AMD idakhazikitsidwa ndendende zaka 50 zapitazo ndikuyambira likulu la $50 zikwi

Makampani a semiconductor ndi aang'ono kwambiri, ndipo makampani akuluakulu ambiri angotsala zaka makumi angapo. Koma palinso omenyera nkhondo omwe amakondwerera zaka zawo za theka la zaka. Izi zikuphatikiza Intel (yomwe kukondwerera Zaka 50 kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa chaka chatha) komanso mpikisano wake wautali wa AMD. Tikukupemphani kuti mukumbukire zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yolemera ya kampaniyo, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa Meyi 1, 1969 ndi likulu ku Sunnyvale (California) yokhala ndi likulu lovomerezeka la $ 50 zikwizikwi zokha.

Mtsogoleri woyamba wa AMD, mu Seputembara 1969, anali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa nawo, a Jerry Sanders, omwe adatsogolera kampaniyo zaka 33 zochititsa chidwi asadasiye ntchito mu Epulo 2002. Kampaniyo imanyadira kuti imodzi mwamawu ake odziwika bwino inali "Chinthu chachikulu ndi anthu, ndipo zogulitsa ndi ndalama zidzatsata," zomwe AMD imayesetsa kutsatira lero.

Kupambana kwakukulu kwa kampaniyi kunali kutulutsidwa mu Seputembara 1970 kwa makina oyamba a binary / hexadecimal logic, Am2501 (mapangidwe ake a AMD), omwe adachita bwino kwambiri pamsika ndipo adakhala gawo lalikulu pamsika wonse. . Zaka ziwiri zina zinadutsa, ndipo mu September 1972 kampaniyo inapita poyera: magawo 500 zikwizikwi adaperekedwa pamtengo wa $ 15,5 iliyonse: $ 7,2 miliyoni adakwezedwa monga gawo la zopereka zoyamba zoperekedwa kwa anthu pa malonda.

M'zaka zoyambirira za kukhalapo kwake, AMD, kuwonjezera pa tchipisi tawo, idapanganso mapurosesa pansi pa chilolezo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1975, kampaniyo inasaina pangano lopereka ziphaso ndi Intel ndipo inayamba kumasula purosesa yake yoyamba ya PC (am9080, yofanana ndi Intel 8080), yopangidwa ndi AMD yochokera ku reverse engineering, yomwe inali yogwirizana ndi yoyambirira mu malangizo. adakhazikitsa, koma nthawi yomweyo 40% adachita bwino kwambiri.

Chochitika chachikulu pakampani chinali kusaina pangano ndi IBM mu 1982, pomwe AMD idakhala gawo lachiwiri la ma microprocessors a IBM PC yokhala ndi zomangamanga za iAPX86. Mu February 1986, AMD idakhazikitsa chip EPROM choyambirira cha megabit (65K × 16-bit) chowerengera chokha padziko lapansi, chopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera ya AMD ya CMOS. Chogulitsacho chinalola opanga kuti awonetsere mwachangu ndikusintha mayankho awo pamisika yosiyanasiyana.

Mu Marichi 1991, AMD idayambitsa banja la Am386 la mapurosesa, ogwirizana ndi mapurosesa a 32-bit 80386 - anali otchuka ngati ma analogue otsika mtengo ku mayankho a Intel. Mu Epulo 1993, Am486 idalowa pamsika, yomwe idaposa 20% ya analogue ya Intel ndipo inali ndi mtengo womwewo. Zonsezi zinali, kwenikweni, ma clones a Intel solutions.

Marichi 1996 adawona purosesa yodziwika bwino ya 350 nm AMD-K5, purosesa yoyamba yodzipanga yokha ya x86 kuti igwirizane ndi pad ya mpikisano koma kutengera kamangidwe ka RISC. Malangizo okhazikika adasinthidwa kukhala ma microinstructions, omwe adathandizira kwambiri kupanga zokolola. Koma AMD sinathe kupitilira Intel pafupipafupi nthawi ino.

Kutulutsidwa kwa tchipisi ta AMD-K6 mu Epulo 1997 kunapangitsa kuti zichepetse mtengo wa PC kwa nthawi yoyamba pansi pamalingaliro a $1000. Tchipisi ta 250 nm izi zidatengera zomwe NextGen akupanga komanso kamangidwe kena ka RISC kochokera ku Nx686. AMD idadalira kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito, popeza sikunali kotheka kumenya Pentium II. Zomangamanga za K6 zidasinthidwa kangapo (ma seti angapo a malangizo adawonjezedwa ku K6 II pansi pa dzina laukadaulo la 3DNow!, ndipo cache ya L6 idawonjezedwa ku K2 III).

