Ma CD a Optical adapezeka poyera mu 1982, chiwonetserochi chinatulutsidwa ngakhale kale - mu 1979. Poyamba, ma CD adapangidwa kuti alowe m'malo mwa ma vinyl discs, monga apamwamba komanso odalirika kwambiri. Amakhulupirira kuti ma discs a laser ndi zotsatira za ntchito yolumikizana pakati pamagulu amakampani awiri aukadaulo - Japanese Sony ndi Dutch Philips.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, luso lamakono la "cold lasers", lomwe linapangitsa kuti ma discs awonekere kukhala otheka, adapangidwa ndi asayansi aku Soviet. и . Iwo anapatsidwa Mphotho ya Nobel chifukwa cha luso lawo. Tekinolojeyi idakulanso, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma 70 Philips adapanga njira yojambulira ma compact disc, omwe adawonetsa chiyambi cha CD. Choyamba, akatswiri a kampaniyo adapanga ALP (sewero lakutali la audio) ngati njira ina yosinthira ma vinyl.
Kutalika kwa ma disc a ALP kunali pafupifupi masentimita 30. Patapita nthawi, mainjiniya adachepetsa kukula kwa ma disc, ndipo nthawi yosewera idachepetsedwa mpaka ola limodzi. Ma disc a laser ndi chipangizo chosewera nawo chinali choyamba Philips mu 1979. Zitatha izi, kampaniyo inayamba kufunafuna bwenzi kuti apitirize ntchitoyo - omangawo adawona teknoloji ngati yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kunali kovuta kuikulitsa mpaka kufika pamlingo wofunikira ndikuikonda paokha.
Chiyambi cha zonse
Oyang'anira adaganiza zoyesa kukhazikitsa kulumikizana ndi makampani aukadaulo ochokera ku Japan, panthawiyo dziko lino linali patsogolo paukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri. Kuti achite izi, nthumwi za Philips zidapita kudzikoli ndipo zidakumana ndi Purezidenti wa Sony, yemwe adachita chidwi ndiukadaulo.
Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo panali gulu la akatswiri opanga ma Philips-Sony, adapanga zoyambira zoyambirira zaukadaulo. Wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa Sony adaumirira kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa disc; adafuna kuti compact symphony yachisanu ndi chinayi ya Beethoven, yomwe voliyumu ya disc idakulitsidwa kuchokera pa ola la 1 mpaka mphindi 74 (palinso lingaliro kuti izi ndizabwino. nkhani yabwino yotsatsa). Kuchuluka kwa data yomwe imakwanira pa disk yotere ndi 640 MB. Mainjiniya apanganso magawo amtundu wamawu. Mwachitsanzo, mafupipafupi otsatizana a ma sitiriyo amawunikidwa pa 44,1 kHz (pa tchanelo chimodzi 22,05 kHz) ndi m'lifupi mwake ma bits 16 iliyonse. Umu ndi momwe mulingo wa Red Book udawonekera.
Dzina la teknoloji yatsopano silinawonekere mwadzidzidzi - linasankhidwa kuchokera ku zosankha zingapo, kuphatikizapo Minirack, Mini Disc, Compact Rack. Zotsatira zake, opanga adaphatikiza mitu iwiriyo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale hybrid Compact Disc. Osachepera, dzinali linasankhidwa chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa makaseti omvera (ukadaulo ).
Philips ndi Sony adagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga ma discs oyamba a digito, otchedwa Yellow Book kapena CD-ROM. Mafotokozedwe atsopanowa adapangitsa kuti zitheke kusunga ma audio okha, komanso zolemba ndi zithunzi pa disks. Mtundu wa chimbale udadziwikiratu powerenga mutu. Vuto linali loti CD yogwirizana ndi Yellow Book imatha kugwira ntchito ndi mtundu wina wagalimoto, womwe sunali wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pa Ogasiti 17, 1982, CD yoyamba idatulutsidwa ku fakitale ya Philips ku Langenhagen, Germany. Chimbalecho chinajambulidwa pamenepo Gulu la ABBA. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti zokutira za varnish za ma diski oyambilira sizinali zapamwamba kwambiri, kotero ogula ma compacts nthawi zambiri amawawononga. M'kupita kwa nthawi, khalidwe la zimbale bwino. Kwa zaka zingapo zoyambirira zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida za hi-fi zokha, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati m'malo mwa malekodi a vinyl ndi makaseti.
Kuyambira 2000, 700 MB zimbale anayamba kuonekera pa malonda, zomwe zinachititsa kuti azitha kujambula ndi nthawi okwana mphindi 80. Adakankhira kwathunthu ma drive 650 MB pamsika. Palinso zofalitsa za 800 MB, koma sizinali zoyenera kwa ma drive onse, kotero kuti ma disks amenewa sanali ofala kwambiri. Zinali zotheka kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa malo osungiramo deta mwa kuchepetsa mtunda pakati pa mayendedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kwa ma disks omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya 650 MB, mtunda wa pakati pa mayendedwe ndi 1,7 microns, ndi ma disks 800 MB chiwerengerochi chachepetsedwa kufika 1,5 microns. Komanso, kwa oyamba, liwiro ndi 1,41 m / s, ndipo kwa omaliza - 1,39 m / s.
