Pa Habr!
Kupitiliza zofalitsa zathu, tinaganiza kuti kumvetsetsa zofunikira za "digital chemistry" tifunika kulankhula pang'ono za chiyambi cha bizinesi ya kampani. Zachidziwikire, tifewetsa panjira kuti tisandutse nkhaniyo kukhala nkhani yotopetsa yolemba tebulo lonse la periodic (mwa njira, 2019 ndi chaka chovomerezeka chalamulo la periodic, polemekeza zaka 150 za kupezeka kwake. ).
Anthu ambiri, poyankha funso lakuti "Kodi petrochemicals ndi chiyani ndipo amapanga mankhwala?" Amayankha molimba mtima - mafuta, mafuta ndi zakumwa zina zoyaka moto. Ndipotu, kunena mofatsa, izi sizowona kwathunthu. Monga kampani ya petrochemical, timagwira ntchito yokonza mafuta ndi gasi komanso kupanga zinthu zopanga zomwe zimapanga gawo lalikulu la chilengedwe cha aliyense. Pali lingaliro lakuti mwa 5 zinthu zomwe zimatizungulira nthawi iliyonse, 4 zimalengedwa chifukwa cha petrochemicals. Izi ndi zolembera za laputopu, zolembera, mabotolo, nsalu, mabampa ndi matayala a magalimoto, mazenera apulasitiki, kulongedza kwa tchipisi zomwe mumakonda, mapaipi amadzi, zotengera zakudya, zida zamankhwala ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ...
Dzina langa ndine Alexey Vinnichenko, ndili ndi udindo wotsogolera "Advanced Analytics" ku SIBUR. Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zowunikira, timakhazikitsa njira zabwino kwambiri zaukadaulo, kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kwa zida, kulosera mitengo yamsika yazinthu zopangira ndi zinthu, ndi zina zambiri.
Lero ndikuwuzani kuti zinthuzi ndi zotani komanso momwe timapangira kuchokera kumafuta amafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Njira ya gasi
Ogwira ntchito pamafuta akamapopa mafuta, gasi wogwirizana ndi petroleum (APG) amabwera nawo; pamodzi ndi mafuta, chipewa cha gasi, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala m'magawo a dziko lapansi pamodzi ndi mafuta, chimakweranso pamwamba. M'zaka za Soviet Union, ambiri a iwo anangowotchedwa, chifukwa zinthu zachilengedwe anali chinthu chachiwiri, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito APG m'pofunika kumanga zomangamanga okwera mtengo, makamaka chifukwa minda mafuta m'nyumba makamaka m'madera ovuta a Western Siberia. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nyali za nyalezo zinkaoneka bwinobwino ngakhale kuchokera mumlengalenga. M'kupita kwa nthawi, malo a boma okhudzana ndi kuyaka adakhala okhwima, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira zinthu, choncho kufunikira kwa zipangizo zawo kunakula, ndipo malingaliro a vuto la kuyaka kwa APG adasinthidwa. Ngakhale pansi pa USSR, dziko anayamba kupanga processing wa APG mu zinthu zothandiza, koma ndondomeko inayambikadi mu 2000 oyambirira. Zotsatira zake, SIBUR yokhayo tsopano imagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi ma kiyubiki metres 23 biliyoni a APG pachaka, ndikuletsa kutuluka kwa matani 7 miliyoni a zinthu zovulaza ndi matani 70 miliyoni a mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi mpweya wapachaka wa magalimoto m'maiko ambiri ku Europe. .
Chifukwa chake, makampani amafuta amatigulitsira mafuta ogwirizana nawo. Tapanga mapaipi ambiri ku Western Siberia, omwe amatsimikizira kuperekedwa kwa gasi kumalo athu opangira gasi. Pazomera izi, gasi imayamba kukonzedwa, kudzipatula kukhala gasi lachilengedwe, lomwe limalowa mumayendedwe amafuta a Gazprom ndikutumizidwa, mwachitsanzo, kunyumba kwanu ngati mugwiritsa ntchito chitofu cha gasi, komanso chomwe chimatchedwa "wide". gawo la ma hydrocarbons opepuka" (NGL) ndi chisakanizo chomwe timapezamo mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala mosiyanasiyana kutentha ndi kupanikizika.