Komabe, kupambana kwenikweni kwa AMD kunabweranso mu June 1999 ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapurosesa a m'badwo wachisanu ndi chiwiri, wotchuka wa Athlon, zomwe zinalola kampaniyo kuti iwononge kanjedza ku Intel. Awa analinso mapurosesa oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa m'malo mwa aluminiyamu.

Mu Marichi 2000, Athlon 1000 idatulutsidwa, yomwe kwa nthawi yoyamba pamakampani idafika pa liwiro la wotchi ya 1 GHz. Ndipo kale mu June 2001, nthawi ya mapurosesa amakono amitundu yambiri idayamba ndi kutulutsidwa kwa MP wa Athlon. Mwa njira, Athlon MP inali yankho loyamba la AMD lopangidwa ndi diso pa seva ndi msika wogulitsa.

Pa Epulo 25, 2002, CEO watsopano, Hector Ruiz, yemwe adagwirapo ntchito ngati COO ndi Purezidenti kuyambira Januware 2000 ndipo m'mbuyomu adayang'anira gawo la Motorola's semiconductor product, adatenga udindo woyang'anira AMD. Kumayambiriro kwa Januware 2003, idachita mgwirizano ndi IBM kuti ipange ukadaulo wopangira limodzi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba komanso zida, kuphatikiza ma transistors a SOI (silicon on insulator), ma interconnects amkuwa ndikuwongolera ma insulators otsika a dielectric.

Mu Epulo 2003, purosesa yoyamba ya x86 padziko lonse lapansi yokhala ndi zomangamanga za 64-bit, yomwe tsopano yakhala yachizolowezi, idawonekera. Inali AMD64 yochokera pa seva Opteron. Kale mu Seputembala, ogwiritsa ntchito PC adalandiranso tchipisi ta 64-bit ngati mawonekedwe a Athlon 64 FX, omwe adawonedwa kuti ndiwotsogola kwambiri komanso amphamvu opanga ogula pamsika.

Chochitika chambiri chotsatira chinali kupezeka mu Okutobala 2006 kwa $5,4 biliyoni ya ATI Technologies, m'modzi mwa opanga makadi apakanema otsogola panthawiyo. Ndi gulu ili, lomwe likusintha pang'onopang'ono kapangidwe kake, lomwe limayang'anira ma GPU onse omwe amapangidwa pansi pa mtundu wa Radeon. Makhadi amakanema adakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pabizinesi yakampaniyo ndipo gawo latsopanoli la msika lidathandizira kupulumuka nthawi zovuta.

Mu Seputembala 2007, purosesa yoyamba yapadziko lonse ya 4-core single-chip idakhazikitsidwa, yoimiridwa ndi AMD Opteron. Idalandiranso ukadaulo wa Rapid Virtualization Indexing pantchito zowonera. Mu June 2008, AMD inayambitsa FireSteam 9250 ngati GPU yoyamba kupitirira chizindikiro cha 1 teraflops peak performance computing. Inali njira yapadera yowerengera zolinga zofanana kwambiri.

Patatha mwezi umodzi, mu Julayi 2008, AMD idasinthanso CEO ndi purezidenti - Dirk Meyer, yemwe adagwira ntchito kukampani kuyambira 1995 ndipo adagwira nawo ntchito yoyambirira ya Athlon. Tsoka ilo kampaniyo, inali pansi pake kuti, kuti akwaniritse bwino ndalama, madera ambiri olonjeza adatsekedwa, kuphatikiza kupanga makina amtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa ARM - mu Januware 2009, Qualcomm adapeza Imageon IP (zithunzi zamafoni za ATI) ndi akupitilizabe kukulitsa mu Adreno GPUs (dzina ili ndi anagram ya Radeon).

Mu Marichi 2009, kampaniyo idaganiza zoyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga chip, kulekanitsa kupanga kukhala mgwirizano watsopano ndi Arab ATIC, GlobalFoundries. Zotsirizirazi zidakhalapo bwino, koma osati kale kwambiri eni ake adasiya mpikisano ndi TSMC, Samsung ndi ena opanga ma semiconductor otsogola ndikuchepetsa ntchito yopanga miyezo yapamwamba ya 7-nm.

Makhadi amakanema okhala ndi ma frequency pamwamba pa 1 GHz sizodabwitsa lero, koma zoyambira zotere zinali ATI Radeon HD 2009 mu Meyi 4890, yomwe idapangidwa m'matembenuzidwe opangidwa ndi fakitale ya GPU kupita ku 1 GHz ndi kuziziritsa kwa mpweya. Ndipo mu Seputembala 2009, ukadaulo wa ATI Eyefinity unayambitsidwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kulumikiza mawonedwe asanu ndi limodzi owoneka bwino pakhadi limodzi lamavidiyo.

