Kusanthula Kudalirika kwa Zida Zamagetsi Zomwe Zimagwedezeka ndi Kugwedezeka-Chidule

Journal: Shock and Vibration 16 (2009) 45-59
Olemba: Robin Alastair Amy, Guglielmo S. Aglietti (E-mail: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]), ndi Guy Richardson
Ogwirizana ndi Olemba: Gulu la Astronautical Research Group, University of Southampton, School of Engineering Sciences, Southampton, UK
Surrey Satellite Technology Limited, Guildford, Surrey, UK

Copyright 2009 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Iyi ndi nkhani yotseguka yopezeka yoperekedwa pansi pa Creative Commons Attribution License, yomwe imalola kugwiritsa ntchito mopanda malire, kugawa, ndi kutulutsa munjira iliyonse, malinga ngati ntchito yoyambirira yatchulidwa moyenera.

Mawu. M'tsogolomu, zikuyembekezeredwa kuti zida zonse zamakono zamakono zidzakhala ndi ntchito zowonjezereka pamene zikukhalabe ndi mphamvu yopirira kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka. Njira yodziwiratu kudalirika ndizovuta chifukwa cha kuyankha kovuta komanso kulephera kwa zida zamagetsi, kotero njira zomwe zilipo panopa ndizosagwirizana pakati pa kuwerengera kulondola ndi mtengo.
Kuneneratu kodalirika komanso kofulumira kwa kudalirika kwa zida zamagetsi pamene zikugwira ntchito pansi pa katundu wosunthika ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakampani. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa mavuto pakulosera kudalirika kwa zida zamagetsi zomwe zimachepetsa zotsatira. Tiyeneranso kuganiziridwa kuti chitsanzo chodalirika nthawi zambiri chimamangidwa poganizira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zamagulu angapo ofanana. Magulu anayi a njira zolosera zodalirika (njira zolozera, data yoyesera, data yoyesera komanso kutengera zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera - fiziki yolephera) akufaniziridwa m'nkhaniyi kuti asankhe kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi kapena ina. Zimadziwika kuti zolephera zambiri pazida zamagetsi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamafuta, koma ndemangayi imayang'ana zolephera zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kugwedezeka komanso kugwedezeka panthawi yogwira ntchito.

Ndemanga za womasulira. Nkhaniyi ndi ndemanga ya zolemba pamutuwu. Ngakhale kuti ndi ukalamba, imakhala ngati chiyambi chabwino kwambiri cha vuto la kuyesa kudalirika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana.

1. Terminology

BGA Ball Grid Array.
DIP Dual In-line processor, yomwe nthawi zina imadziwika kuti Dual In-line Package.
FE Finite Element.
PGA Pin Grid Array.
PCB Printed Circuit Board, yomwe nthawi zina imadziwika kuti PWB (Printed Wiring Board).
PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier.
PTH Yokutidwa Kupyolera Mbowo, nthawi zina imadziwika kuti Pin Through Hole.
QFP Quad Flat Pack - yomwe imadziwikanso kuti phiko la gull.
SMA Shape Memory Alloys.
SMT Surface Mount Technology.

Chidziwitso kuchokera kwa olemba oyamba: M'nkhaniyi, mawu oti "gawo" amatanthauza chipangizo china chamagetsi chomwe chingagulitsidwe ku bolodi losindikizidwa; mawu akuti "phukusi" amatanthauza chigawo chilichonse cha dera lophatikizika (makamaka chigawo chilichonse cha SMT kapena DIP). Mawu akuti "magawo ophatikizidwa" amatanthauza gulu lililonse losindikizidwa losindikizidwa kapena gawo, kutsindika kuti zigawo zomwe zaphatikizidwazo zimakhala ndi misa komanso kuuma kwawo. (Kupaka kwa Crystal ndi momwe zimakhudzira kudalirika sizikukambidwa m'nkhaniyo, motero mawu akuti "phukusi" angawoneke ngati "chochitika" chamtundu wina - pafupifupi transl.)

