🥇Mmene mungaphunzitsire kuthana ndi zovuta, komanso nthawi yomweyo kulemba mikombero

Ngakhale kuti tikambirana imodzi mwamitu yofunika kwambiri, nkhaniyi inalembedwa kwa akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito. Cholinga chake ndikuwonetsa malingaliro olakwika omwe oyamba kumene ali nawo pamapulogalamu. Kwa ochita masewerawa, mavutowa adathetsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyiwalika kapena sanazindikire konse. Nkhaniyi ikhoza kukhala yothandiza ngati mwadzidzidzi mukufuna kuthandiza wina pamutuwu. Nkhaniyi ikufanana ndi zomwe zili m'mabuku osiyanasiyana a Schildt, Stroustrup, Okulov.

Mutu wokhudza ma cycle unasankhidwa chifukwa anthu ambiri amachotsedwapo akamaphunzira bwino mapulogalamu.

Njirayi idapangidwira ophunzira ofooka. Monga lamulo, anthu amphamvu samamamatira pamutuwu ndipo palibe chifukwa chokhalira ndi njira zapadera kwa iwo. Cholinga chachiwiri cha nkhaniyi ndikusuntha njira iyi kuchokera ku "ntchito za ophunzira onse, koma mphunzitsi mmodzi yekha" kupita ku kalasi ya "ntchito za ophunzira onse, aphunzitsi onse". Sindikunena zachiyambi chamtheradi. Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito kale njira yofananira pophunzitsa mutuwu, chonde lembani momwe mtundu wanu umasiyanirana. Ngati mwaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito, tiuzeni momwe zidayendera. Ngati njira yofananira ikufotokozedwa m'buku, chonde lembani dzina.

Ndinagwira ntchito imeneyi kwa zaka 4, kuphunzira payekha ndi ophunzira misinkhu yosiyanasiyana ya maphunziro. Onse pali ophunzira pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi zikwi ziwiri maola makalasi. Poyamba, ophunzira amangokhalira kukakamira pamutuwu ndikuchoka. Pambuyo pa wophunzira aliyense, njira ndi zipangizo zinasinthidwa. Chaka chatha, ophunzira sanakakamirabe pamutuwu, choncho ndinaganiza zogawana zomwe ndapeza.

Chifukwa chiyani makalata ambiri? Zozungulira ndizoyambira kwambiri!

Monga ndidalembera pamwambapa, kwa ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kwa ophunzira amphamvu, zovuta za lingaliro la malupu zitha kuchepetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kupereka phunziro lalitali, kuwona mitu yogwedeza mutu ndi maso anzeru. Koma poyesa kuthetsa vuto lililonse, zovuta komanso zovuta zosadziwika zimayamba. Nkhaniyo itatha, ophunzirawo ayenera kuti ankangomvetsa pang’ono. Zinthu zimakulitsidwa chifukwa chakuti ophunzirawo sangathe kunena chomwe chinyengo chawo chili.
Tsiku lina ndinazindikira kuti ophunzira amawona zitsanzo zanga monga hieroglyphs. Ndiko kuti, ngati zilembo zosagawika zomwe muyenera kuwonjezera zilembo "zamatsenga" ndipo zigwira ntchito.
Nthawi zina ndinaona kuti ophunzira amaganiza kuti kuthetsa vuto linalake muyenera chinthu china kapangidwe kamene sindinafotokoze panobe. Ngakhale yankho linafuna kusinthidwa pang'ono kwa chitsanzo.

Chifukwa chake ndidabwera ndi lingaliro loti cholinga chisakhale pa kalembedwe ka mawu, koma pa lingaliro lakukonzanso kachidindo kobwerezabwereza pogwiritsa ntchito malupu. Ophunzira akadziwa bwino lingaliro ili, mawu aliwonse amatha kuwongoleredwa ndikuchita pang'ono.

Ndani ndipo chifukwa chiyani ndimaphunzitsa?

Popeza palibe mayeso olowera, makalasi angaphatikizepo ophunzira amphamvu komanso ofooka kwambiri. Mutha kuwerenga zambiri za ophunzira anga m'nkhaniyi Chithunzi cha ophunzira amaphunziro amadzulo
Ndinayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti aliyense amene akufuna kuphunzira mapulogalamu azitha kuphunzira.
Maphunziro anga amachitika payekhapayekha ndipo wophunzira amalipiritsa yekha ndalama iliyonse. Zingawonekere kuti ophunzira akulitsa ndalama ndikungofuna zochepa. Komabe, anthu amapita ku makalasi maso ndi maso ndi mphunzitsi wamoyo osati chidziwitso chokha, koma chifukwa cha chidaliro cha zomwe aphunzira, kuti amve kupita patsogolo ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi katswiri (mphunzitsi). Ngati ophunzira saona kupita patsogolo pa maphunziro awo, amachoka. Nthawi zambiri, makalasi amatha kupangidwa kuti ophunzira amve kupita patsogolo pakuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zomwe amazizolowera. Ndiko kuti, choyamba timaphunzira pamene mwatsatanetsatane, ndiye timaphunzira, ndiye kuchita, ndipo tsopano tili ndi maphunziro okonzeka chikwi chimodzi usiku, momwe mizere yokha imaphunziridwa kwa miyezi iwiri, ndipo pamapeto - wophunzira amene analemba. laibulale yokhazikika pansi pa kuuzidwa. Komabe, kuti muthe kuthetsa mavuto othandiza, simukusowa chidziwitso cha zinthuzo, komanso kudziimira pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake komanso kufunafuna zatsopano. Chifukwa chake, pamaphunziro a maso ndi maso, ndikuganiza kuti mfundo yolondola ndikuphunzitsa zochepa ndikulimbikitsa kuphunzira paokha pazambiri ndi mitu yofananira. Pankhani ya malupu, ndimawona kuti kumangidwako ndikocheperako. Mukhoza kumvetsa mfundo yake. Podziwa mfundoyi, mutha kuchita bwino komanso kudzichitira nokha.