Kodi ntchito
Diskiyo imakhala ndi zigawo zingapo. Gawo lapansi ndi polycarbonate, makulidwe ake ndi 1,2 mm, m'mimba mwake ndi 120 mm. Chigawo china chimayikidwa pa gawo lapansi - chitsulo (chikhoza kukhala golide, siliva kapena, nthawi zambiri, aluminiyamu). Kenako, chitsulo chosanjikiza chimatetezedwa ndi varnish, pomwe zithunzi zimayikidwa. Gawo lapansi limateteza mosanjikiza chitsulo, kotero kuti zipsera zakuya kwambiri zimasokoneza kuwerenga. Kutalika kwa dzenje mu disk ndi 15 mm.
Mawonekedwe osungira deta a disks - (zakambidwa pamwambapa). Zolakwika zowerengera zimakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito code ya Reed-Solomon, kuti mikwingwirima yowala isachepetse kuwerenga kwa disc.
Deta imalembedwa ku disk mu mawonekedwe a mayendedwe ozungulira otchedwa maenje (zopuma), zomwe zimatulutsidwa mu polycarbonate m'munsi. Kuzama kwa dzenje lililonse ndi pafupifupi 100 nm ndipo m'lifupi ndi 500 nm. Dzenje kutalika kuchokera 850 nm mpaka 3,5 µm. Maenjewo amamwaza kapena kuyamwa kuwala, gawo lapansi limawonekera. Chifukwa chake, disc yojambulidwa ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kuwunikira kowoneka bwino.
Chimbalecho chimawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wa laser wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 780 nm, womwe umatulutsidwa ndi laser semiconductor. Mfundo yowerengera ndikulembetsa kusintha kwamphamvu ya kuwala kowonekera. Chifukwa chake, mtengo wa laser umasinthira pagawo lazidziwitso, m'mimba mwake mwa malo owala pakadali pano ndi ma microns 1,2. Chizindikiro chachikulu chimalembedwa pakati pa maenje. Ngati igunda dzenje, kuwala kocheperako kumajambulidwa. Kusintha kwamphamvu kumasinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi, chomwe zida zimagwira ntchito.
Momwe disk imapangidwira
- Gawo loyamba ndikukonzekera deta kuti ikhazikitsidwe mndandanda;
- Photolithography ndi gawo lachiwiri ndipo ndi njira yopangira sitampu ya disk. Choyamba, magalasi disk amapangidwa, pomwe wosanjikiza wa zinthu za photoresist amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo zambiri zimalembedwapo. Zinthuzo zimasintha zinthu zake zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala mothandizidwa ndi kuwala;
- Deta imajambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wa laser. Pamene mphamvu ya laser ikuwonjezeka (pamene kuli kofunikira kulenga dzenje), zomangira za mankhwala a mamolekyu a zinthu za photoresist zimawonongedwa ndipo zimaundana;
- Photoresist imakhazikika (m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku plasma kupita ku asidi), madera osakhudzidwa ndi laser amachotsedwa pa matrix;
- Diskiyo imayikidwa mu bafa la galvanic, pomwe gawo la nickel limayikidwa pamwamba pake;
- Ma disks amasindikizidwa ndi jekeseni, pogwiritsa ntchito galasi loyambirira ngati gwero;
- Kenako, zitsulo zimapopera pa mfundo yosanjikiza;
- Varnish yoteteza imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumbali yakunja, yomwe chithunzi chojambula chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale.
Nanga bwanji CD-RW?
CD-RW ndi mtundu wa compact disc womwe unayambitsidwa mu 1997. Muyezo unkatchedwa poyamba (CD-E, Compact Disc Erasable).
Kumeneku kunali kupambana kwenikweni pankhani ya kujambula ndi kusunga zambiri. Kupatula apo, kupeza malo osungiramo otsika mtengo komanso okwera kwambiri linali loto la mainjiniya ndi ogwiritsa ntchito masauzande ambiri. CD-RW ndi yofanana mu kapangidwe ndi mfundo ntchito kwa CD wokhazikika, koma kujambula wosanjikiza ndi osiyana - ndi aloyi wapadera chalcogenides. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi silver-indium-antimony-tellurium. Akatenthedwa pamwamba pa malo osungunuka, aloyi yotereyi imasintha kuchoka ku crystalline state kupita ku amorphous.
