. NOR flash memory ndiyabwino pamapulogalamu ocheperako omwe amangowerenga kokha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ma CPU ambiri amanyamula firmware yawo, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku NOR flash memory. Masuoka ndi anzake adayambitsa kupangidwa kwa NOR flash mu 1984 ndi NAND flash in .
Madivelopa a NAND Flash adasiya mwayi wopezeka mwachisawawa kuti akwaniritse kukula kwakung'ono kwa kukumbukira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chip chikhale chocheperako komanso mtengo wotsika pang'ono. Zomangamanga za NAND flash memory zimakhala ndi ma transistors azigawo zisanu ndi zitatu zolumikizidwa mndandanda. Izi zimakwaniritsa kachulukidwe kake kosungirako, kukula kwa cell yocheperako, ndikulemba mwachangu ndikufufuta chifukwa imatha kupanga midadada nthawi imodzi. Izi zimatheka pofuna kuti deta ilembedwenso pamene sichinalembedwe motsatizana ndipo deta ilipo kale. .
1991
Tiyeni tipitirire ku 1991, pomwe chiwonetsero cha solid-state drive (SSD) chidapangidwa ndi SanDisk, yomwe panthawiyo inkadziwika kuti. . Mapangidwewo amaphatikiza ma flash memory array, tchipisi tosasinthika, ndi wowongolera wanzeru kuti azitha kuzindikira ndi kukonza ma cell omwe ali ndi vuto. Mphamvu ya disk inali 20 megabytes yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a 2,5-inch, ndipo mtengo wake unkayerekeza pafupifupi $ 1000. Diski iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi IBM pakompyuta .
1994
Chimodzi mwazinthu zosungira zomwe ndimakonda kuyambira ndili mwana chinali Zip Disks. Mu 1994, Iomega adatulutsa Zip Disk, cartridge ya 100-megabyte mu mawonekedwe a 3,5-inch, pafupifupi yokhuthala pang'ono kuposa 3,5-inch drive. Mitundu yaposachedwa yamagalimoto imatha kusunga mpaka ma gigabytes a 2. Ubwino wa ma diskswa ndikuti anali kukula kwa floppy disk, koma anali ndi kuthekera kosunga deta yochulukirapo. Mabayiti athu a data amatha kulembedwa ku Zip disk pa 1,4 megabytes pamphindikati. Poyerekeza, panthawiyo, 1,44 megabytes ya 3,5-inch floppy disk inalembedwa pa liwiro la pafupifupi 16 kilobytes pa sekondi iliyonse. Pa Zip disk, mitu imawerenga / kulemba deta popanda kukhudzana, ngati ikuwuluka pamwamba, yomwe ili yofanana ndi ntchito ya hard drive, koma imasiyana ndi mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito ma floppy disks ena. Ma disks a Zip posakhalitsa anatha ntchito chifukwa cha kudalirika komanso kupezeka.
1994
Chaka chomwecho, SanDisk adayambitsa CompactFlash, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakamera avidiyo a digito. Mofanana ndi ma CD, kuthamanga kwa CompactFlash kumachokera ku "x" mavoti monga 8x, 20x, 133x, ndi zina zotero. Kuchulukitsa kwa deta kumawerengedwera kutengera mlingo wa CD yapachiyambi, 150 kilobytes pamphindikati. Mlingo wosinthira umawoneka ngati R = Kx150 kB/s, pomwe R ndi liwiro losinthira ndipo K ndi liwiro lodziwika bwino. Chifukwa chake pa 133x CompactFlash, data byte yathu idzalembedwa pa 133x150 kB/s kapena pafupifupi 19 kB/s kapena 950 MB/s. CompactFlash Association idakhazikitsidwa mu 19,95 ndi cholinga chopanga mulingo wamakampani pamakadi okumbukira kung'anima.
1997
Patapita zaka zingapo, mu 1997, Compact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW) inatulutsidwa. Disiki ya kuwalayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira deta komanso kukopera ndi kusamutsa mafayilo kuzipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Ma CD amatha kulembedwanso nthawi pafupifupi 1000, zomwe sizinali zolepheretsa panthawiyo popeza ogwiritsa ntchito samakonda kulemba zambiri.