Kuti tikwaniritse bwino zakuthupi ndi ophunzira ofooka, kufotokozera mawuwo sikokwanira. Ndikofunikira kupereka ntchito zosavuta koma zosiyanasiyana ndikufotokozera zitsanzo mwatsatanetsatane. Pamapeto pake, kufulumira kwachitukuko kumachepa chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa wophunzira kusintha mawu ndi kufufuza machitidwe. Kwa ophunzira anzeru, ntchito zambiri zimakhala zotopetsa. Mukamaphunzira nawo, simuyenera kuumirira kuthetsa 100% ya mavuto. Zinthu zanga zitha kuwonedwa pa github wanga. Zowona, malowa ali ngati grimoire ya warlock - palibe wina koma ine amene angamvetse komwe kuli, ndipo ngati mulephera cheke, mutha kupenga.

Njirayi ndi yokhazikika

Chiphunzitsochi chikufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha kuthetsa vuto. M'makalasi oyambira omwe amaphunzitsidwa nthambi ndi malupu, sikutheka kupereka nkhani yothandiza pamutu umodzi kwa ola lathunthu. Mphindi 15-20 ndizokwanira kufotokoza lingalirolo. Zovuta zazikulu zimachitika pochita ntchito zothandiza.
Aphunzitsi oyambira amatha kusokoneza ogwira ntchito, nthambi, malupu, ndi magulu munkhani imodzi. Koma ophunzira awo adzakumana ndi vuto lotengera chidziwitsochi.
Sikoyenera kungonena nkhaniyo, komanso kuonetsetsa kuti omvera akumvetsa.

Kudziwa bwino mutu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi momwe wophunzira amachitira ndi ntchito yodziyimira pawokha.
Ngati wophunzira adatha kuthetsa vuto pamutu popanda kuthandizidwa ndi mphunzitsi, ndiye kuti mutuwo wakhala wodziwika bwino. Kuti mutsimikizire kudziyesa nokha, ntchito iliyonse ikufotokozedwa patebulo ndi zochitika zoyesa. Ntchitozo zimakhala ndi dongosolo lomveka bwino. Kudumpha ntchito sikuvomerezeka. Ngati ntchito yamakonoyi ndi yovuta kwambiri, ndiye kuti kupita ku yotsatira sikuthandiza. Ndizovuta kwambiri. Kuti wophunzira athe kudziŵa bwino ntchito yovuta imene ilipo panopa, njira zingapo zimafotokozedwa kwa iye pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha vuto loyamba. Kwenikweni, zonse zomwe zili pamutuwu zimatsikira ku njira zothana ndi zovuta. Zozungulira zimakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa.

Ntchito yoyamba nthawi zonse ndi chitsanzo. Chachiwiri chimasiyana pang'ono ndipo chimachitidwa "modziyimira pawokha" atangoyamba kumene moyang'aniridwa ndi mphunzitsi. Ntchito zonse zotsatila zimakhala ndi cholinga chopereka chidwi pazinthu zazing'ono zingapo zomwe zingayambitse malingaliro olakwika.

Malongosoledwe a chitsanzo ndi makambitsirano m’mene wophunzira afunikira kubwereza kufalitsa ndi kutsimikizira kuti wadziŵa bwino mbali ina ya nkhaniyo.

Ndidzakhala banal ndikunena kuti chitsanzo choyamba pa mutuwo ndi chofunika kwambiri. Ngati muli ndi zinthu zambiri zodziyimira pawokha, zosiyidwa zachitsanzo choyamba zitha kuwongoleredwa. Ngati palibe china kupatula chitsanzo, ndiye kuti wophunzirayo sangadziwe bwino mutuwo.

Pomwe kapena?

Chimodzi mwazinthu zotsutsana ndi kusankha komanga mwachitsanzo: pamene kapena kwa. Nthawi ina, mnzanga wina yemwe anali wophunzitsidwa bwino yemwe analibe luso la kuphunzitsa adakhala ola limodzi akunditsimikizira kuti lopu ndiyosavuta kumvetsetsa. Makani aaya aajatikizya “zintu zyoonse zili mumo zilatondezyegwa.” Komabe, chomwe chimayambitsa zovuta kwa oyamba kumene ndi lingaliro la kuzungulira komweko, osati kulemba kwake. Ngati munthu samvetsetsa lingaliro ili, ndiye kuti adzakhala ndi vuto ndi kalembedwe kake. Lingalirolo likangozindikirika, mavuto a kalembedwe ka code amatha paokha.

Muzinthu zanga, mutu wa malupu umatsatira mutu wa nthambi. Kufanana kwakunja kwa if and while kumatilola kuti tijambule fanizo lolunjika: "pamene mkhalidwe wamutu uli wowona, ndiye kuti thupi limaphedwa." Chokhacho chodabwitsa cha kuzungulira ndikuti thupi limaphedwa nthawi zambiri.

Mtsutso wanga wachiwiri ndi wakuti pamene amafuna zochepa masanjidwe kuposa kwa. Kusakonza pang'ono kumatanthauza zolakwika zochepa zokhala ndi koma zosowa ndi mabatani. Oyamba sanakhalebe ndi chidwi chokwanira komanso mosamala kuti apewe zolakwika za syntax.
Mtsutso wachitatu wafotokozedwa m'mabuku ambiri abwino ngati mtsutso woyamba.

