Quora: Kodi chodabwitsa kwambiri chomwe makompyuta apanga ndi chiyani?
Alan Kay: Ndikuyeserabe kuphunzira kuganiza bwino.
Ndikuganiza kuti yankho lidzakhala lofanana kwambiri ndi yankho la funso lakuti “chodabwitsa kwambiri nchiyani chimene kulemba (ndipo kenaka makina osindikizira) kwatheketsa.”
Sikuti kulemba ndi kusindikiza kunapangitsa kuti kuyenda kwamtundu wina kukhale kosiyana kotheratu mu nthawi ndi mlengalenga, chomwe chiri chinthu chodabwitsa komanso chofunikira, koma kuti njira yatsopano yoyendera malingaliro idawoneka chifukwa cha tanthauzo la kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga. lembani bwino. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti anthu odziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga amasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi chikhalidwe chapakamwa, komanso kuti mgwirizano pakati pa kulemba ndi chitukuko ulipo ndipo sichinangochitika mwangozi.
Zosintha zina zamakhalidwe zidachitika ndikubwera kwa kusindikiza, ndipo zosintha zonsezi ndizodabwitsa pang'ono, popeza aliyense wa iwo poyamba anali mtundu wa zomwe zidabwera kale: kujambula mawu ndi kusindikiza zomwe zidalembedwa. M'zochitika zonsezi, kusiyana kunali "chiyani china?" "Ndi chiyaninso?" zimagwirizana ndi "zosiyana" zomwe zimachitika munthu akamadziwa bwino chida chilichonse, makamaka chonyamula malingaliro ndi zochita.
Pali zambiri zomwe zitha kuwonjezeredwa pano zomwe zingadutse kutalika kwa yankho la Quora, koma choyamba tiyeni tiwone zomwe kulemba ndi kusindikiza kumatanthauza kufotokozera ndi kukangana. Njira zatsopano zolembera ndi kuwerenga zilipo tsopano mu mawonekedwe, kutalika, kapangidwe ndi mtundu wazinthu. Ndipo zonsezi zimachitika limodzi ndi mitundu yatsopano ya malingaliro.
Poganizira izi, funso likhoza kufunsidwa motere: zomwe zili zatsopano komanso zofunika kwambiri zomwe makompyuta amabweretsa. Ganizirani za zomwe zikutanthawuza kuti musamangofotokoza lingaliro, komanso kuti muzitha kufotokoza, kuzigwiritsa ntchito, ndi kufufuza zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro obisika m'njira zomwe sizinachitikepo. Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, yemwe adayambitsa kafukufuku woyamba wa ARPA yemwe adayambitsa umisiri wamakono wa makompyuta aumwini ndi maukonde opezeka paliponse, analemba mu 1960 (kutanthauzira pang'ono) kuti: "M'zaka zingapo, ubale pakati pa anthu ndi makompyuta udzayamba kuganiza motere , monga palibe amene akanaganizapo kale.”
Masomphenyawa poyamba adagwirizanitsidwa ndi zida zowonjezera ndi magalimoto, koma posakhalitsa adalandiridwa ngati masomphenya okulirapo a kusintha kwa mitundu yolankhulirana ndi njira zoganizira zomwe zingakhale zosinthika monga zomwe zimabweretsedwa ndi kulemba ndi kusindikiza.
Kuti timvetse zomwe zinachitika, tiyenera kungoyang'ana mbiri yakale yolemba ndi kusindikiza kuti tizindikire zotsatira ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri: (a) choyamba, kusintha kwakukulu kwa zaka 450 zapitazi momwe dziko lapansi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimawonekera kupyolera mu zopanga za sayansi yamakono ndi kasamalidwe, ndi (b) kuti anthu ambiri amene amawerenga konse kwenikweni makamaka amakonda zopeka, kudzithandiza okha ndi mabuku achipembedzo, mabuku ophikira, etc. (kutengera mabuku owerengedwa kwambiri a zaka 10 zapitazi ku America). Mitu yonse yomwe ingakhale yodziwika kwa aliyense wapampando.
Njira imodzi yowonera zimenezi ndi yakuti pamene njira yatsopano yamphamvu yodzifotokozera ibuka imene inalibe m’majini athu kuti ikhale mbali ya miyambo ya makolo, tiyenera kuidziŵa bwino ndi kuigwiritsa ntchito. Popanda maphunziro apadera, zoulutsira mawu zatsopano zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kupanga malingaliro akale. Panonso, zotsatira zikutiyembekezera, makamaka ngati njira zatsopano zofalitsira zidziwitso zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa zakale, zomwe zingayambitse glut zomwe zimakhala ngati mankhwala ovomerezeka (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mphamvu ya kusintha kwa mafakitale kupanga shuga ndi mafuta, kotero m'chilengedwe mungathe Padzakhala nkhani zambiri, nkhani, maudindo ndi njira zatsopano zolankhulirana.
Kumbali inayi, pafupifupi sayansi yonse ndi uinjiniya zimatheka chifukwa cha makompyuta, ndipo makamaka chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa makompyuta kutengera malingaliro (kuphatikiza "lingaliro loganiza" lokha), chifukwa cha thandizo lalikulu lomwe kusindikiza kwachitika kale. zopangidwa.
Einstein ananena kuti “sitingathe kuthetsa mavuto athu ndi maganizo ofanana ndi amene anawalenga.” Titha kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kuthetsa mavuto athu ambiri m'njira zatsopano.
Kumbali ina, tidzakhala m’vuto lalikulu ngati tigwiritsira ntchito makompyuta kupanga milingo yatsopano yamavuto amene mlingo wa kulingalira kwathu sunasinthidwe ndi umene uyenera kupeŵedwa ndi kuthetsedwa. Fanizo labwino limapezeka m'mawu akuti "zida za nyukiliya ndi zowopsa m'manja mwa munthu aliyense," koma "zida za nyukiliya zomwe zili m'manja mwa anthu ochita mapanga ndizoopsa kwambiri."
Mawu abwino a Vi Hart: "Tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti nzeru zaumunthu zimaposa mphamvu zaumunthu."
Ndipo sitipeza nzeru popanda kuchita khama, makamaka ndi ana amene angoyamba kumene kupanga malingaliro awo ponena za dziko limene anabadwiramo.
Kumasulira: Yana Shchekotova
Zambiri zolembedwa ndi Alan Kay
Source: www.habr.com