2. Ndemanga ya vuto

Zowopsa komanso zogwedezeka zomwe zimayikidwa pa PCB zimayambitsa kupsinjika pagawo la PCB, maphukusi azinthu, mayendedwe azinthu, ndi ma solder. Zopanikizika izi zimayambitsidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa mphindi zopindika mu bolodi lozungulira komanso kuchuluka kwa chigawocho. Muzochitika zovuta kwambiri, kupsinjika kumeneku kungayambitse imodzi mwazinthu zolephera izi: PCB delamination, kulephera kwa mgwirizano wa solder, kulephera kwa kutsogolera, kapena kulephera kwa phukusi. Ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zolephera izi chichitika, kulephera kwathunthu kwa chipangizocho kungatsatire. Njira yolephera yomwe imachitika panthawi yogwira ntchito imadalira mtundu wa ma CD, katundu wa bolodi losindikizidwa, komanso mafupipafupi ndi matalikidwe a mphindi zopindika ndi mphamvu zopanda mphamvu. Kupita patsogolo kwapang'onopang'ono pakuwunika kudalirika kwa zida zamagetsi kumachitika chifukwa chophatikiza zinthu zambiri zolowa ndi njira zolephera zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

Gawo lotsalalo liyesa kufotokoza zovuta zoganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana panthawi imodzi.

Chinthu choyamba chovuta kuganizira ndi mitundu yambiri ya phukusi yomwe ilipo mumagetsi amakono, chifukwa phukusi lililonse likhoza kulephera pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Zigawo zolemera zimakhala zosavuta kunyamula katundu, pamene kuyankha kwa zigawo za SMT kumadalira kwambiri kupindika kwa bolodi la dera. Chotsatira chake, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku, mitundu iyi ya zigawo zimakhala ndi zosiyana zosiyana zolephera kutengera kulemera kapena kukula. Vutoli likukulirakulirabe chifukwa cha kuwonekera kosalekeza kwa zigawo zatsopano zomwe zikupezeka pamsika. Choncho, njira iliyonse yolosera yodalirika iyenera kusinthidwa ndi zigawo zatsopano kuti zikhale ndi ntchito yothandiza mtsogolomu. Kuyankha kwa bolodi losindikizidwa lozungulira kugwedezeka kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuuma ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo, zomwe zimakhudza kuyankha kwanuko kwa bolodi losindikizidwa. Zimadziwika kuti zolemera kwambiri kapena zazikuluzikulu zimasintha kwambiri mayankho a bolodi kuti agwedezeke m'malo omwe amayikidwa. PCB makina katundu (Young modulus ndi makulidwe) zingakhudze kudalirika m'njira zovuta kulosera.

PCB yolimba imatha kuchepetsa nthawi yonse yoyankhira ya PCB yolemedwa, koma nthawi yomweyo, imatha kukulitsa nthawi yopindika yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthuzo (Kuphatikizanso, kuchokera pakulephera komwe kumapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto, ndibwino kufotokoza zambiri. PCB yogwirizana, popeza izi zimachepetsa kupsinjika kwamafuta komwe kumayikidwa pamapaketi - cholemba cha wolemba). Mafupipafupi ndi matalikidwe a mphindi zopindika m'deralo ndi katundu wosakhazikika zomwe zimayikidwa pa stack zimathandizanso kulephera komwe kungatheke. High pafupipafupi otsika matalikidwe katundu kungayambitse kutopa kulephera kwa dongosolo, amene angakhale chifukwa chachikulu cha kulephera (otsika/mkulu cyclic kutopa, LCF amatanthauza zolephera wolamulidwa ndi mapindikidwe pulasitiki (N_f <10 ^ 6), pamene HCF amatanthauza mapindikidwe zotanuka. kulephera , kawirikawiri (N_f > 10^6 ) kulephera [56] - zolemba za wolemba) Kukonzekera komaliza kwa zinthu pa bolodi losindikizidwa la dera lidzatsimikizira chomwe chimayambitsa kulephera, zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa chigawo chimodzi chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi katundu wa inertial. kapena kupindika kwanuko. Pomaliza, ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe zinthu zimakhudzira anthu komanso mawonekedwe ake, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wa kulephera kwa zida.

