Pa Januware 14, tsiku loyamba la Chaka Chatsopano chakale cha 2017, nkhani yakuti “".
1987 chaka
Nditachiŵerenga, chimene chinadzutsa malingaliro ambiri, chaka cha 1987 chinabwera m’maganizo, m’njira yakeyake chaka chapadera m’moyo wanga. Ichi ndi chaka chomwe ine, kuchokera kwa wofufuza wamba wamba, ndidakhala wamkulu wa imodzi mwamadipatimenti otsogola ku bungwe lofufuza, lomwe lidapatsidwa ntchito yowonetsetsa kuti ntchito yofufuza zasayansi ndiyokwanira.
Ndipo kotero, zaka 30 zapitazo, tsopano mu 1987, Andrew Tanenbaum analemba Unix-compatible Minix opareting'i sisitimu monga buku buku lake "Operating Systems: Design ndi Implementation" (1987, ISBN 0-13-637406-9) . Mizere yofupikitsidwa ya 12000 ya code source, yolembedwa makamaka m'chilankhulo cha C, cha Minix kernel, memory management subsystem, ndi mafayilo amafayilo adasindikizidwa m'buku. Andrew Tanenbaum adapanga Minix OS ya IBM PC ndi IBM PC/AT makompyuta omwe analipo panthawiyo. Panthawiyi, m'dziko lathu munayamba kuonekera makompyuta omwe amagwirizana ndi IBM PC komanso ES-1845, yomwe, monga momwe zinakhalira pambuyo pake, idayendetsa bwino Minix OS.
M’chaka chomwecho cha 1987, ndinayamba kulemba “ENGINEER AND COMPUTER” m’magazini ya “Technology and Science”. Buku loyamba m’gawoli linali nkhani ya mu Nambala 7 ya mutu wakuti “" Ndipo nkhaniyi ikunena kuti ndi machitidwe omwe amakulolani kuti musinthe kukhala "inu" kuchokera pakompyuta.
Koma m'magazini yotsatira ya magaziniyi inasindikizidwa nkhani ya mutu wakuti "Mawu Othandizira a UNIX":
Panthawi imeneyi, United States inaika patsogolo Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), ndipo USSR inapanga pulogalamu ya Anti-SDI.
Sitima yoyeserera
Monga gawo la pulogalamuyi, idakonzedwa kuti ipange mawonekedwe oyeserera (SIM) ndi makina opangira kafukufuku wothandizidwa ndi makompyuta (CADR), zomwe sizingalole kutengera zotsatira za kukhazikitsidwa kwa SOI, komanso kuyika patsogolo. zofunikira pamakina omwe amalepheretsa zotsatirazi. Maziko aukadaulo a SIM/SAIPR adayenera kukhala makina apakompyuta amphamvu olumikiza makompyuta am'deralo m'madipatimenti asayansi:
Maukondewo amayenera kukhala ndi makompyuta akulu a ES, mtundu wa ES-1066, komanso makompyuta amunthu pafupifupi zidutswa 200. Koma chofunika kwambiri, makompyutawa amayenera kukhazikitsa makina ogwiritsira ntchito a UNIX a MOS EC. Ndipo ngati panalibe mavuto ndi makina akuluakulu ndi OS MOS EC anaikidwa pa iwo, ndiye panali mavuto ndi khazikitsa pa makompyuta monga ES-1840, chifukwa hard drive idafunikira, ndipo kutulutsidwa kwa OS kunachedwa. Ndipo kutumiza makompyuta aumwini kunali kovuta kwambiri. Iwo anali osowa kwambiri. Iwo akanangopezeka mwa Chisankho cha Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU ndi Council of Ministers of the USSR, atagwirizana kale zonsezi ndi madipatimenti achidwi, monga State Planning Committee ya USSR (tsopano Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation). Federation lili mu nyumba yake), Komiti State wa VTI (State Committee pa Computer Engineering ndi Informatics, USSR State Committee pa luso kompyuta, anakhazikitsidwa mu April 1986) ndi ena angapo.