Timasonkhanitsa ma NGL kuchokera ku zomera zathu za ku Siberia kudzera m'mapaipi ndikutsanulira mu chitoliro chimodzi chachikulu cha makilomita 1100 - kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kum'mwera kwa Western Siberia - yomwe imanyamula katunduyo kumalo athu akuluakulu opanga ku Tobolsk. Mwa njira, mzinda wochititsa chidwi kwambiri, wodzaza mbiri - Ermak, Mendeleev, Decembrists, Dostoevsky, ndi Rasputin sali kutali. Mwala woyamba wa Kremlin ku Siberia. Gawo la nkhaniyi likhoza kuwonedwa mu filimuyo "Tobol", yomwe idzatulutsidwa kumapeto kwa February. Mwa njira, antchito athu adachitanso ngati zowonjezera mufilimuyi. Koma tiyeni tibwerere ku Tobolsk kupanga.
Kumeneko timalekanitsa zopangirazo kukhala zigawo ndi tizigawo ting'onoting'ono, ndikukonza zinthuzo kukhala mpweya wamafuta amafuta (LPG). Liquefied gasi palokha ndi malonda okonzeka opangidwa omwe angaperekedwe kumsika ndi makasitomala. Propane, butane - zotengera gasi za nyumba zakumidzi, zitini zowonjezeretsa zoyatsira, mafuta okonda zachilengedwe agalimoto. Kawirikawiri, zonsezi zikhoza kugulitsidwa kwa wogula. Zomwe timachita pang'ono. Koma zomwe zimachitika ndi zida zina zonse, zomwe sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga gasi wamadzimadzi, ku Tobolsk komanso kumalo opangira makampani ku Tomsk, Perm, Tolyatti, Voronezh ndi mizinda ina yokhala ndi zomera zathu za petrochemical.
Malo olekanitsa gasi. Zida zamtundu
Kupanga
Ma polima
LPG imadutsa pa siteji ya pyrolysis (kapena njira zamakono zamakina), pomwe timapeza ma monomers ofunikira kwambiri popanga ma polima - ethylene ndi propylene. Munthu wamba samakumana ndi zinthu izi, chifukwa sizilowa mumsika waukulu. Timapanga ma monomers kukhala ma polima, omwe ndi ma granules apulasitiki. Nthawi zambiri, ma polima okha (polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, PET, polystyrene ndi ena) owoneka ngati ma granules amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake. Tsopano timapanga mitundu yonse yayikulu ya ma polima - polyethylene (polima wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi potengera matani), polypropylene PVC.
Madera akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi polyethylene ndi polypropylene ndi nyumba ndi ntchito zapagulu, kunyamula chakudya, zomangira, makampani opanga magalimoto, mankhwala komanso matewera.
Mavuni a pyrolysis
PVC mwina amadziwika kwa aliyense makamaka kuchokera mawindo apulasitiki ndi mapaipi. Zikafika pa polystyrene, mumaziwona pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga matirelo a masamba ndi zipatso m'masitolo akuluakulu; itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula zakudya zotengedwa m'malesitilanti ndi malo odyera. Koma timapanga mtundu wina wa polystyrene yokulitsidwa - yomanga, yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri pakutchinjiriza kwamafuta ku ubweya wa mchere ndi zida zina zotchinjiriza. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ming'oma yokopa zachilengedwe. Mukukumbukira Luzhkov? Iye ndi wokonda ming'oma ya thovu.
Mazira mu phukusi la thovu la polystyrene
Tsopano tikumanga chomera chachikulu kwambiri cha petrochemical ku Russian Federation ku Tobolsk, , yokhala ndi mphamvu yokwana matani 2 miliyoni a ma polima pachaka. Ngati mutenga zinthu zonse za chomerachi chaka chimodzi ndikupanga mapaipi apulasitiki kuchokera pamenepo, mutha kusintha mapaipi onse a dzimbiri mu Russian Federation (madzi opitilira 2 miliyoni).