Poganizira kuchuluka kwazinthu zolowera ndi kuyanjana kwawo kovutirapo, zimamveka bwino chifukwa chake njira yothandiza yolosera kudalirika kwa zida zamagetsi sizinapangidwebe. Mmodzi mwa ndemanga zolembedwa ndi olemba pankhaniyi akufotokozedwa mu IEEE [26]. Komabe, kuwunikaku kumayang'ana kwambiri m'magulu odalirika amitundu yodalirika, monga njira yolosera kudalirika kuchokera muzolemba zamawu, zoyeserera, kutengera makompyuta amikhalidwe yolephera (Physics-of-Failure Reliability (PoF)), ndipo sichithana ndi zolephera. mwatsatanetsatane mokwanira chifukwa cha kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka. Foucher et al. [17] tsatirani ndondomeko yofanana ndi ndemanga ya IEEE, ndikugogomezera kwambiri kulephera kwa kutentha. Kufupikitsa kwam'mbuyo kwa kusanthula kwa njira za PoF, makamaka monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pakulephera kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka, ziyenera kuganiziridwanso. Ndemanga yonga ya IEEE ili mkati mopangidwa ndi AIAA, koma kuchuluka kwa kuwunikira sikudziwika pakadali pano.

3. Chisinthiko cha njira zolosera zodalirika

Njira yoyamba yolosera zodalirika, yomwe idapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1960, ikufotokozedwa mu MIL-HDBK-217F [44] (Mil-Hdbk-217F ndiye kukonzanso kwaposachedwa komanso komaliza kwa njirayo, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 1995 - cholemba cha wolemba) Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito. nkhokwe yakulephera kwa zida zamagetsi kupeza moyo wautumiki wa gulu losindikizidwa lomwe lili ndi zigawo zina. Njirayi imadziwika kuti ndi njira yolosera kudalirika kuchokera kuzinthu zodziwika bwino komanso zolemba zokhazikika. Ngakhale Mil-Hdbk-217F ikuchulukirachulukira, njira yofotokozera ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito lero. Zoperewera ndi zolakwika za njirayi zalembedwa bwino [42,50], zomwe zatsogolera ku chitukuko cha magulu atatu a njira zina: makompyuta a makompyuta a zochitika zolephera za thupi (PoF), deta yoyesera, ndi deta yoyesa kumunda.

Njira za PoF zimaneneratu kudalirika mosanthula popanda kudalira zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa kale. Njira zonse za PoF zili ndi mikhalidwe iwiri yofananira ya njira yachikale yofotokozedwa ku Steinberg [62]: choyamba, kuyankha kwa kugwedezeka kwa bolodi losindikizidwa kumalo olimbikitsa kugwedezeka kumafufuzidwa, ndiye kuti njira zolephereka za magawo amtundu uliwonse pambuyo pa kugwedezeka kumayesedwa. Kupita patsogolo kofunikira mu njira za PoF kwakhala kugwiritsa ntchito ma board ogawidwa (owerengeka) kuti apange masamu a bolodi yosindikizidwa [54], yomwe yachepetsa kwambiri zovuta komanso nthawi yowerengera molondola kuyankha kwa kugwedezeka kwa chosindikizidwa. gulu lozungulira (onani Gawo 8.1.3). Zomwe zachitika posachedwa munjira za PoF zathandizira kuneneratu za kulephera kwaukadaulo wapamtunda (SMT) zomwe zidagulitsidwa; komabe, kupatulapo njira ya Barkers [59], njira zatsopanozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosakaniza zenizeni za zigawo ndi mapepala osindikizira. Pali njira zochepa zomwe zilipo pazinthu zazikulu monga ma transformer kapena ma capacitor akuluakulu.
Njira zama data zoyeserera zimakweza luso ndi kuthekera kwachitsanzo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito munjira zolosera zodalirika potengera mabuku ofotokozera. Njira yoyamba yochokera ku data yoyesera yodziwiratu kudalirika kwa zipangizo zamagetsi inafotokozedwa mu pepala la 1999 pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya HIRAP (Honeywell In-service Reliability Assessment Program), yomwe inapangidwa ku Honeywell, Inc. [20]. Njira ya deta yoyesera ili ndi ubwino wambiri kuposa njira zodziwira kudalirika pogwiritsa ntchito zolemba ndi zolemba zovomerezeka. Posachedwapa, njira zambiri zofananira zawonekera (REMM ndi TRACS [17], komanso FIDES [16]). Njira ya deta yoyesera, komanso njira yodziwiratu kudalirika pogwiritsa ntchito zolemba ndi zolemba zovomerezeka, sizilola kuti tiganizire mokhutiritsa makonzedwe a bolodi ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito ntchito yake poyesa kudalirika. Kuperewera kumeneku kungawongoleredwe pogwiritsa ntchito deta yolephera kuchokera ku matabwa omwe ali ofanana ndi mapangidwe, kapena kuchokera ku matabwa omwe awonetsedwa ndi machitidwe ofanana.