Chochitika choseketsa chinachitika pogwirizana pa dongosolo loperekera zida zamakompyuta ku Gulu la VTI.
Iwo anadza kwa inu
Atatu a ife tinafika kumeneko - ine ndili ndi udindo waukulu, wovala nsapato za chrome, ndi mfuti mu holster pa lamba wanga, ndi sutikesi yosindikizidwa m'manja mwanga. Ayi, sichinali sutikesi ya nyukiliya, inali ndi ndondomeko ya Chisankho chamtsogolo cha Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 931-226 pa August 8.08.87, XNUMX. Ndinatsagana nawo chifukwa cha ulemu (ichi chinali chilangizo cha mkulu wa bungweli, Lieutenant General Volkov L.I.) Major General Bordyukov M.M. ndi Colonel Boyarsky A.G. Pamene tinapita kuchipinda cholandirira alendo cha Tcheyamani, tinachita chidwi ndi zinthu ziwiri - mlembi wokongola kwambiri wa blonde ndi ma bokosi a PC Olivetty ataunjikidwa mosokonekera m’malo onse olandirira alendo. Zinali zolakalaka kukhala ndi makompyuta angapo otere kusukuluyi.
Pafunso lathu ngati zinali zotheka kukafika kwa Chairman, mlembiyo adayankha kuti sadafike, koma abwere mphindi iliyonse ndikudzipereka kuti adikire. Patapita nthawi, Tcheyamani ndi wothandizira wake akuwonekera. Kwa funso lacheyachete, mlembi adayankha mowona mtima: - "Zili ndi inu!". Amalowa muofesi mwakachetechete, timamutsatira.
Ndipo pamene anadziŵa zimene tonse tinadzera, tinalandira chivomerezo chake popanda mafunso ena alionse. Panthawi imeneyo, izi zinali katundu wamkulu - makompyuta khumi ndi awiri ndi theka, mpaka ES-1066, ndi ma PC 200 ES-1841/45, pafupifupi chaka chonse cha kupanga makompyuta mu USSR. Ndipo ndiyenera kunena, ngakhale mochedwa, talandira makompyuta awa:
Chokani!
Koma panali zitsanzo zina. Zinali zofunikira kupeza visa kuchokera kwa Wachiwiri kwa Chief of Communications wa USSR.
udindo uwu unachitikira pa nthawi imeneyo ndi Lieutenant General Kirill Nikolaevich Trofimov, nawo mu Great kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo, Hero wa Socialist Labor. Pa nthawi yokumana ndi Trofimov K.N. Ndinafika, monga mwanthawi zonse, ndikutsagana ndi wamkulu wa "ntchito". Trofimov K.N. Anandiitanira patebulo ndipo tinakambirana kwa nthawi yayitali mavuto a automation, kukonzekeretsa masukulu a Chigawo cha Moscow ndi zida zamakompyuta. Funso lalikulu ndi chifukwa chake payenera kukhala zokonda kwa inu. Koma pamapeto pake anati: “Ndipatseni mapepala anu, ndisaine.” Koma pamene ndinali kuwatulutsa, liwu la mkulu wa "ntchito" (sindidzatchula dzina lake lomaliza) linamveka: "Bwanji simukumvetsa tanthauzo lonse la ...". Ndipo izi zinanenedwa kwa K.N. Trofimov... Ndinachita dzanzi. Ndipo pazifukwa zomveka. General Trofimov K.N. anaimirira mwakachetechete, natenga chikwatucho ndi mapepala athu n’kuchiponyera chakutulukira: “Choka apa!” Koma zonse zili bwino zomwe zimatha bwino. Ndinabwera kudzamuonanso, ndinapepesa ndipo visa inalandiridwa. Tsoka ilo, mkulu wolemekezekayu adamwalira ali pantchito pa Okutobala 19, 1987 pa ngozi ya ndege pa helikopita ya Mi-8 ku Hungary.