25 kg thumba la polypropylene granules
Timagulitsa mapulasitiki mu ma granules - iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendetsera (mutha kutsanulira ma granules mu thumba la 25 kg kapena m'matumba akuluakulu a macenter angapo) komanso kuti mukonzenso mbewu yogula. Kumeneko mumangofunika kutsanulira pulasitiki iyi muzitsulo ndikusungunula pansi pa kukakamizidwa ndi kutentha komwe kumafunikira, kupanga maonekedwe omwe mukufuna ndikuwapatsa makhalidwe omwe mukufuna.
Ma granules apulasitiki ochepa
Chifukwa chiyani pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika kosiyana - chifukwa kuchokera ku polima yemweyo mungathe kupanga mitundu ingapo ya pulasitiki yomwe imasiyana ndi thupi ndi mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, ma granules omwewo angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga thumba la pulasitiki lopyapyala komanso chitoliro chokhazikika. Makasitomala, kulandira ma granules kuchokera kwa ife, amatha kuwonjezera zowonjezera kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Choncho, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pulasitiki yamtundu womwewo.
Timapanganso PET, yomwe Coca-Cola ndi PepsiCo amagwiritsa ntchito popanga makontena azinthu zawo.
Mpira
Ndisanayiwale. Timapanganso mphira. Pali ma rubber awiri padziko lapansi - zachilengedwe ndi zopangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo ndi kufunikira kwa zopangira zimamangiriridwa kwambiri pamtengo komanso kufunikira kwachilengedwe. Izi zidachitika kale, popeza mphira wachilengedwe adalowa pamsika. Labala wachilengedwe amasonkhanitsidwa ndi alimi m'maiko akumwera, kenako amawapereka kwa makampani opanga. Synthetic ndi mankhwala a petrochemical.
, gwero lalikulu la mphira wachilengedwe
Timagulitsa labala kumakampani amatayala mu briquettes.
Briquette ya Rubber
Makampani a matayala ndi omwe amagula labala kwambiri; timazipereka ku Bridgestone, Pirelli, Michelin, Continental ndi opanga ena. Nthawi yomweyo, zomwe ndizosowa kwambiri kumakampani aku Russia masiku ano, tili ndi matekinoloje apadera apadera. Mwachitsanzo, pamaziko a teknoloji yathu, pamodzi ndi abwenzi a ku India, tikumanga chomera chatsopano m'chigawo cha Gujarat (kutali ndi Goa).
Koma osati matayala okha - pambuyo pake, zina zambiri, zosadziwika bwino, komanso zinthu zofunika zimapangidwa kuchokera ku mphira. Izi ndi mitundu yonse ya ma casings, ma gaskets a magalimoto, zinthu zambiri za gawo la mapaipi, zomwe zimapezekanso m'nyumba iliyonse, ndi nsapato za nsapato.
Voronezhsintezkauchuk
Izi, mwa njira, ndi kukongola kwapadera kwa petrochemicals monga makampani. Mutha kutulutsa china chake ndikupita kukagulitsa, kapena mutha kupeza njira yosinthira ndikupeza zinthu zina zokhala ndi mtengo wowonjezera.
Kufotokozera mwachidule
Ziribe kanthu momwe zimamvekera, ma polima ndi zinthu zina za petrochemical zakhala zofunikira pamoyo wa anthu amakono. Mwa zina chifukwa zonsezi ndi zachilendo padziko lonse lapansi, pali nthano zambiri komanso nthano zowopsa zomwe zimati muyenera kusamala ndi zinthu zopangidwa mwachisawawa chifukwa ndi mankhwala. Mwa njira, mu imodzi mwazotsatira zotsatirazi, anzako amatsutsa nthano zambiri zodziwika bwino zakuti pulasitiki mu microwave imatsimikiziridwa kuti iwononge thanzi lanu ndi maganizo anu, ndipo soda yomwe mumakonda mu galasi nthawi zonse imakhala yabwino kuposa soda yemweyo mu botolo la pulasitiki.
*nthawi zonse, kupatula mayeso akhungu
Bonasi kwa iwo omwe amawerenga mpaka kumapeto ndi zojambula zathu, zomwe zimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane magawo ena opanga ma polima.
Source: www.habr.com