Njira zoyeserera za data zimatengera kupezeka kwa nkhokwe yayikulu yokhala ndi data yakuwonongeka pakapita nthawi. Mtundu uliwonse wolephera mu databaseyi uyenera kudziwidwa molondola ndipo gwero lake lidziwike. Njira yowunikira yodalirikayi ndi yoyenera kwa makampani omwe amapanga zida zamtundu womwewo mu kuchuluka kokwanira kotero kuti zolephera zambiri zitha kukonzedwa kuti zitsimikizire kudalirika.

Njira zoyesera zida zamagetsi kuti zikhale zodalirika zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndipo zimagawidwa kukhala mayeso othamanga komanso osathamanga. Njira yayikulu ndikuyesa kuyesa kwa Hardware komwe kumapangitsa malo omwe akuyembekezeka kukhala ogwirira ntchito momwe angathere. Mayesero amachitidwa mpaka kulephera kuchitika, kulola kuti MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) inenedweratu. Ngati MTBF ikuyerekezeredwa kukhala yayitali kwambiri, ndiye kuti nthawi yoyeserera imatha kuchepetsedwa ndi kuyezetsa kofulumira, komwe kumatheka powonjezera zomwe zikuchitika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika kuti igwirizane ndi kulephera pamayeso ofulumira ndi kulephera komwe kumayembekezeredwa. ntchito. Kuyesa kumeneku ndikofunikira pazigawo zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cholephera chifukwa zimapatsa wofufuzayo chidziwitso chambiri chodalirika, komabe, sikungakhale kosatheka kuzigwiritsa ntchito pakukonza mapangidwe a board chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali yobwereza maphunziro.

Kuwunika mwachangu kwa ntchito yomwe idasindikizidwa mzaka za m'ma 1990 kukuwonetsa kuti iyi inali nthawi yomwe deta yoyesera, deta yoyesera, ndi njira za PoF zidapikisana wina ndi mnzake kuti zilowe m'malo mwa njira zakale zolosera kudalirika kuchokera m'mabuku ofotokozera. Komabe, njira iliyonse ili ndi ubwino wake ndi kuipa kwake, ndipo ikagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Zotsatira zake, IEEE posachedwapa yatulutsa muyezo [26] womwe umalemba njira zonse zolosera zodalirika zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Cholinga cha IEEE chinali kukonzekera kalozera yemwe angapatse injiniya chidziwitso cha njira zonse zomwe zilipo komanso ubwino ndi kuipa kwa njira iliyonse. Ngakhale kuti njira ya IEEE idakali kumayambiriro kwa chisinthiko chautali, ikuwoneka kuti ili ndi ubwino wake, monga AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) imatsatira ndondomeko yotchedwa S-102, yomwe ili yofanana ndi IEEE koma amaganiziranso mtundu wachibale wa deta kuchokera njira iliyonse [27]. Cholinga cha malangizowa n’kungogwirizanitsa njira zimene zimafalitsidwa padziko lonse pa nkhani zimenezi.

4. Zolephera chifukwa cha kugwedezeka

Kafukufuku wambiri wam'mbuyomu adangoyang'ana kwambiri kugwedezeka kwachisawawa ngati katundu wa PCB, koma kafukufuku wotsatira amayang'ana makamaka zolephera zokhudzana ndi zotsatira. Njira zotere sizidzakambidwa kwathunthu pano popeza zikugwera pansi pa gulu la njira za PoF ndipo zafotokozedwa m'ndime 8.1 ndi 8.2 za nkhaniyi. Heen et al. [24] adapanga bolodi loyesa kuti ayese kukhulupirika kwa ma solder a BGA akagwidwa ndi mantha. Lau et al. [36] adalongosola kudalirika kwa zigawo za PLCC, PQFP ndi QFP pansi pa zowonongeka mu ndege ndi kunja kwa ndege. Pitarresi et al. [53,55] adayang'ana kulephera kwa ma boardards apakompyuta chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwakukulu ndipo anapereka ndemanga yabwino ya mabuku ofotokoza zipangizo zamagetsi pansi pa katundu wodabwitsa. Steinberg [62] imapereka mutu wonse wokhudza mapangidwe ndi kusanthula kwa zida zamagetsi zomwe zakhudzidwa, zomwe zimafotokoza momwe angadziwiretu zomwe zikuchitika komanso momwe angatsimikizire kuti zida zamagetsi zikugwira ntchito. Sukhir [64,65] adalongosola zolakwika pamawerengedwe amzere a kuyankha kwa bolodi losindikizidwa pazambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomangira bolodi. Choncho, njira zowonetsera ndi zoyesera zowonongeka zingaganizire kulephera kwa zipangizo zokhudzana ndi zotsatira, koma njirazi zimalongosola zolephera za "zowonongeka" mosapita m'mbali.