Ma CD-RW amatengera ukadaulo womwe umasintha mawonekedwe a pamwamba. Pankhani ya CD-RW, kusintha kwa gawo mu chophimba chapadera chokhala ndi siliva, tellurium ndi indium kumapangitsa kuti athe kuwonetsera kapena kusawonetsa mtengo wowerengera, zomwe zikutanthauza 0 kapena 1. Pamene gululi liri mu crystalline state, ndi translucent, kutanthauza 1. Pamene chigawocho chimasungunuka kukhala amorphous state, chimakhala chowonekera komanso chosawoneka bwino, chomwe 0. Chifukwa chake titha kulemba data byte yathu ngati 01001010.
Ma DVD adatenga gawo lalikulu pamsika kuchokera ku CD-RWs.
1999
Tiyeni tipitirire ku 1999, pomwe IBM idakhazikitsa ma hard drive ang'onoang'ono padziko lapansi panthawiyo: IBM 170MB ndi 340MB ma microdrive. Awa anali ma drive ang'onoang'ono a 2,54 cm opangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi CompactFlash Type II slots. Zinakonzedwa kuti zipange chipangizo chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati CompactFlash, koma ndi kukumbukira kwakukulu. Komabe, posakhalitsa adasinthidwa ndi ma drive a USB flash kenako ndi makadi akulu a CompactFlash pomwe adapezeka. Mofanana ndi ma hard drive ena, ma microdrive anali opangidwa ndi makina ndipo anali ndi ma disk ang'onoang'ono ozungulira.
2000
Chaka chotsatira, mu 2000, ma drive a USB flash adayambitsidwa. Ma drive anali ndi kukumbukira kwa flash komwe kumatsekeredwa mu mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mawonekedwe a USB. Kutengera mtundu wa mawonekedwe a USB omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, liwiro litha kusiyanasiyana. USB 1.1 imakhala ndi ma megabit 1,5 pa sekondi imodzi, pomwe USB 2.0 imatha kugwira ma megabit 35 pa sekondi iliyonse. , ndipo USB 3.0 ndi 625 megabits pa sekondi. Magalimoto oyamba a USB 3.1 Type C adalengezedwa mu Marichi 2015 ndipo anali atawerenga / kulemba liwiro la 530 megabits pa sekondi iliyonse. Mosiyana ndi ma floppy disks ndi optical drives, zida za USB zimakhala zovuta kukanda, komabe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zofananira zosunga deta, komanso kusamutsa ndikusunga mafayilo. Ma Floppy ndi ma CD adasinthidwa mwachangu ndi madoko a USB.
2005
Mu 2005, opanga ma hard disk drive (HDD) adayamba kutumiza zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito kujambula kwa maginito, kapena PMR. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, izi zinachitika nthawi yomwe iPod Nano inalengeza kugwiritsa ntchito flash memory m'malo mwa 1-inch hard drive mu iPod Mini.
Ma hard drive anthawi zonse amakhala ndi hard drive imodzi kapena angapo okutidwa ndi filimu yokhudzidwa ndi maginito yopangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta maginito. Deta imalembedwa pamene mutu wojambulira maginito ukuwulukira pamwamba pa diski yozungulira. Izi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi sewero lakale la galamafoni, kusiyana kokhako ndikuti mu galamafoni cholembera chimalumikizana ndi cholemberacho. Ma disc akamazungulira, mpweya wolumikizana nawo umapangitsa kuti pakhale kamphepo kayeziyezi. Monga momwe mpweya wa mapiko a ndege umapangitsira kunyamulira, mpweya umapangitsa kuti mutuwo ukhale wokwera . Mutu umasintha msanga mphamvu ya maginito ya gawo limodzi la maginito kuti mtengo wake wa maginito uloze mmwamba kapena pansi, kusonyeza 1 kapena 0.