Wapampando woyamba wa State Technical Commission of Russia/FSTEC of Russia
Panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi kugwirizanitsa mapulani operekera zipangizo zamakompyuta, kukonza ndi kuvomereza kwa Mafotokozedwe a Umisiri pakupanga mapangidwe a SIM/CAIPR kunali kukuchitika. Institute of Technical Cybernetics ya Academy of Sciences ya BSSR, wotsogolera Semenkov O.I., anasankhidwa kukhala wotsogolera makontrakitala. Mwa njira, panthawi ina Institute of Cybernetics ya Chiyukireniya SSR Academy of Sciences inkaganiziridwanso. Koma zokonda zidaperekedwabe ku ITK ya BSSR Academy of Sciences. Ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa 1986, luso laukadaulo linali litakonzeka, chomwe chidatsala chinali kupeza chitupa cha visa chikapezeka kuchokera kwa Wachiwiri kwa Mtsogoleri Wamkulu, Colonel-General Yu.A. Yashin, ndikuvomereza kuchokera kwa Purezidenti wa Academy of Academy. Sayansi ya BSSR, Academician wa USSR Academy of Sciences N. A. Borisevich. ndi Mtsogoleri Wankhondo. Pambuyo pake, pindani manja anu ndikumaliza ntchito yomwe mwapatsidwa. Ndiyeno m'katikati mwa December ndinamva kuti General Yu. A. Yashin wafika ku sukulu. Ndimatenga sutikesiyo ndi zolemba zaukadaulo ndikuthamangira masitepe am'mbali kupita kumalo olandirira wamkulu wa sukulu. Ndipo pamasitepe ndimabwera maso ndi maso ndi mutu wa bungweli ndi General Yashin Yu.A. Mosakayikira, ndikupempha chilolezo kwa Yu.A. Yashin. funsani mkulu wa bungweli. Iye anadabwa, koma analola izo. Ndinakauza mkulu wa bungweli kuti nthawi yatha ndipo tinkafunika kupeza visa yochokera ku Yu.A. Yashin. Ndipo tawonani, visa iyi idapezeka pomwepo pamakwerero.
Mu January 1992, Yashin Yu.A. akukhala Wapampando, ndipo pa January 18, 1993 anasankhidwa Wapampando wa bungwe la State Technical Commission pansi pa Purezidenti wa Chitaganya cha Russia, udindo ndi udindo umene unakula kwambiri (wapampando wa Commission anali wofanana ndi nduna). Kuchokera ku gulu lankhondo lapadera, State Technical Commission idakhala bungwe la federal lomwe limayang'anira chitetezo chazidziwitso. Pakadali pano, State Technical Commission ya Russia yasinthidwa kukhala Federal Service for Technical and Export Control (FSTEC ya Russia). Ndipo pa February 4, 2002, wantchito wanu wodzichepetsa anapatsidwa wotchi yaumwini ya Wapampando wa State Technical Commission of Russia pansi pa Purezidenti wa Russian Federation.
Popanda mazenera ndi zitseko
Chomwe chinatsala chinali chomaliza - kuvomereza Purezidenti wa Academy of Sciences ya BSSR, Academician wa Academy of Sciences ya USSR N. A. Borisevich. Ndipo masiku anayi chisanafike Chaka Chatsopano 1987, mogwirizana ndi mkulu wa ITK wa Academy of Sciences wa BSSR, Semenkov O.I. Ndikubwera ku Hero City Minsk. Ndikukumana ndi O. I. Semenkov. ndipo chonde tifotokozereni pamene tikupita kwa Purezidenti wa Academy of Sciences ya BSSR. Ndiyeno zinthu zachilendo zimayamba, amanena kuti ali wotanganidwa, ndiye amayamba kumuchitira mitsuko ya caramel kuchokera ku chakudya cha wotsogolera, ndi zina zotero, ndipo masana amalengeza mwadzidzidzi kuti akufuna kuchotsa kapena kusintha izi kapena mfundoyo. specifications luso. Makamaka, iwo mwadzidzidzi adanena kuti sangakonde kugwiritsa ntchito Unix-compatible OS. Ndinazindikira kuti ndinangofunika kubwerera ku Moscow. Ndipo ine ndinachichita icho. Ndipo nditabwera kudzagwira ntchito tsiku lotsatira, iwo adayitana kale kuchokera ku Minsk, adapepesa ndikundipempha kuti ndibwere kudzasaina zikalatazo. Madzulo ndinali kale m’sitima. Pa nsanja, wotsogolerayo adakumana nane pa Volga ndipo nthawi yomweyo tinapita kukawona Purezidenti.