5. Njira zolozera

Mwa njira zonse zomwe zilipo zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mabuku, tidzipatula ku ziwiri zokha zomwe zimaganizira kulephera kwa kugwedezeka: Mil-Hdbk-217 ndi CNET [9]. Mil-Hdbk-217 imavomerezedwa ngati muyezo ndi opanga ambiri. Monga njira zonse zamanja ndi zofotokozera, zimatengera njira zoyeserera zomwe zimafuna kulosera kudalirika kwagawo kuchokera ku data yoyesera kapena labotale. Njira zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mabuku ofotokozera ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa sizifuna masamu ovuta a masamu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yokha ya magawo, kuchuluka kwa magawo, machitidwe a bolodi ndi magawo ena osavuta. Deta yolowetsayo imalowetsedwa mu chitsanzo kuti muwerengere nthawi pakati pa zolephera, MTBF. Ngakhale zabwino zake, Mil-Hdbk-217 ikucheperachepera [12, 17,42,50,51]. Tiyeni tione mndandanda wosakwanira wa zoletsa zake applicability.

1. Detayo ikuchulukirachulukira, popeza idasinthidwa komaliza mu 1995 ndipo sizogwirizana ndi zigawo zatsopano, palibe mwayi woti chitsanzocho chiwunikidwenso monga Defense Standards Improvement Board yasankha kuti njirayo "ife imfa yachibadwa" [ 26].
2. Njirayi sipereka zambiri za kulephera, kotero masanjidwe a PCB sangathe kukonzedwa kapena kukonzedwa.
3. Zitsanzozo zimaganiza kuti kulephera ndiko kupanga kodziyimira pawokha, kunyalanyaza masanjidwe a zigawo pa PCB, komabe, masanjidwe agawo amadziwika kuti ali ndi vuto lalikulu pakutha kulephera. [50].
4. Zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa zowonetsera zimakhala ndi zolakwika zambiri, deta imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku zigawo za mbadwo woyamba ndi kulephera kwakukulu kwachilendo chifukwa cha zolemba zolakwika za nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, kukonza, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimachepetsa kudalirika kwa zotsatira zolosera zodalirika [51].

Zofooka zonsezi zimasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera kuyenera kupewedwa, komabe, mkati mwa malire a kuvomereza kwa njirazi, zofunikira zingapo za ndondomeko yaukadaulo ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Choncho, njira zowonetsera ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati kuli koyenera, i.e. m'magawo oyambirira a mapangidwe [46]. Tsoka ilo, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito uku kuyenera kuyandikira mosamala, popeza njira zamtunduwu sizinasinthidwe kuyambira 1995. Chifukwa chake, njira zowonetsera ndizosalosera bwino za kudalirika kwamakina ndipo ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala.

