Woyamba kuchokera kumanzere ndi Marvin Minsky, wachiwiri kuchokera kumanzere ndi Alan Kay, kenako John Perry Barlow ndi Gloria Minsky.
Funso: Kodi mungatanthauzire bwanji lingaliro la Marvin Minsky lakuti βComputer Science ili kale ndi galamala. Chomwe amafunikira ndi mabuku."
Alan Kay: Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chojambulira (kuphatikizapo ndemanga) ndikuti palibe mbiri yakale ya lingaliro ili yomwe ingapezeke kulikonse. Ndipotu, zaka zoposa 50 zapitazo mu 60s panali zokamba zambiri za izi ndipo, monga ndikukumbukira, nkhani zingapo.
Ndidamva koyamba za lingaliro ili kuchokera kwa Bob Barton, mu 1967 ndili kusukulu yomaliza maphunziro, pomwe adandiuza kuti lingaliro ili linali gawo la chilimbikitso cha Donald Knuth pomwe adalemba Art of Programming, mitu yomwe idayamba kale kufalikira. Limodzi mwa mafunso akuluakulu a Bob panthawiyo linali lokhudza "zilankhulo zopanga mapulogalamu opangidwa kuti aziwerengedwa ndi anthu komanso makina." Ndipo ndicho chinali chilimbikitso chachikulu cha magawo a COBOL mapangidwe koyambirira kwa 60s. Ndipo, mwina chofunikira kwambiri pamutu wamutuwu, lingaliro ili likuwoneka muchilankhulo choyambirira komanso chopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri cha JOSS (makamaka Cliff Shaw).
Monga Frank Smith adawonera, zolemba zimayamba ndi malingaliro oyenera kukambirana ndi kulemba; nthawi zambiri imapanga zoyimira pang'ono ndikukulitsa zilankhulo ndi mawonekedwe omwe alipo; kumabweretsa malingaliro atsopano okhudza kuwerenga ndi kulemba; ndipo potsirizira pake ku malingaliro atsopano amene sanali mbali ya cholinga choyambirira.
Gawo la lingaliro la "literaturization" ndikuwerenga, kulemba, ndikulozera ku zolemba zina zomwe zingakhale zosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani ya Marvin Minsky Turing Award imayamba ndi: .
Chimene ankatanthauza chinali chakuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa kompyuta ndi tanthauzo ndi momwe angawonedwe ndi kuyimiridwa, mosiyana ndi imodzi mwa mitu yayikulu ya zaka za m'ma 60 za momwe mungasankhire mapulogalamu ndi zilankhulo zachilengedwe. Kwa iye, chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa chiphunzitso cha wophunzira wa Master Terry Winograd chingakhale chakuti ngakhale sichinali cholondola kwambiri ponena za galamala ya Chingelezi (zinali zabwino kwambiri), koma kuti zikhoza kumveka bwino zomwe zinanenedwa ndi kulungamitsa zomwe zinali. adatero pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo uwu. (Izi ndikubweza zomwe Ken akunena pa blog ya Marvin).
Njira yofananira yowonera "kuphunzira chilankhulo kulikonse." Zambiri zitha kuchitika popanda kusintha chilankhulo kapena kuwonjezera mtanthauzira mawu. Izi ndizofanana ndi momwe zilembo zamasamu ndi masinthidwe ndizosavuta kulemba fomula. Izi ndi zina zomwe Marvin akupeza. Ndizoseketsa kuti makina a Turing m'buku la Marvin Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines (limodzi mwa mabuku omwe ndimawakonda) ndi kompyuta yomwe ili ndi malangizo awiri (onjezani 1 kuti mulembetse ndikuchotsa 1 kuchokera ku registry ndi nthambi kupita ku malangizo atsopano ngati kulembetsa kuli kochepa kuposa 0 - pali zosankha zambiri.)
Ndi chilankhulo chodziwika bwino, koma dziwani zovuta zake. Njira yabwino yothetsera "kuphunzitsidwa konsekonse" iyeneranso kukhala ndi mitundu ina ya mphamvu zowonetsera zomwe zingatenge nthawi yambiri kuti muphunzire.
Chidwi cha Don pa zomwe zimatchedwa "mapulogalamu odziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga" zinapangitsa kuti pakhale dongosolo lolembera (lomwe kale linkatchedwa WEB) lomwe likanalola Don kuti afotokoze pulogalamu yomwe inali kulembedwa, komanso yomwe ili ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zinalola kuti mbali za pulogalamuyi zitheke. yotengedwa kuti iphunzire anthu. Lingaliro linali loti chikalata cha WEB chinali pulogalamu, ndipo wophatikizayo amatha kuchotsa magawo omwe adapangidwa ndi omwe angathe kuchitapo.
Kupanga kwina koyambilira kunali lingaliro la media media, lomwe linali lingaliro lodziwika bwino chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 60s, ndipo kwa ambiri aife chinali gawo lofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a PC. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zingapo za lingaliroli chinali kukhala ndi chinachake chonga "Mfundo za Newton" zomwe "masamu" zinali zamphamvu ndipo zimatha kuyendetsedwa ndikumangirizidwa ku zojambula, etc. Ichi chinali mbali ya cholinga cholimbikitsa lingaliro la Dynabook mu 1968 chaka. Mawu amodzi omwe adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyo anali "nkhani yogwira ntchito," pomwe mitundu ya zolemba ndi zotsutsana zomwe munthu angayembekezere m'nkhaniyo zimalimbikitsidwa ndi pulogalamu yolumikizirana kukhala imodzi mwamitundu yambiri yankhani zamtundu watsopano.