Omwe adatsogolera ku PMR anali kujambula kwanthawi yayitali, kapena LMR. Kuchuluka kwa kujambula kwa PMR kumatha kupitilira katatu kuposa LMR. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa PMR ndi LMR ndikuti kapangidwe kambewu ndi kakokedwe ka maginito kwa data yosungidwa ya PMR media ndi columnar m'malo motalika. PMR imakhala ndi kukhazikika kwamafuta bwino komanso kuwongolera ma sign-to-noise ratio (SNR) chifukwa cholekanitsa bwino mbewu komanso kufanana. Imakhalanso ndi luso lojambula bwino chifukwa cha minda yolimba yamutu komanso kulumikizana bwino ndi maginito. Monga LMR, zoletsa zazikulu za PMR zimatengera kukhazikika kwamafuta omwe amalembedwa ndi maginito komanso kufunika kokhala ndi SNR yokwanira kuti muwerenge zomwe zalembedwa.
2007
Mu 2007, hard drive yoyamba ya 1 TB kuchokera ku Hitachi Global Storage Technologies idalengezedwa. Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000 idagwiritsa ntchito mbale zisanu za 3,5-inch 200GB ndikuzungulira pa rpm pa Uku ndikusintha kwakukulu pa hard drive yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi, IBM RAMAC 350, yomwe inali ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 3,75 megabytes. Tafika patali bwanji zaka 51! Koma dikirani, pali chinanso.
2009
Mu 2009, ntchito zaukadaulo zidayamba kupanga zokumbukira zosasinthika, kapena . Memory Non-volatile Memory (NVM) ndi mtundu wa kukumbukira komwe kumatha kusunga deta kwamuyaya, mosiyana ndi kukumbukira kosasinthasintha, komwe kumafuna mphamvu zokhazikika kusunga deta. NVMe imayang'anira kufunikira kwa mawonekedwe owongolera owongolera owongolera a PCIe omwe amathandizidwa ndi semiconductor-based peripheral components, motero amatchedwa NVMe. Makampani oposa 90 adaphatikizidwa m'gulu lomwe likugwira ntchito kuti likhazikitse ntchitoyi. Izi zonse zidakhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito yofotokozera Mafotokozedwe a Non-Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface Specification (NVMHCIS). Ma drive amakono a NVMe amatha kunyamula pafupifupi 3500 megabytes pamphindikati powerenga ndi 3300 megabytes pamphindikati polemba. Kulemba j data byte yomwe tidayamba nayo ndiyofulumira kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukumbukira kwa chingwe kwa mphindi zingapo pakompyuta ya Apollo Guidance Computer.
Zamtsogolo komanso zamtsogolo
Memory Kalasi Yosungirako
Tsopano popeza tabwerera m'mbuyo (ha!), tiyeni tiwone momwe Storage Class Memory ilili. SCM, monga NVM, ndiyamphamvu, koma SCM imaperekanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kuposa kapena ofanana ndi kukumbukira kwakukulu, ndi . Cholinga cha SCM ndikuthetsa mavuto ena amasiku ano a cache, monga kuchepa kwa kukumbukira kosasintha kosasintha (SRAM). Ndi Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), titha kukwaniritsa kachulukidwe kabwinoko, koma izi zimabwera pamtengo wofikira pang'onopang'ono. DRAM imavutikanso ndi kufunikira kwa mphamvu zokhazikika zotsitsimutsa kukumbukira. Tiyeni timvetse izi pang'ono. Mphamvu zimafunika chifukwa magetsi pa capacitors amatuluka pang'onopang'ono, kutanthauza kuti popanda kulowererapo, deta pa chip idzatayika posachedwa. Kuti mupewe kutayikira kotere, DRAM imafuna dera lotsitsimutsa lakunja lomwe limalembanso zomwe zili mu ma capacitor, kuwabwezeretsa kumalipiro awo oyamba.
Phase-change memory (PCM)
M'mbuyomu, tidawona momwe gawoli lisinthira CD-RW. PCM ndi yofanana. Zinthu zosinthira gawo nthawi zambiri zimakhala Ge-Sb-Te, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti GST, yomwe imatha kukhala m'maiko awiri: amorphous ndi crystalline. Dziko la amorphous lili ndi kukana kwakukulu, kutanthauza 0, kusiyana ndi dziko la crystalline, kutanthauza 1. Popereka ma data pazitsulo zapakatikati, PCM ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusunga mayiko angapo monga .