6. Njira zoyesera deta

Njira zoyesera deta ndi njira zosavuta zolosera zodalirika zomwe zilipo. Chitsanzo cha kamangidwe ka bolodi kosindikizidwa kamakhala ndi kugwedezeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumapangidwanso pa benchi ya labotale. Kenako, magawo a chiwonongeko (MTTF, spectrum shock) amawunikidwa, ndiye izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera zizindikiro zodalirika [26]. Njira yoyesera deta iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poganizira zabwino ndi zovuta zake.
Ubwino waukulu wa njira zoyeserera ndi kulondola kwakukulu komanso kudalirika kwa zotsatira, chifukwa chake zida zomwe zili ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cholephera, gawo lomaliza la kapangidwe kake liyenera kukhala ndi kuyezetsa kuyenerera kwa vibration. Choyipacho ndi nthawi yayitali yofunikira kupanga, kukhazikitsa ndi kunyamula chidutswa choyesera, chomwe chimapangitsa njirayo kukhala yosayenera pakupanga mapangidwe a zida ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kolephera. Pakupanga kachitidwe kobwerezabwereza, njira yofulumira iyenera kuganiziridwa. Nthawi yowonetsera katundu ikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi kuyezetsa kofulumira ngati zitsanzo zodalirika zilipo kuti muwerengere moyo weniweni wautumiki [70,71]. Komabe, njira zoyeserera zofulumizitsa ndizoyenera kufanizira kulephera kwamafuta kuposa kulephera kwa vibration. Izi zili choncho chifukwa zimatengera nthawi yochepa kuyesa zotsatira za kutentha kwa zipangizo kuposa kuyesa zotsatira za katundu wogwedezeka. Zotsatira za kugwedezeka zitha kuwoneka muzogulitsa pakapita nthawi yayitali.

Zotsatira zake, njira zoyesera nthawi zambiri sizigwiritsidwa ntchito polephera kugwedezeka pokhapokha ngati pali zinthu zokulirapo, monga kutsika kwamagetsi komwe kumabweretsa kulephera kwanthawi yayitali. Zitsanzo za njira zotsimikizira deta zitha kuwoneka mu ntchito za Hart [23], Hin et al. [24], Li [37], Lau et al. [36], Shetty et al. [57], Liguore ndi Followell [40], Estes et al. [15], Wang et al. [67], Jih ndi Jung [30]. Kufotokozera mwachidule kwa njirayi kumaperekedwa mu IEEE [26].

7. Njira zoyesera deta

Njira ya data yoyeserera imachokera ku data yolephera kuchokera pama board ozungulira omwe amasindikizidwa omwe ayesedwa pansi pamikhalidwe yodziwika. Njirayi ndi yolondola kwa matabwa ozungulira osindikizidwa omwe adzalandira katundu wofanana. Njira ya data yoyesera ili ndi mbali ziwiri zazikulu: kupanga nkhokwe ya kulephera kwa zida zamagetsi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njirayo potengera kapangidwe kameneka. Kuti mupange nkhokwe yoyenera, payenera kukhala zolephera zoyenera zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumapangidwe ofanana; izi zikutanthauza kuti deta pa kulephera kwa zipangizo zofanana ayenera kukhalapo. Zida zolakwika ziyeneranso kufufuzidwa ndi ziwerengero zosonkhanitsidwa bwino, sikokwanira kunena kuti mapangidwe a PCB analephera pambuyo pa maola angapo, malo, njira yolephera ndi chifukwa cholephera chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Pokhapokha ngati deta yonse yolephera yapitayi yafufuzidwa bwino, nthawi yayitali yosonkhanitsa deta idzafunika isanayambe njira yoyesera yoyesera.

Njira yothanirana ndi izi ndikukhazikitsa Mayeso a Highly Accelerated Lifecycle Testing (HALT) ndicholinga chomanga mwachangu nkhokwe yachiwopsezo, ngakhale kutulutsa molondola magawo achilengedwe ndizovuta koma kofunika [27]. Kufotokozera kwa gawo lachiwiri lakugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera deta kutha kuwerengedwa mu [27], yomwe ikuwonetsa momwe mungadziwiretu MTBF pamapangidwe omwe akufuna ngati mapangidwe omwe akuyesedwa apezedwa posintha bolodi lomwe lilipo lomwe deta yolephera ilipo kale. . Ndemanga zina za njira zoyesera deta zikufotokozedwa ndi olemba osiyanasiyana mu [11,17,20,26].

8. Kayeseleledwe ka makompyuta ka zinthu zolephera (PoF)

Njira zowonetsera makompyuta pazolephera, zomwe zimatchedwanso kupsinjika ndi zowonongeka kapena mitundu ya PoF, zimayikidwa munjira yolosera zodalirika ziwiri. Gawo loyamba limaphatikizapo kufunafuna yankho la bolodi losindikizidwa losindikizidwa ku katundu wosunthika woperekedwa pa izo; pa gawo lachiwiri, yankho lachitsanzo likuwerengedwa kuti liwonetsetse chizindikiro chodalirika. Zolemba zambiri nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa ku njira yolosera kuyankha komanso njira yopezera njira zolepherera. Njira ziwirizi zimamveka bwino zikafotokozedwa paokha, kotero ndemanga iyi idzalingalira masitepe awiriwa mosiyana.