Ngati wophunzirayo atha kusintha mawu mosavuta, ndiye kuti mutha kuyankhula modutsa. Kenako wophunzirayo adzasankha zimene angakonde kwambiri. Ngati kusintha kumayambitsa zovuta, ndibwino kuti musasokoneze chidwi chanu. Lolani wophunzira ayambe athetsa zonse pogwiritsa ntchito kanthawi. Mukadziwa bwino mutu wa malupu, mutha kulembanso mayankho kuti muyesetse kusintha mukasintha.
Malupu a Postcondition ndi chilombo chosowa kwambiri. Ine sindimathera nthawi iliyonse pa izo nkomwe. Ngati wophunzira wadziwa bwino malingaliro ozindikiritsa mawonekedwe ndikusintha mawu, akhoza kuzindikira popanda thandizo langa.

Posonyeza chitsanzo choyamba kwa ophunzira amphamvu, ndikuwonetseratu kuti mu chitsanzo choyamba ndikofunika kulemba osati yankho lokha, komanso mndandanda wonse wa zochita zomwe zinayambitsa zotsatira zake. Ophunzira aulesi amatha kunyalanyaza kulemba ndikutengera algorithm yomaliza. Ayenera kukhulupirira kuti tsiku lina ntchito yovuta idzawachitikira. Kuti muthetse, muyenera kutsatira njira zomwe zili mu chitsanzo ichi. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kulemba magawo onse. M'mabvuto otsatirawa zidzatheka kusiya njira yomaliza yothetsera vutoli.

Lingaliro lalikulu la automation ndikuti timayika kompyuta kuti igwire ntchito yanthawi zonse kwa munthu. Imodzi mwa njira zoyambira ndikulemba malupu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zochitika zingapo zobwerezabwereza zolembedwa motsatizana.

Kufotokozera momveka bwino ndikwabwino kuposa kubisa

Lingawoneke ngati lingaliro labwino kuwonetsa mawu omwewo kangapo pa ntchito yoyamba yodulira. Mwachitsanzo:

Hurray, zimagwira ntchito!
Hurray, zimagwira ntchito!
Hurray, zimagwira ntchito!
Hurray, zimagwira ntchito!
Hurray, zimagwira ntchito!
Hurray, zimagwira ntchito!
Hurray, zimagwira ntchito!
Hurray, zimagwira ntchito!

Kusankhaku ndi koyipa chifukwa mtengo wake suwoneka pazotulutsa. Ili ndi vuto kwa oyamba kumene. Musamupeputse. Poyamba, ntchitoyi inali yoyamba, ndipo ntchito yopeza manambala angapo pokwera ndi yachiwiri. Zinali zofunikira kutchula mawu owonjezera oti "mkombero wa N nthawi" ndi "kuzungulira kuchokera ku A kupita ku B", zomwe ziri zofanana. Pofuna kuti ndisapange mabungwe osafunikira, ndinaganiza zongowonetsa chitsanzo chokha ndi zotsatira za chiwerengero cha manambala. Anthu ochepa amatha kuphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito kauntala m'mutu mwawo ndikuwonetsa khalidwe la pulogalamu m'mutu mwawo popanda kukonzekera. Ophunzira ena amakumana koyamba ndi malingaliro amalingaliro pamutu wa zozungulira.
Pambuyo pochita zina, ndimapereka ntchito yobwereza malemba omwewo kuti athetsedwe paokha. Mukapereka kauntala yowoneka poyamba kenako yosawoneka, ophunzira adzakhala ndi zovuta zochepa. Nthawi zina malingaliro akuti "musalembe kauntala pazenera" ndikwanira.

Kodi ena amachifotokoza motani?

Muzinthu zambiri zophunzitsira pa intaneti, mawu ozungulirawa amaperekedwa ngati gawo la "nkhani". Mwachitsanzo, pa developer.mozilla.org (pakadali pano), zomanga zina zingapo zikulongosoledwa pamodzi ndi nthawi ya loop. Pankhaniyi, mapangidwe okhawo amaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a ma templates. Zotsatira za kukhazikitsidwa kwawo zikufotokozedwa m'mawu, koma palibe fanizo. M'malingaliro anga, kufotokoza koteroko kwa mutuwo kumachulukitsa phindu la zipangizo zoterezi ndi ziro. Wophunzirayo akhoza kulembanso kachidindo ndi kuiyendetsa yekha, koma amafunikirabe muyezo wofananira. Kodi mungamvetse bwanji kuti chitsanzo chalembedwanso molondola ngati palibe chomwe chingafanane ndi zotsatira zake?
Pamene template yokha yaperekedwa, popanda chitsanzo, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kwa wophunzira. Kodi mungamvetse bwanji kuti zidutswa za code zimayikidwa molondola mu template? Mukhoza kuyesa kulemba mwanjira ina, ndiyeno kuthamanga. Koma ngati palibe muyezo wofananiza zotsatira, ndiye kuyambitsa sikungathandizenso.