Spin-transfer torque access memory memory (STT-RAM)
STT-RAM imakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za ferromagnetic, zokhazikika za maginito zolekanitsidwa ndi dielectric, insulator yomwe imatha kutumiza mphamvu yamagetsi popanda kuyendetsa. Imasunga ma data pang'ono potengera kusiyana kwa mayendedwe a maginito. Chigawo chimodzi cha maginito, chotchedwa reference layer, chimakhala ndi njira yokhazikika ya maginito, pamene gawo lina la maginito, lotchedwa free layer, lili ndi njira ya maginito yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika panopa. Kwa 1, mayendedwe a magnetization a zigawo ziwirizo amagwirizana. Kwa 0, zigawo zonsezi zimakhala ndi mayendedwe otsutsana ndi maginito.
Memory yofikira mwachisawawa (ReRAM)
Selo la ReRAM lili ndi maelekitirodi achitsulo awiri olekanitsidwa ndi wosanjikiza wachitsulo. Zofanana ndi kapangidwe ka kukumbukira kwa flash kwa Masuoka, komwe ma electron amalowa mu oxide layer ndi kukakamira pachipata choyandama, kapena mosemphanitsa. Komabe, ndi ReRAM, gawo la cell limatsimikiziridwa potengera kuchuluka kwa okosijeni waulere muzitsulo zachitsulo.
Ngakhale kuti matekinolojewa ndi abwino, ali ndi zovuta zake. PCM ndi STT-RAM ali ndi latency yolemba kwambiri. Ma latency a PCM ndi okwera kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa DRAM, pomwe STT-RAM zochedwa ndizokwera kakhumi kuposa SRAM. PCM ndi ReRAM ali ndi malire a kutalika kwa kulemba kungachitike cholakwika chachikulu chisanachitike, kutanthauza kuti chinthu chokumbukira chimakhazikika. .
Mu Ogasiti 2015, Intel idalengeza kutulutsidwa kwa Optane, chopangidwa ndi 3DXPoint. Optane amati nthawi 1000 magwiridwe antchito a NAND SSD pamtengo wokwera kanayi kapena kasanu kuposa kukumbukira kwa flash. Optane ndi umboni wakuti SCM ndi yoposa teknoloji yoyesera. Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuwona kukula kwa matekinoloje awa.
Ma hard drive (HDD)
Helium HDD (HHDD)
Disiki ya helium ndi hard-capacity hard disk drive (HDD) yomwe imadzazidwa ndi helium ndikusindikizidwa bwino panthawi yopanga. Monga ma hard drive ena, monga tidanenera kale, ndizofanana ndi chosinthira chokhala ndi mbale yozungulira yotchingidwa ndi maginito. Ma hard drive amtundu wake amangokhala ndi mpweya mkati, koma mpweya uwu umayambitsa kukana pomwe mbale zimazungulira.
Mabaluni a helium amayandama chifukwa helium ndi yopepuka kuposa mpweya. Ndipotu, helium ndi 1/7 kuchuluka kwa mpweya, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya braking pamene mbale zimazungulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchepetsa mphamvu yofunikira pozungulira ma disks. Komabe, mbali iyi ndi yachiwiri, chosiyanitsa chachikulu cha helium chinali chakuti chimakupatsani mwayi wonyamula mapepala 7 mu mawonekedwe omwewo omwe amangogwira 5. Ngati tikumbukira fanizo la mapiko athu a ndege, ndiye kuti izi ndi zofanana bwino. . Chifukwa helium imachepetsa kukokera, chipwirikiti chimathetsedwa.
Tikudziwanso kuti mabuloni a helium amayamba kumira patatha masiku angapo chifukwa helium imatuluka. Zomwezo zikhoza kunenedwa za zipangizo zosungirako. Zinatenga zaka zambiri kuti opanga azitha kupanga chidebe chomwe chimalepheretsa helium kuthawa mawonekedwe amoyo wonse wagalimoto. Backblaze adayesa ndipo adapeza kuti ma hard drive a helium anali ndi cholakwika chapachaka cha 1,03%, poyerekeza ndi 1,06% yama drive wamba. Zoonadi, kusiyana kumeneku ndi kochepa kwambiri kotero kuti munthu akhoza kupeza mfundo yaikulu kuchokera pamenepo .