Zitsanzo zina zabwino kwambiri zinapangidwa mu Hypercard ndi Ted Cuyler mwiniwake kumapeto kwa 80s ndi oyambirira 90s. Hypercard sinakonzedwere mwachindunji izi - zolembedwa sizinali zinthu zama media pamakhadi, koma mutha kugwira ntchito ndikupeza zolemba kuti ziwonetsedwe pamakhadi ndikupangitsa kuti azilumikizana. Chitsanzo chokopa kwambiri chinali "Weasel", yomwe inali nkhani yogwira mtima yofotokoza gawo la buku la Richard Dawkins Blind Watchmaker, lolola owerenga kuyesa chimango chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yobereketsa kuti apeze ziganizo zomwe akufuna.
Ndikoyenera kulingalira kuti ngakhale Hypercard inali yoyenera kwambiri pa intaneti yomwe ikubwera-komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwake koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 90-anthu omwe adapanga intaneti anasankha kusalandira kapena malingaliro akuluakulu a Engelbart. Ndipo Apple, yomwe inali ndi anthu ambiri a ARPA / Parc m'mapiko ake ofufuza, inakana kuwamvera za kufunika kwa intaneti ndi momwe Hypercard ingakhalire yabwino poyambitsa ndondomeko yowerengera yowerengera. Apple idakana kupanga msakatuli panthawi yomwe msakatuli wabwino kwambiri akadakhala chitukuko chachikulu, ndipo mwina adachita gawo lalikulu momwe "nkhope yapagulu" ya intaneti idakhalira.
Ngati tipita patsogolo zaka zingapo timapeza zopanda pake - pafupifupi zonyansa - za msakatuli wopanda dongosolo lenileni lachitukuko (ganizirani momwe chitukuko cha wiki chikuyenera kugwira ntchito), ndipo monga chimodzi mwazitsanzo zambiri zosavuta, nkhani ya Wikipedia. monga LOGO , yomwe imagwira ntchito pa kompyuta, koma salola wowerenga nkhaniyi kuti ayese pulogalamu ya LOGO kuchokera m'nkhaniyi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zomwe zinali zofunika pamakompyuta zidatsekedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito poteteza machitidwe osiyanasiyana akale.
Ndikoyenera kulingalira kuti Wikipedia yakhala ndipo ndiyo mtundu woyamba wa kuganiza, kupanga, kukhazikitsa, ndi kulemba "mabuku a makompyuta" omwe amafunika (ndipo izi zimaphatikizapo kuwerenga ndi kulemba mumitundu yambiri ya multimedia, kuphatikizapo mapulogalamu).
Chomwe chili choyenera kuganizira ndichakuti sindingathe kulemba pulogalamu pano mu yankho la Quora ili - mu 2017! - izi zithandiza kuwonetsa zomwe ndikuyesera kufotokoza, ngakhale pali mphamvu yayikulu yamakompyuta yomwe ili ndi lingaliro lofooka la media media. Funso lofunika kwambiri ndilakuti "chinachitika ndi chiyani?" kumanyalanyazidwa kotheratu apa.
Kuti mudziwe za vutoli, nayi dongosolo la 1978 lomwe tidawaukitsa zaka zingapo zapitazo ngati msonkho kwa Ted Nelson komanso mwanjira ina zosangalatsa.
(Chonde onani apa pa 2:15)
Dongosolo lonse ndikuyesa koyambirira pazomwe ndikunena zaka 40 zapitazo.
Chitsanzo chabwino chikhoza kuwonedwa pa 9:06.
Kupatula "zinthu zamphamvu", chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pano ndikuti "mawonedwe" - zowulutsa zomwe zimawoneka patsamba - zitha kukonzedwa mofanana komanso mosadalira zomwe zili (timawatcha "zitsanzo"). Chilichonse ndi "zenera" (ena ali ndi malire omveka ndipo ena samawonetsa malire awo). Zonse zalembedwa patsamba la polojekiti. Chidziwitso china chinali chakuti popeza muyenera kupanga ndikuphatikiza zinthu zina, onetsetsani kuti zonse ndi zolembedwa komanso zolembedwa.
Ndikuganiza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito opanda nzeru angathe kukhululukidwa chifukwa cholephera kutsutsa mapangidwe oipa. Koma opanga mapulogalamu omwe amapanga zoulutsira mawu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, komanso omwe samasamala kuphunzira za media ndi mapangidwe, makamaka kuchokera ku mbiri ya gawo lawo, sayenera kuthawa mosavuta ndipo sayenera kulipidwa chifukwa chotero. iwo ali βofookaβ.
Pomaliza, gawo lopanda mabuku enieni limakhala lofanana ndi kuti munda si munda. Zolemba ndi njira yosungira malingaliro abwino mumtundu watsopano, komanso malingaliro apano ndi amtsogolo m'mundawu. Izi, ndithudi, sizipezeka m'mawerengedwe pamlingo uliwonse wothandiza. Monga chikhalidwe cha pop, makompyuta akadali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zomwe zingatheke popanda maphunziro ambiri, komanso kumene kuphedwa kuli kofunika kwambiri kuposa zotsatira za zotsatira. Zolemba ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe mungasunthire kuchokera ku zosavuta komanso zachangu kupita ku zazikulu komanso zofunika kwambiri.
Tikufuna!
Za GoTo School
- June 17-30, July 15-28, August 12-25
Source: www.habr.com