Mu maphunziro a C ++ pa Intuitive, syntax ya loop imayikidwa patsamba lachitatu la Phunziro 4 pamutu wakuti "oyendetsa". Pofotokozera kalembedwe ka malupu, kutsindika kwapadera kumayikidwa pa mawu akuti "woyendetsa". Mawuwa amaperekedwa monga mndandanda wa mfundo monga “chizindikiro; ichi ndi chiganizo", "{} ndi mawu apawiri", "thupi la lupu liyenera kukhala mawu". Sindimakonda njira iyi chifukwa ikuwoneka kuti imabisa maubwenzi ofunikira kumbuyo kwa nthawi imodzi. Kusanthula khodi ya poyambira pulogalamu m'mawu omwe ali pamlingo uwu ndikofunikira kwa opanga ma compiler kuti akwaniritse chilankhulocho, koma osati ndi ophunzira ngati kuyerekezera koyamba. Ongobwera kumene pamapulogalamu sakhala osamala mokwanira kuti azitha kusamala kwambiri mawu. Ndi munthu wosowa yemwe amakumbukira ndikumvetsetsa mawu atsopano nthawi yoyamba. Pafupifupi palibe amene angagwiritse ntchito molondola mawu omwe angophunzira kumene. Chifukwa chake, ophunzira amapeza zolakwika zambiri monga "Ndinalemba pomwe(a<7);{, koma pulogalamuyo sikugwira ntchito."
Malingaliro anga, pachiyambi ndi bwino kupereka syntax ya zomangamanga nthawi yomweyo ndi mabatani. Njira yopanda mabatani iyenera kufotokozedwa ngati wophunzirayo ali ndi funso linalake: "chifukwa chiyani palibe mabatani ndipo zimagwira ntchito."

M'buku la Okulov la 2012 la "Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri pa Mapulogalamu," mawu oyamba a malupu amayamba ndi chitsanzo, ndiye malingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito amaperekedwa, ndiyeno gawo loyesera la phunzirolo limatsatira nthawi yomweyo. Ndikumvetsa kuti bukhuli linalembedwera ochepera a ophunzira okhoza kwambiri omwe samabwera kawirikawiri kumaphunziro anga.

M'mabuku otchuka, zotsatira za zidutswa za code zimalembedwa nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, Shildt a "Java 8. The Complete Guide" 2015 edition. Choyamba, template imaperekedwa, ndiye pulogalamu yachitsanzo ndipo mwamsanga pambuyo pake - zotsatira za kuphedwa.

Mwachitsanzo, ganizirani nthawi yozungulira yomwe imasintha
kuwerengera kuyambira 10, ndipo mizere 10 yeniyeni ya "miyeso" ikuwonetsedwa:
//Продемонстрировать применение оператора цикла while
class While {
    public static void main(String args []) {
        int n = 10;
        while (n > 0) {
            System.out.println("такт " + n);
            n--;
        }
    }
}
Mukathamanga, pulogalamuyi imatulutsa "mizere" khumi motere:
такт 10 такт 9 такт 8 такт 7 такт 6 такт 5 такт 4 такт 3 такт 2 такт 1

Njira yofotokozera template, pulogalamu yachitsanzo ndi zotsatira za pulogalamuyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'buku la "Javascript for Kids" komanso mu maphunziro a js pa w3schools.com. Mawonekedwe atsamba lawebusayiti amalola kuti chitsanzo ichi chizilumikizana.

Buku la Stroustrup la 2016 Mfundo ndi Zochita Kugwiritsa Ntchito C++ linapita patsogolo. Chinthu choyamba ndicho kufotokoza zotsatira zomwe ziyenera kupezedwa, ndipo pambuyo pake malemba a pulogalamuyo akuwonetsedwa. Komanso, samatengera pulogalamu yachisawawa monga chitsanzo, koma amapereka ulendo wopita ku mbiri yakale. Izi zimathandiza kukopa chidwi chake: “Taonani, ili silemba chabe lopanda ntchito. Mukuwona chinthu chanzeru. "

Monga chitsanzo cha kubwerezabwereza, taganizirani pulogalamu yoyamba yomwe imachitidwa pamakina osungidwa (EDSAC). Linalembedwa ndi David Wheeler ku Computer Laboratory ya Cambridge University, England pa May 6, 1949. Pulogalamuyi imawerengera ndikusindikiza mndandanda wosavuta wamabwalo.
0 0 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 ... 98 9604 99 9801
Apa, mzere uliwonse uli ndi nambala yotsatiridwa ndi zilembo za tabu ('t') ndi masikweya a nambalayo. Mtundu wa C ++ wa pulogalamuyi umawoneka motere:
//Вычисляем и распечатываем таблицу квадратов чисел 0-99
int main()
{
    int i = 0; // Начинаем с нуля
    while(i < 100){
        cout << i << 't' << square(i) << 'n';
        ++i;
    }
}

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kalembedwe ka mawu sikunafotokozedwe m'bukuli. Stroustrup mu bukhu la aphunzitsi (kumasulira) imatsindika kuti imalemekeza luntha la ophunzira ake. Mwinamwake kukhoza kuzindikira chitsanzo mu zitsanzo zingapo kumaonedwa ngati chisonyezero cha nzeru zoterozo.

Pamene ndikufotokoza ndekha

Njira ya Stroustrup: kufotokoza zotsatira zake, ndiyeno kuthetsa vutoli, ndiyeno kufufuza kodziimira kwa wophunzira - kumawoneka woganizira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndidaganiza zozitenga ngati maziko, koma ndiuzeni pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chocheperako - ntchito yopeza "zamkatimu". Zimapanga nangula wozindikirika kotero kuti mutha kunena kuti "kumbukirani ntchito yokhudzana ndi zomwe zili mkati" ndikuti ophunzira akumbukire izi. Mu chitsanzo changa, ndinayesa kuletsa maganizo ena awiri olakwika. Kenako ndidzalemba za iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Mu ntchito iyi tikudziwitsidwa za njira zothetsera mavuto ovuta. Chisankho choyambirira chiyenera kupangidwa kukhala chachikale komanso chosavuta. Chabwino, ndiye inu mukhoza kuganizira za mmene kukonza yankho.
Введение Глава 1 Глава 2 Глава 3 Глава 4 Глава 5 Глава 6 Глава 7 Заключение