Kutenga kwa ATI makamaka kunali kophatikiza ma GPU ndi ma CPU kukhala chinthu chimodzi, ndipo mu June 2010, AMD idawonetsa purosesa yake yoyamba yothamanga ku Computex 2010. Ndipo mu Januwale 2011, APU yoyamba ya single-chip idatulutsidwa pamsika.

Mu Ogasiti 2011, udindo wa mutu wa kampaniyo udasamutsidwa kwa Rory Read, yemwe adachoka paudindo womwewo kuchokera ku Lenovo Gulu. Mu June 2012, pofuna chitetezo (makamaka malipiro osiyanasiyana a pa intaneti), maziko apadera ozikidwa pa teknoloji ya ARM TrustZone adayambitsidwa mu mapurosesa a AMD. Komabe, Reed sanakhalebe mu udindo wake kwa nthawi yaitali - mu October 2014, kampaniyo inatsogoleredwa ndi mtsogoleri wake Lisa Su.

Mu 2012, AMD idakhazikitsa kamangidwe katsopano kazithunzi, Graphics Core Next (GCN). Khadi loyamba la kanema linali Radeon HD 7770. GCN inayambitsa chithandizo cha x86 yolankhulana ndi malo ogwirizana adiresi ya CPU ndi GPU, malangizo a RISC SIMD anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa VLIW MIMD ya GPGPU, ndipo kusintha kwina kunapangidwa. Mpaka pano, kamangidwe kameneka, kamene kamasintha, ndiye maziko a makampani opanga mafilimu.

Inali GCN yomwe idapanga maziko a ma Xbox One ndi PlayStation 2013 amakono omwe adatulutsidwa mu 2014-4 - makina onsewa adakhazikitsidwa pamitundu yofananira (yokhala ndi ma nuances osiyanasiyana) AMD single-chip machitidwe okhala ndi 8 Jaguar CPU cores ndi manambala osiyanasiyana a kompyuta ya GPU. mayunitsi. Akukhulupirira kuti zomangamanga zatsopano za GPU zochokera ku AMD zidzakhala Navi, zopangidwira PS5 ndi Xbox Next.

Mu Novembala 2014, AMD idakhazikitsa njira yotseguka yolumikizira mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe azithunzi - FreeSync, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti VESA Adaptive Sync ndipo, pambuyo pa thandizo laposachedwa lochokera ku NVIDIA monga gawo la kuyanjana kwa G-Sync, yakhala, makampani. muyezo. Tekinolojeyi imakulolani kuti muchotse kung'ambika kwa chimango, ndikukwaniritsa kuyankha kochepa komanso malo osangalatsa amasewera.

Mu June 2015, kampaniyo idatulutsa khadi yoyamba ya kanema yomwe imaphatikiza kukumbukira kwachangu kwa HBM ndi GPU mu phukusi limodzi - chithunzithunzi cha AMD Radeon R9 Fury X chinalandira bandwidth yayikulu kwambiri ndikuchulukitsa katatu magwiridwe antchito pa watt wa GDDR kukumbukira m'badwo wakale.

AMD yakhala yopanda chiyembekezo kumbuyo kwa Intel pankhani ya magwiridwe antchito a CPU kuyambira masiku a K10 ndi Bulldozer, koma mu June 2016 kuwala kudayamba kuwala: kampaniyo idawonetsa koyamba purosesa yotengera kapangidwe katsopano ka x86 Zen ka AM4 pad. . Inali 8-core, 16-thread chip yomwe, mu Disembala 2016, idakhala m'badwo woyamba wa ma Ryzen CPU amphamvu, kukakamiza Intel kusuntha ndikuyambanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma cores. Palibe zodabwitsa, chifukwa cha kutulutsidwa kwa ma processor a AMD Threadripper kwa okonda. M'chilimwe cha 2017, zomangamanga za Zen zidalowa mumsika wa seva chifukwa cha banja la EPYC.

Novembala watha, kampaniyo idayambitsa 7nm GPU yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi ya malo opangira data mu mawonekedwe a Radeon Instinct MI60 ndi MI40 yophunzirira makina ndi ntchito zofananira zamakompyuta. Chaka chino, 7nm Radeon VII yoyamba idatulutsidwa, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapurosesa apamwamba a 7nm Ryzen 3000 kutengera kamangidwe ka Zen 2 ndi makadi avidiyo a 7nm ozikidwa pa Navi GPUs akuyembekezeka posachedwa. Nthawi zambiri, AMD ikukwera, ndipo kampani yomwe ili ndi mbiri yazaka za zana limodzi idakali ndi zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zasungidwa, monga nsanja ya Google Stadia.

Source: 3dnews.ru