Kusintha kwa gawo pankhaniyi ndikusinthika, komwe ndiko maziko a kulemberanso. Makulidwe a gawo logwira ntchito la disk ndi ma microns 0,1 okha, kotero ndikosavuta kukopa chinthucho ndi laser. Njira yojambulira imachitika ikawululidwa ndi mtengo wa laser; Pankhaniyi, wosanjikiza wokhazikika umasanduka kusungunuka (madera omwe adakhudzidwa ndi laser). Kenako, kutentha kumafalikira mu gawo lapansi, ndipo kusungunuka kumasanduka amorphous state. Kwa zigawo za amorphous, mawonekedwe monga dielectric constant, reflectance, ndipo, motero, mphamvu ya kusintha kwa kuwala. Imanyamula chidziwitso chojambulira pa disk. Kuwerenga kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito laser yamphamvu yotsika, yomwe singakhudze gawo logwira ntchito. Panthawi yojambulira, gawo logwira ntchito limatenthedwa mpaka madigiri 200 Celsius, zomwe zimalola kuti zibwererenso ku gawo la crystalline state.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza CD-RW kumabweretsa kutopa kwamakina kwa gawo logwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri omwe adapanga ukadaulo adagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zotopa. CD-RW imatha kupirira pafupifupi mizere yolembanso chikwi.
DVD - mphamvu zambiri!
Ma DVD adawonekera koyamba ku Japan mu 1996, poyankha zofuna za ogula ndi mabizinesi pazosungira zokulirapo. Poyambirira, ma disks apamwamba adapangidwa ndi makampani angapo nthawi imodzi. Mayendedwe awiri odziyimira pawokha atulukira: Multimedia Compact Disc (Philips ndi Sony), - Super Disc (mabungwe akuluakulu 8, kuphatikiza Toshiba ndi Time Warner). Patapita nthawi, mayendedwe onsewo adalumikizana kukhala amodzi motsogozedwa ndi IBM. Anawatsimikizira anzake kuti asabwereze zochitika za "nkhondo yamtundu", pamene panali nkhondo yoyamba pakati pa Video Home System ndi Betamax mavidiyo makaseti.
Tekinolojeyi idalengezedwa mu Seputembara 1995, ndipo opanga adasindikiza zomwe zidachitika chaka chomwecho. DVD burner yoyamba idatulutsidwa mu 1997.
Zinali zotheka kuwonjezera luso lojambulira ndikusunga miyeso yofanana pogwiritsa ntchito laser yofiira yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 650 nm. Kuyimba kwake ndi theka la CD ndipo ndi ma microns 0,74.
Blu-Ray ndiye makina apamwamba kwambiri owonera
Mtundu wina wa TV kuwala ndi apamwamba kwambiri deta kachulukidwe kuposa CD kapena DVD. Muyezowu udapangidwa ndi International Consortium BDA. Chitsanzo choyamba chinawonekera mu October 2000.
Ukadaulo umaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito laser-wave short-wave (wavelength 405 nm), motero dzinalo. "e" adachotsedwa chifukwa mawu akuti blue ray ndi ofala m'Chingerezi ndipo sangakhale ovomerezeka. Kugwiritsa ntchito laser ya buluu (buluu-violet) kunapangitsa kuti pakhale zotheka kuchepetsa nyimboyo mpaka ma microns 0,32, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kujambula kwa data. Liwiro la kuwerenga media lakwezedwa mpaka 432 Mbit / s.
UDF - Universal Disk Format
UDF ndi mtundu wamafayilo amtundu wa OS omwe ali odziyimira pawokha. Idapangidwa kuti isunge mafayilo pama media owonera - onse ma CD, DVD ndi Blu-Ray. UDF ilibe malire a 2GB kapena 4GB a mafayilo olembedwa, kotero ndi yabwino kwa ma DVD apamwamba ndi ma Blu-Rays.
Optical discs ndi intaneti
Makampani aukadaulo akupitiliza kukonza ma disc owonera. Chifukwa chake, Sony ndi Panasonic adatha kukulitsa luso la optical media mpaka 2016 TB kubwerera mu 3,3. Nthawi yomweyo, magwiridwe antchito a ma disks amakhalabe, malinga ndi oyimira Sony, mpaka zaka 100.
Komabe, mitundu yonse ya ma disks optical imasiya kutchuka pang'onopang'ono - ndi chitukuko cha intaneti, kufunikira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kusonkhanitsa deta pa disks kutha. Zambiri zitha kusungidwa mumtambo, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta (momwe zilili zotetezeka ndi funso lina). Ma CD sakhalanso otchuka monga momwe analili zaka zingapo zapitazo, koma mwachiwonekere sadzaiwalika kotheratu (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi makaseti omvera) - adzagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakale zazambiri zofunika zamabizinesi.
Ngati ma terabyte optical disks ayamba kupanga, ntchito yawo idzakhala yochepa - mwinamwake idzagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawira mafilimu a 4K ndi masewera amakono okhala ndi mabonasi osiyanasiyana. Koma koposa zonse adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zosunga zobwezeretsera. Ndipo ngati Sony ikunena zowona zachitetezo chazaka zambiri zama data ojambulidwa, ndiye kuti bizinesi idzagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopanowu mwachangu.
Source: www.habr.com