Malinga ndi zomwe ndikuwona, njira ya "template-example-result" m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana imatsogolerabe ku mfundo yakuti ophunzira amawona kuzungulira ngati hieroglyph. Izi zinadziwonetsera poyera kuti sanamvetsetse chifukwa chake panali chikhalidwe cholembera pamenepo, momwe angasankhire pakati pa i ++ ndi i - ndi zinthu zina zooneka ngati zoonekeratu. Kuti tipewe malingaliro olakwikawa, njira yolankhulirana za kuzungulira iyenera kutsindika tanthauzo la kubwereza zomwezo ndikuzikhazikitsa mwadongosolo. Chifukwa chake, musanapereke syntax ya loop, muyenera kuthetsa vutolo. Yankho loyambirira lavuto lazamkatimu likuwoneka motere:

Console.WriteLine("Введение");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 1");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 2");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 3");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 4");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 5");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 6");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 7");
Console.WriteLine("Заключение");

Kodi zingatheke bwanji?
Sinthani zochita zonyozeka ndi kuzungulira.
Ndi zochita ziti zomwe zimabwerezedwa motsatana popanda kusintha?
Palibe m'chidutswa ichi. Komabe, malamulo owonetsera mawu oti "Chapter" ndi nambala ndi ofanana kwambiri.
Choncho, gawo lotsatira ndikupeza kusiyana pakati pa zidutswa. Ndi ntchito iyi yokha yomwe zonse zikuwonekera, ndiye kuti palibe malamulo amodzi omwe adzabwerezedwa, koma midadada ya code ya mizere 5 kapena kuposa. Muyenera kusaka osati pamndandanda wamalamulo, koma muzomangamanga za nthambi kapena loop.
Mu chitsanzo, kusiyana pakati pa malamulo ndi nambala pambuyo pa mawu akuti "Chapter".
Mukapeza kusiyana, muyenera kumvetsetsa ndondomeko ya kusintha. Chigawo chosiyana ndi nambala? Kodi ikuchulukirachulukira kapena ikucheperachepera? Kodi mtengo wa nambala umasintha bwanji pakati pa magulu awiri mbali ndi mbali?
Mu chitsanzo, chiwerengero pambuyo pa mawu akuti "Chaputala" chikuwonjezeka muzowonjezera za 1. Kusiyana kumapezeka, chitsanzo chikuwululidwa. Tsopano mutha kusintha chidutswa chosiyana ndi chosinthika.
Muyenera kulengeza kusinthika koteroko musanayambe kubwereza zobwerezabwereza. Kusintha koteroko kumatchedwa I kapena j kapena zina zambiri. Mtengo wake woyamba uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi mtengo woyamba womwe ukuwonetsedwa pazenera. Mu chitsanzo, mtengo woyamba ndi 1.
Kodi ndi phindu lotani loyambirira lomwe liyenera kutengedwa posonyeza mndandanda wa manambala "100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105"?
Nambala yoyamba pamndandandawu ndi 100.
Pambuyo pa lamulo lililonse lotulutsa, muyenera kuwonjezera mtengo wa kusinthaku ndi 1. Chigawo ichi ndi sitepe yosinthira.
Kodi ndi sitepe yotani yomwe idzakhala pamndandanda wa manambala “100, 102, 104, 106”?
Gawo 2 pamzere uwu.
Pambuyo posintha chidutswa chosiyana ndi chosinthika, code idzawoneka motere:

Console.WriteLine("Введение");
int i;
i = 0;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Заключение");

Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya "kufotokoza mawonekedwe a kusintha" mu code, mumapeza magulu angapo a zochita zofanana zomwe zimapita motsatira. Tsopano zochita zobwereza zitha kusinthidwa ndi lupu.

Njira yothetsera vuto pomwe muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malupu imakhala ndi izi:

Konzani "mutu-pa" ndi malamulo ambiri osiyana
Pezani chitsanzo
Fotokozani chitsanzo cha kusintha
Kupanga ngati kuzungulira

Kenako, mawu atsopano amayambitsidwa kuti wophunzira asadzipeze ali mumkhalidwe wa "Ndimamvetsetsa zonse, koma sindingathe kuzinena":
- kauntala nthawi zonse imakhala yosinthika yomwe imafunikira kutsatira kuchuluka kwa masitepe mu lupu. Kawirikawiri chiwerengero cha chiwerengero chomwe chimafaniziridwa ndi cholepheretsa.
- sitepe yotsutsa - kufotokozera za kusintha kwa counter.
- contraindication - nambala kapena kusintha komwe kauntala imafaniziridwa kuti algorithm ikhale yomaliza. Mtengo wowerengera umasintha kuti ufikire malire.
- loop body - gulu la malamulo omwe abwerezedwa. Akamanena kuti “lamulo limalembedwa m’chingwe,” amatanthauza thupi.
- loop iteration - nthawi imodzi kuphedwa kwa loop body.
- loop condition - mawu omveka omwe amatsimikizira ngati kubwereza kwina kudzachitika. (Pakhoza kukhala chisokonezo ndi mapangidwe a nthambi pano)
Muyenera kukonzekera chifukwa choyamba ophunzira adzagwiritsa ntchito mawu pazinthu zina. Izi zikugwira ntchito kwa onse amphamvu ndi ofooka. Kukhazikitsa chinenero chofala ndi luso. Tsopano ndikulemba mwachidule: muyenera kukhazikitsa ntchitoyo "unikani kachidutswa ka code ndi <term>" ndipo mugwiritse ntchito mawuwa nokha pokambirana.
Pambuyo pa kusinthidwa ndi loop, chidutswacho chimapezedwa:

Console.WriteLine("Введение");
int i = 0;
while (i < 7) {
    Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
    i = i + 1;
}
Console.WriteLine("Заключение");

Kulingalira kwakukulu

Lingaliro limodzi lolakwika lodziwika bwino pakati pa ophunzira ndikuti amayika zochita mkati mwa lupu zomwe ziyenera kuchitika kamodzi kokha. Mwachitsanzo monga chonchi:

;
int i = 0;
while (i < 7) {
    Console.WriteLine("Введение")
    Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
    i = i + 1;
    Console.WriteLine("Заключение");
}

Ophunzira amakumana ndi vutoli nthawi zonse, poyambira komanso pamavuto ovuta kwambiri.
Chidziwitso chofunikira pankhaniyi:

Kodi muyenera kubwereza kangati lamuloli: kamodzi kapena kangapo?

Malamulo osindikizira mawu oti "Introduction" ndi "Mapeto" ndi kulengeza ndi kuyambitsa kusinthika i sali ngati zochita zina zobwerezabwereza. Amaphedwa kamodzi kokha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ayenera kulembedwa kunja kwa loop body.

Magawo onse atatu a yankho ayenera kukhalabe mu code kuti mutha kuwalozera pambuyo pake pakavuta. Ndikokwanira kuyankhapo njira ziwiri zoyambirira kuti zisasokoneze.
Chidwi cha wophunzira chiyenera kuperekedwa ku mfundo izi:
- Mu chikhalidwe chozungulira, kauntala ndi malire nthawi zambiri amafaniziridwa. Kauntala ikhoza kusintha mu thupi la loop, koma malire sangathe. Kuti muswe lamuloli, muyenera kupanga zifukwa zomveka.
- Malamulo owonetsera mawu akuti "Introduction" ndi "Mapeto" ali kunja kwa lupu. Tiyenera kuchita nawo kamodzi. "Introduction" - musanabwereze zochita, "Mapeto" - pambuyo.
Pophatikizanso mutuwu, kudziwa zotsatira, komanso kuthana ndi zovuta, ndikofunikira kuti ngakhale ophunzira amphamvu afunse funso: "Kodi izi ziyenera kuchitika kangati? Mmodzi kapena ambiri?

Kupititsa patsogolo luso lowonjezera

Pophunzira zozungulira, ophunzira amakhalanso ndi luso lozindikira ndi kuthetsa mavuto. Kuti apeze matenda, wophunzira ayenera kupereka zotsatira zomwe akufuna ndikuziyerekezera ndi zotsatira zenizeni. Zochita zowongolera zimadalira kusiyana pakati pawo.
Popeza ophunzira pakadali pano alibe lingaliro lazotsatira "zofunidwa", amatha kuyang'ana kwambiri zoyeserera. Monga lamulo, palibe amene pa nthawi ino amadziwa zomwe zingawonongeke komanso momwe angachitire nazo. Chifukwa chake, ndimalemba m'buku lofotokozera za zovuta zenizeni ndi njira zingapo zowathetsera. Kusankha yoyenera kwambiri ndi ntchito ya wophunzira mwiniyo.
Mbiri ikufunika kuti mufunse "kodi zomwe zimayembekezeredwa zidachitika?", "Ndi ziti mwazochitika izi zomwe zidachitika tsopano?", "Kodi yankho lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito linathandiza?"

Chiwerengero cha zochita ndi 1 chocheperapo kapena kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Zothetsera:
- onjezani mtengo woyamba wa kauntala ndi 1.
- m'malo mwa woyerekeza wokhazikika (< kapena>) ndi wosakhazikika (<= kapena>=).
- sintha malire kukhala 1.
Zochita mu lupu zimachitika popanda kuyimitsa, mpaka kalekale. Zothetsera:
- onjezani lamulo losintha ngati lisowa.
- konzani lamulo losintha kauntala kuti mtengo wake ukhale pafupi ndi malire.
- chotsani lamulo loletsa kusintha ngati liri mu thupi la loop.
Chiwerengero cha zochita mu lupu ndi chocheperapo kapena kupitilira 1 kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Zochita mu lupu sizinachitike ngakhale kamodzi. Choyamba muyenera kudziwa zenizeni za zosinthika musanayambe kuzungulira. Zothetsera:
- kusintha mtengo woyamba wa zopinga
- sintha mtengo woyamba wa counter

Vuto 3 nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kolakwika kapena kusayikanso kauntala kukhala ziro.

Pambuyo pa kufotokoza kumeneku, wophunzira angakhalebe ndi malingaliro olakwika osiyanasiyana okhudza momwe malupu amagwirira ntchito.
Kuti muchotse zofala kwambiri, ndikupatsani ntchito zotsatirazi:

Momwe malire, mtengo wowerengera woyamba, kapena sitepe yowerengera imalowetsedwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito.
Momwe mtengo wowerengera uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu masamu ena. Ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kauntala m'mawu akulu kwambiri kapena m'magulu kuti kusiyana kwake kusakhale kofanana.
Momwe mtengo wowerengera suwonetsedwa pazenera pomwe loopu ikugwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kusonyeza nambala yofunikira ya zidutswa zofanana kapena kujambula chithunzi chokhala ndi zithunzi za kamba.
Zomwe muyenera kuchita poyamba mobwerezabwereza, ndiyeno zina.
Momwe muyenera kuchita zinthu zina musanayambe kapena kubwereza

Pa ntchito iliyonse muyenera kupereka deta yoyesera ndi zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeka.