Tinalowa mu ofesi ya Purezidenti, tinakhala patebulo, ndipo pamene ndinayang'ana kumbuyo pakhomo lomwe tinalowamo, panalibe: panali mashelufu okhala ndi mabuku kuzungulira.
Ndinazindikira kuti ndikhoza kungochoka kuno ndi luso lovomerezeka. Tinakambirana kwa ola limodzi ndi theka, kukambirana za chiyembekezo cha luso m'nyumba kompyuta (kapena monga tsopano yapamwamba kulankhula za import m'malo), ndiyeno ndi anasaina specifications, ndinapita ku siteshoni. Ndinakondwerera Chaka Chatsopano kunyumba.
Ogwira ntchito amasankha chilichonse
Ndipo kotero, pofuna kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito, phunzitsani ogwira ntchitowa kuti azigwira ntchito pa machitidwe a Unix (ndi aliyense asanakhalepo pa EU OS), aphunzitse chinenero cha C (ndi aliyense asanagwiritse ntchito PL/1, Fortran, Pascal), ndi Unix. -monga makina ogwiritsira ntchito anali ofunikira mwachangu. Ndipo Andrew Tanenbaum adatipatsa. Ndipo zonsezi, monga nthano, zinachitika mu 1987, ndipo iye ntchito EU-1840!
Koma ife tinkayenera kuwonjezera chinachake, kusintha chinachake mmenemo. Kuthekera kwa boot kuchokera pa hard drive kunawonjezeredwa, zilembo za Cyrillic zidawonjezeredwa, koma chofunikira kwambiri pakuwona kwa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba chinali chitukuko cha wogwiritsa ntchito wofanana ndi kuthekera kwa dongosolo. mu MS-DOS, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopulumukira.
Panthawiyi, idaphatikizapo kale madalaivala osinthana ma data kudzera pa madoko a COM pakati pa ma PC okhala ndi Minix/MINOS.
Mu 1991, pa All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference ku Gomel, lipoti linapangidwa pa "Mobile instrumental operating system MINOS":
Orlov V.N., Moscow
Makina opangira zida zam'manja MINOS
Dongosolo la MINOS ndi dongosolo la machitidwe a UNIX-class lomwe limapangidwa pamaziko a mtundu wa 7. Dongosololi limapangidwa makamaka kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito m'mayunivesite kuti aphunzitse opanga mapulogalamu pakupanga mapulogalamu ovuta.
Zosiyanasiyana za ndondomekoyi:
- Kugwira ntchito pa EC 184x PC (kuphatikiza EC 1840 PC popanda hard drive), PC AT-286, PC AT 386 ndi ma PC ogwirizana;
- Dongosololi limagwira ntchito mu encodings yoyamba ndi ina;
- Kugwiritsa ntchito makina okhala ndi ma floppy disks a 360 KB, 720 KB ndi 1.2 MB;
- Kukonza makiyi ogwirira ntchito pamlingo wa kernel, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhalapo nthawi iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu za njira zomwe zikuyenda mu dongosolo;
- Ngati mungafune, kukonza kwa kernel kwa makiyi ogwira ntchito kumatha kuzimitsidwa;
- Kutha kukonzanso makiyi ogwira ntchito;
- Kukhazikitsa njira ya Rendezvous mu dongosolo;
- Kukhazikitsa mu dongosolo, kuwonjezera pa womasulira wa lamulo la chipolopolo, wogwiritsa ntchito wogwiritsa ntchito mofanana ndi mphamvu ya dongosolo la NORTON mu MS-DOS;
- Kupezeka kwa chikwatu chomangidwira mudongosolo.
Dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito malamulo opitilira 70, kuphatikiza zolemba ndi ma hexadecimal, malamulo ogwirira ntchito ndi fayilo ya MS-DOS, tar archiver yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wosinthana mafayilo ndi machitidwe ena amtundu wa UNIX, mtundu wamawu, ndi zina zambiri.
Dongosololi lili ndi ma complator a C, Assembler, ndi phukusi la TWINDOW.
Pakatikati pa dongosololi ndi 90 KB, kuchuluka kwa dongosololi ndi pafupifupi mawu 20000 m'zilankhulo za C ndi Assembly.
Makinawa amaperekedwa pa ma floppy disks 5 a 360 KB, kapena pa 2 floppy disks a 360 KB ndi 2 ma floppy disks a 729 KB, kapena pa 2 ma floppy disks a 360 KB ndi 1 MB floppy disk.
Ma code source source amaperekedwa mosiyana. Voliyumu yawo ndi 10 floppy disks ya 360 KB iliyonse.
Pa Ogasiti 25, 1991, miyezi isanu atayamba ntchito yake, Linus Torvalds wazaka 21 (panthawiyo akadali wophunzira) analankhula za kupanga mawonekedwe a OS yatsopano kotheratu yotchedwa Linux, ndipo pa Seputembara 17, 1991, woyamba. kutulutsidwa kwa anthu kwa Linux kernel kunachitika.
Ndipo kotero, mu 1991 tinali ndi Minix OS, Linux OS ndi MINOS OS. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, awiri omalizira mwa njira imodzi kapena ina adadalira zomwe zinachitikira Minix.
Nthawi yomweyo, Andrew Tanenbaum kuyambira pachiyambi adakana malingaliro opanga Minix kapena kuvomereza zigamba zomwe zidachokera kwa owerenga buku lake. Ichi mwina ndichifukwa chake Linux ya Torvalds idatsogolera. Linux idatenga gawo la projekiti yomwe owerenga a Andrew Tanenbaum adazindikira chikhumbo chawo chopanga makina ogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo adapindula nawo kosatha.
Nanga bwanji OS MINOS? 1991 ndi chaka chomaliza cha Soviet Union. Dziko likugwa, chuma chikugwa. Palibe nthawi yamakina ogwiritsira ntchito pano.
Golide akulamulira dziko
Nanga bwanji za kaimidwe koyerekeza, njira yopangira kafukufuku yothandizidwa ndi makompyuta, ndi maukonde ake apakompyuta?
Zonse zinatha momvetsa chisoni. Kusefukira kwa makompyuta kunabwera m'dziko. Kuti mugule, munkafunika ndalama komanso ndalama zokha. Anaganiza zopereka zida zonse zamakompyuta za mndandanda wa EU kuti zibwezeretsenso golide, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe zapezeka pokonzanso zida. Zilolezo zonse zidalandiridwa, paki yamakina idaphwasulidwa ndikuperekedwa, koma makompyuta atsopano sanabwere. Ngati chirichonse chikanakhala chosiyana, ndani akudziwa kumene MINOS anali tsopano!
Koma anthu omwe adapanga SIM/SAIPR adapeza zambiri komanso chidziwitso. Onse awiri adawathandiza kupulumuka zovuta za 90s.
Ndipo Linux ya Torvalds ikukula bwino, ndikugonjetsa madera atsopano. Tsopano mafoloko / ma clones apanyumba a Linux "akuyenda kuchokera ku Moscow kupita kunja kwenikweni." Minix ya Andrew Tanenbaum ikukulanso bwino, komanso mabuku ake .
Andrew Tanenbaum ali pakati pa zowunikira za IT monga Denis Ricci, Brian Carnigan, Ken Thompson wokhala ndi makina opangira a Unix, Ken Thompson yemweyo ndi Dennis Ritchie omwe ali ndi chilankhulo cha C, Elgar Codd wokhala ndi data yolumikizana, Linus Torvalds yokhala ndi Linux.
Ndipo ndani akudziwa zomwe Torvalds ena adzakula akuwerenga mabuku a Andrew Tanenbaum ndi buku lake lophunzitsira la Minix !!!
Source: www.habr.com