Fomu yodzaza ndi helium imatha kukhala ndi hard drive yolumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito PMR, yomwe tidakambirana pamwambapa, kapena kujambula kwa maginito a microwave (MAMR) kapena kujambula kothandizidwa ndi kutentha (HAMR). Tekinoloje iliyonse yosungira maginito imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi helium m'malo mwa mpweya. Mu 2014, HGST inaphatikiza matekinoloje awiri otsogola mu hard drive yake ya 10TB helium, yomwe inkagwiritsa ntchito kujambula maginito oyendetsedwa ndi host-controlled, kapena SMR (Shingled magnetic recording). Tiyeni tikambirane pang'ono za SMR kenako tiyang'ane MAMR ndi HAMR.
Tile Magnetic Recording Technology
M'mbuyomu, tidayang'ana perpendicular maginito kujambula (PMR), yomwe idatsogolera SMR. Mosiyana ndi PMR, SMR imalemba nyimbo zatsopano zomwe zimadutsa gawo la nyimbo yomwe idajambulidwa kale. Izi zimapangitsa kuti njanji yam'mbuyo ikhale yocheperako, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kachulukidwe kake kakhale kokwera. Dzina la teknolojiyi limachokera ku mfundo yakuti lap tracks ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi matayala a padenga.
SMR imabweretsa zovuta zolembera, popeza kulembera njanji imodzi kumachotsa njanji yoyandikana nayo. Izi sizichitika pamene gawo la disk liribe kanthu ndipo deta ndi yotsatizana. Koma mutangolemba mndandanda wa mayendedwe omwe ali kale ndi deta, deta yomwe ilipo yoyandikana nayo imachotsedwa. Ngati nyimbo yoyandikana nayo ili ndi deta, iyenera kulembedwanso. Izi ndizofanana ndi kung'anima kwa NAND komwe tidakambirana kale.
Zida za SMR zimabisa zovuta izi poyang'anira firmware, zomwe zimapangitsa mawonekedwe ofanana ndi hard drive ina iliyonse. Kumbali ina, zida za SMR zoyendetsedwa ndi host, popanda kusintha kwapadera kwa mapulogalamu ndi machitidwe opangira, sizingalole kugwiritsa ntchito ma drive awa. Wolandirayo ayenera kulembera ku zida mosamalitsa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, machitidwe a zipangizozo ndi 100% zodziwikiratu. Seagate idayamba kutumiza ma drive a SMR mu 2013, imati 25% yokwera kwambiri Kuchuluka kwa PMR.
Kujambula kwa maginito a Microwave (MAMR)
Microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) ndi luso la maginito lokumbukira kukumbukira lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zofanana ndi HAMR (zidzakambidwa pambuyo pake). Mbali yofunikira ya MAMR ndi Spin Torque Oscillator (STO). STO palokha ili pafupi ndi mutu wojambulira. Pamene panopa ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku STO, malo ozungulira a electromagnetic omwe ali ndi mafupipafupi a 20-40 GHz amapangidwa chifukwa cha polarization ya ma electron spins.
Mukakumana ndi gawo loterolo, resonance imapezeka mu ferromagnet yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa MAMR, zomwe zimatsogolera kutsogola kwa maginito am'magawo omwe ali mgawoli. Kwenikweni, mphindi ya maginito imapatuka kuchoka ku olamulira ake ndikusintha kolowera (kutembenuka), mutu wojambulira umafunika mphamvu zochepa kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa MAMR kumathandizira kutenga zinthu za ferromagnetic ndi mphamvu yokakamiza, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukula kwa madera a maginito kumatha kuchepetsedwa popanda kuopa kuchititsa mphamvu ya superparamagnetic. Jenereta ya STO imathandizira kuchepetsa kukula kwa mutu wojambulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kulemba zambiri pazigawo zing'onozing'ono za maginito, motero zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kujambula.