Kuti mumvetse momwe mungasunthire mofulumira, muyenera kuwerenga mawu a mavutowa ndikufunsa kuti: "Kodi amasiyana bwanji ndi chitsanzo?", "Ndi chiyani chomwe chiyenera kusinthidwa mu chitsanzo kuti muwathetse?" Ngati wophunzira ayankha mwatanthauzo, ndiye kuti athetse chimodzi m’kalasi, ndipo ena onse kunyumba. Ngati yankho liri lopambana, ndiye kuti tikhoza kuyamba kufotokoza zomwe zili mkati mwa malupu.
Ngati muli ndi mavuto kuthetsa mavuto nokha, muyenera kuchita zonse m'kalasi. Pofuna kupewa kuthetsa vutoli kukhala kukumbukira kujambula kadzidzi, ndikupangira choyamba kuthetsa vutoli m'njira yosakhala yapadziko lonse. Ndiko kuti, kotero kuti yankho lidutsa mayeso oyambirira ndipo siligwiritsa ntchito kumanga malupu. Chabwino, ndiye gwiritsani ntchito zosintha kuti mukwaniritse yankho lonse.

Lupu ndi nthambi

M'malingaliro anga, ndizothandiza kupereka mutuwo "kuzungulira mkati mwa nthambi" padera. Kotero kuti pambuyo pake mutha kuwona kusiyana pakati pa kuyang'ana mkhalidwe kangapo ndikuwunika kamodzi.
Ntchito zophatikizira zidzakhala za kutulutsa manambala kuchokera ku A mpaka B, omwe amalowetsedwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito:
- nthawi zonse mu dongosolo lokwera.
- kukwera kapena kutsika kutengera mayendedwe a A ndi B.

Mutu wa "nthambi mkati mwa malupu" uyenera kusunthidwa pokhapokha wophunzira atadziwa bwino njira izi: "kusintha pateni ndi kusintha" ndi "kusintha zochita zobwerezabwereza ndi kuzungulira."
Chifukwa chachikulu chogwiritsira ntchito nthambi mkati mwa malupu ndi anomalies mu chitsanzo. Pakatikati imasweka malinga ndi deta yoyamba.
Kwa ophunzira omwe amatha kuyang'ana njira yothetsera vutoli mwa kuphatikiza njira zosavuta, ndikwanira kunena kuti "nthambi ikhoza kulembedwa mkati mwa malupu" ndikupereka vuto "mwachitsanzo" kwathunthu kuthetsa paokha.
Chitsanzo cha ntchito:

Wogwiritsa alowetsa nambala X. Onetsani manambala kuyambira 0 mpaka 9 mumzere ndikuyika chizindikiro cha '+' moyang'anizana ndi nambala yomwe ili yofanana ndi X.

Ngati 0 adalowa0+
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Ngati 6 adalowa0
1
2
3
4
5
6+
7
8
9

Ngati 9 adalowa0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9+

Ngati 777 adalowa0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Ngati kufotokozera mwachidule sikukwanira kulemba ndi lupu, ndiye kuti muyenera kukwaniritsa njira yothetsera vuto lomwelo popanda kuzungulira.
Mupeza imodzi mwa njira ziwiri:
Zofunidwa

string temp;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
int x;
x = int.Parse(temp);
if (x==0) {
    Console.WriteLine(0 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(0);
}
if (x==1) {
    Console.WriteLine(1 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(1);
}
if (x==2) {
    Console.WriteLine(2 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(2);
}
if (x==3) {
    Console.WriteLine(3 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(3);
}
if (x==4) {
    Console.WriteLine(4 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(4);
}
if (x==5) {
    Console.WriteLine(5 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(5);
}
if (x==6) {
    Console.WriteLine(6 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(6);
}
if (x==7) {
    Console.WriteLine(7 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(7);
}
if (x==8) {
    Console.WriteLine(8 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(8);
}
if (x==9) {
    Console.WriteLine(9 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(9);
}

Zotheka

string temp;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
int x;
x = int.Parse(temp);
if (x==0) {
    Console.WriteLine("0+n1n2n3n4n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==1) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1+n2n3n4n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==2) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2+n3n4n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==3) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3+n4n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==4) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4+n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==5) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5+n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==6) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5n6+n7n8n9");
}
if (x==7) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5n6n7+n8n9");
}
if (x==8) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5n6n7n8+n9");
}
if (x==9) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5n6n7n8n9+");
}

Ndimapereka ntchito yofananira pasadakhale, ndikuwerenga mutu wa nthambi.
Ngati wophunzira abwera ndi njira "yotheka", muyenera kuwauza kuti pangakhale njira zambiri zothetsera vuto lomwelo. Komabe, amasiyana pakukana kwawo kusintha kwa zofunika. Funsani funso: "Ndi malo angati mu code omwe angafune kuwongoleredwa ndikadawonjezera nambala ina?" Mu "zotheka", mufunika kuwonjezera nthambi imodzi ndikuwonjezera nambala yatsopano m'malo ena 10. Mu "zofuna" ndizokwanira kuwonjezera nthambi imodzi yokha.
Khazikitsani ntchitoyo kuti mupangenso njira "yofunikira", kenako pezani choyimira mu code, chitani chosinthika ndikulemba lupu.
Ngati muli ndi lingaliro la momwe mungathetsere vutoli popanda kuzungulira mwanjira ina, chonde lembani mu ndemanga.

Loops mkati mwa Loops

Pamutuwu muyenera kulabadira izi:
- zowerengera za malupu amkati ndi akunja ziyenera kukhala zosiyana.
- kauntala ya loop yamkati iyenera kukhazikitsidwanso nthawi zambiri (ndiko kuti, mu thupi la loop yakunja).
- potulutsa mawu, sungathe kulemba chilembo chimodzi m'mizere ingapo, kenako yachiwiri. Choyamba muyenera kusindikiza zilembo zonse za mzere woyamba, kenako zilembo zachiwiri, ndi zina zotero.

Ndibwino kuti muyambe kufotokoza mutu wa malupu mkati mwa malupu pofotokoza kufunikira kokhazikitsanso kauntala kukhala ziro.
Chitsanzo cha ntchito:

Wogwiritsa alowetsamo manambala awiri: R ndi T. Sindikizani mizere iwiri ya zilembo "#". Mzere woyamba uyenera kukhala ndi zilembo za R. Mzere wachiwiri uli ndi zidutswa za T. Ngati nambala iliyonse ili yolakwika, onetsani uthenga wolakwika.

R=5, T=11#####
#########

R=20, T=3######################
###

R=-1, T=6Mtengo wa R uyenera kukhala wopanda cholakwika

R=6, T=-2Mtengo wa T uyenera kukhala wopanda cholakwika

Mwachionekere, vuto limeneli lilinso ndi njira zosachepera ziwiri.
Zofunidwa

string temp;
int R;
int T;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
R = int.Parse(temp);
temp = Console.ReadLine();
T = int.Parse(temp);
int i = 0;
while (i < R)
{
    Console.Write("#");
    i = i + 1;
}
Console.WriteLine();
i = 0;
while (i < T)
{
    Console.Write("#");
    i = i + 1;
}

Zotheka #1

string temp;
int R;
int T;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
R = int.Parse(temp);
temp = Console.ReadLine();
T = int.Parse(temp);
int i = 0;
while (i < R)
{
    Console.Write("#");
    i = i + 1;
}
Console.WriteLine();
int j = 0;
j = 0;
while (j < T)
{
    Console.Write("#");
    j = j + 1;
}

Kusiyana kwake ndikuti mu "zotheka" yankho, kusintha kwachiwiri kunagwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa mzere wachiwiri. Muyenera kuumirira kugwiritsa ntchito kusintha komweko kwa malupu onse awiri. Izi zitha kukhala zomveka chifukwa yankho lokhala ndi kauntala imodzi pamizere iwiri lidzakhala fanizo la mawu oti "counter reset". Kumvetsetsa mawu awa ndikofunikira pothetsa mavuto otsatirawa. Monga kunyengerera, mutha kupulumutsa zonse zothetsera vutoli.

Vuto lodziwika bwino logwiritsa ntchito kauntala imodzi ya malupu awiri limawoneka motere:
R=5, T=11#####
######

Chiwerengero cha zilembo mumzere wachiwiri sichikugwirizana ndi mtengo wa T. Ngati mukufuna thandizo pa vutoli, muyenera kuyang'ana zolemba za mavuto omwe ali ndi malupu. Ichi ndi chizindikiro #3. Zimazindikirika ngati muwonjezera mtengo wamtengo wapatali nthawi yomweyo musanayambe kuzungulira kwachiwiri. Kukonzedwa pokonzanso. Koma ndibwino kuti musanene izi nthawi yomweyo. Wophunzira ayese kupanga lingaliro limodzi lokha.

Pali, ndithudi, njira ina. Koma sindinaziwonepo pakati pa ophunzira. Pa gawo la kuphunzira kuzungulira, nkhani ya izo idzasokoneza chidwi. Mutha kubwereranso pambuyo pake mukaphunzira za zingwe.
Zotheka #2

string temp;
int R;
int T;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
R = int.Parse(temp);
temp = Console.ReadLine();
T = int.Parse(temp);
Console.WriteLine(new String('#', R));
Console.WriteLine(new String('#', T));

Ntchito yotsatira yofunikira:

Onetsani manambala kuyambira 0 mpaka 9. Nambala iliyonse ikhale pamzere wake. Chiwerengero cha manambala pamzere (W) amalowetsedwa kuchokera pa kiyibodi.

W=10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

W=100000000000 1111111111 2222222222 3333333333 4444444444 5555555555 6666666666 7777777777 8888888888 9999999999

Ngati wophunzira wadziwa bwino njira yosinthira mawu osintha, ndiye kuti athana nawo mwachangu. Vuto lomwe lingakhalepo lidzakhalanso pakukhazikitsanso kusintha. Ngati simungathe kuthana ndi kusinthaku, zikutanthauza kuti munali mwachangu ndipo muyenera kuthetsa mavuto osavuta.

Zikomo chifukwa chakumvetsera. Pangani like ndikulembetsa ku chanelo.

PS Ngati mupeza typos kapena zolakwika m'mawu, chonde ndidziwitseni. Izi zitha kuchitika posankha gawo lazolemba ndikukanikiza "⌘ + Enter" pa Mac, ndi "Ctrl / Enter" pamakiyibodi apamwamba, kapena kudzera pa mauthenga achinsinsi. Ngati zosankhazi sizipezeka, lembani za zolakwika mu ndemanga. Zikomo!

Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. Lowani muakauntichonde.

Chisankho cha owerenga opanda karma

20,0%Ndimaphunzitsa mwaukadaulo, +12
10,0%Ndimaphunzitsa mwaukadaulo, -11
70,0%sindiphunzitsa, +17
0,0%sindiphunzitsa, -10
0,0%Zina0

Ogwiritsa 10 adavota. Ogwiritsa ntchito 5 adakana.

Source: www.habr.com

Momwe mungaphunzitsire momwe mungagonjetsere zovuta, komanso nthawi yomweyo lembani zozungulira