Western Digital, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti WD, idayambitsa ukadaulo uwu mu 2017. Posakhalitsa, mu 2018, Toshiba adathandizira ukadaulo uwu. Pomwe WD ndi Toshiba akutsata ukadaulo wa MAMR, Seagate akubetcha pa HAMR.
Kujambula kwa Thermomagnetic (HAMR)
Kujambula kwa maginito othandizidwa ndi kutentha (HAMR) ndi teknoloji yosungiramo mphamvu ya maginito yomwe ingawonjezere kwambiri kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe ingasungidwe pa chipangizo cha maginito, monga hard drive, pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa ndi laser kuti athandize kulemba. data kumtunda hard drive magawo. Kutentha kumapangitsa kuti ma data akhazikike moyandikana kwambiri pagawo la disk, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kachulukidwe ka data achuluke komanso kuchuluka kwake.
Ukadaulo uwu ndi wovuta kugwiritsa ntchito. 200 mW laser mwachangu malo ang'onoang'ono mpaka 400 Β° C musanajambule, osasokoneza kapena kuwononga zina zonse pa disk. Kutentha, kujambula deta ndi kuzizira kuyenera kutsirizidwa pasanathe nanosecond. Kuthana ndi zovutazi kunafunikira kupangidwa kwa ma nanoscale surface plasmons, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ma lasers otsogolera pamwamba, m'malo motenthetsera mwachindunji laser, komanso mitundu yatsopano ya mbale zamagalasi ndi zokutira zowongolera kutentha kuti zipirire kutentha mwachangu popanda kuwononga mutu wojambulira kapena chilichonse chapafupi. deta, ndi zovuta zina zaukadaulo zomwe zimayenera kuthetsedwa.
Ngakhale panali zokayikitsa zambiri, Seagate adawonetsa ukadaulo uwu mu 2013. Ma disks oyamba adayamba kutumiza mu 2018.
Mapeto a filimu, pitani pachiyambi!
Tinayamba mu 1951 ndikumaliza nkhaniyi ndikuwona tsogolo laukadaulo wosungira. Kusungirako deta kwasintha kwambiri pakapita nthawi, kuchokera ku tepi yamapepala kupita kuzitsulo ndi maginito, kukumbukira chingwe, ma disks ozungulira, ma disks optical, flash memory ndi ena. Kupita patsogolo kwachititsa kuti zipangizo zosungirako zikhale zofulumira, zazing'ono, komanso zamphamvu kwambiri.
Mukayerekeza NVMe ndi tepi yachitsulo ya UNISERVO kuyambira 1951, NVMe imatha kuwerenga 486% manambala ochulukirapo pamphindikati. Poyerekeza NVMe ndi zomwe ndimakonda paubwana wanga, Zip drives, NVMe imatha kuwerenga 111% manambala ochulukirapo pamphindikati.
Chokhacho chomwe chatsalira ndikugwiritsa ntchito 0 ndi 1. Njira zomwe timachitira izi zimasiyana kwambiri. Ndikukhulupirira kuti nthawi ina mukawotcha CD-RW ya nyimbo za mnzako kapena kusunga kanema wakunyumba ku Optical Disc Archive, mumaganizira momwe malo osawoneka bwino amatanthauziridwa kukhala 0 ndipo mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amatanthauzira 1. Kapena ngati mujambulitsa mixtape pa kaseti, kumbukirani kuti ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi Datasette yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu Commodore PET. Pomaliza, musaiwale kukhala okoma mtima ndikubwerera m'mbuyo.
Π‘ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈ kwa tidbits (sindingathe kuthandizira) m'nkhani yonseyo!
Ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe mungawerenge pabulogu?
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Lembani ku wathu -channel kuti musaphonye nkhani yotsatira! Timalemba zosaposa kawiri pa sabata komanso pa bizinesi. Timakukumbutsaninso kuti Cloud4Y ikhoza kupereka mwayi wotetezeka komanso wodalirika wakutali kuzinthu zamabizinesi ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kuti bizinesi ipitilizebe. Kugwira ntchito kutali ndi chotchinga chowonjezera pakufalikira kwa coronavirus. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, funsani oyang'anira athu pa .
Source: www.habr.com