Pakati pa magawo a kulosera kuyankha ndi kufunafuna njira zolephera, deta yomwe idapangidwa mu gawo loyamba ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kachiwiri imasamutsidwa ku chitsanzo. Kusintha kwamayankhidweko kudachokera pakugwiritsa ntchito kuthamangitsa kolowera pa chassis [15,36,37,67], kudzera pakuthamanga kwenikweni komwe kunachitika ndi gawoli kuti liwerengere mayankho osiyanasiyana amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya PCB [40], ndipo pomaliza kuganizira. maulendo apanyumba [62] kapena mphindi zopindika zakomweko [59] zokumana ndi PCB zakomweko ku gawolo.

Zadziwika kuti kulephera ndi ntchito ya dongosolo la zigawo pa bolodi losindikizidwa losindikizidwa [21,38], kotero kuti zitsanzo zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyankha kwa kugwedezeka kwanuko zimakhala zolondola. Kusankha kuti ndi gawo liti (kuthamanga kwanuko, kupatuka kwanuko kapena mphindi yopindika) ndichomwe chimapangitsa kuti chilephereke zimatengera vuto linalake.
Ngati zigawo za SMT zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kupindika kapena kupindika nthawi kungakhale zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakulephera; pazigawo zolemetsa, mathamangitsidwe am'deralo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira zolephera. Tsoka ilo, palibe kafukufuku yemwe wachitika kuti awonetse mtundu wa njira zomwe zili zoyenera kwambiri muzolemba zoperekedwa.

Ndikofunikira kulingalira kuyenerera kwa njira iliyonse ya PoF yogwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa sizothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya PoF, analytical kapena FE, yomwe sichirikizidwa ndi deta yoyesa labotale. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu uliwonse malinga ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito, zomwe mwatsoka zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri yaposachedwa ya PoF kuti igwiritse ntchito munthawi yeniyeni komanso yochepa. Zitsanzo zabwino za zokambirana za njira za PoF zikufotokozedwa ndi olemba osiyanasiyana [17,19,26,49].

8.1. Kuneneratu Mayankho

Kuneneratu kwamayankhidwe kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito geometry ndi zinthu zakuthupi kuti muwerengere kuyankha kofunikira. Gawoli likuyembekezeka kutengera kuyankha kwathunthu kwa PCB yokhazikika osati kuyankha kwazinthu zilizonse. Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu yolosera njira yolosera: kusanthula, zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane za FE ndi mitundu yophweka ya FE, zofotokozedwa pansipa. Njirazi zimayang'ana pa kuphatikizira kuuma ndi misampha ya zigawo zowonjezera, komabe ndikofunikira kuti tisaiwale kufunika kokonzekera molondola kuuma kozungulira pamphepete mwa PCB chifukwa izi zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi kulondola kwachitsanzo (izi zikukambidwa mu Gawo 8.1.4). Chith. 1. Chitsanzo cha chitsanzo chatsatanetsatane cha bolodi losindikizidwa [53].

8.1.1. Kuneneratu kwakuyankhidwa

Steinberg [62] imapereka njira yokhayo yowunikira yowerengera kuyankha kwa kugwedezeka kwa bolodi losindikizidwa. Steinberg akunena kuti matalikidwe a oscillation pa resonance ya chigawo chamagetsi ndi ofanana kuwirikiza kawiri muzu wa sikweya wa ma frequency a resonant; mawu awa akuchokera pa zomwe sizikupezeka ndipo sizingatsimikizidwe. Izi zimathandiza kuti kusintha kwamphamvu pa resonance kuwerengedwe mowunikiridwa, komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwerengera katundu wosunthika kuchokera ku gawo lolemera kapena kupindika kwa bolodi losindikizidwa. Njirayi sipanga mwachindunji kuyankha kwa PCB komweko ndipo imangogwirizana ndi zolephera zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi Steinberg.

Kutsimikizika kwa lingaliro la kusamutsa ntchito yogawa kutengera miyeso ya matalikidwe ndizokayikitsa popeza Pitarresi et al. [53] anayeza kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu kwa 2% pa bolodi lamakompyuta, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la Steinberg kungapereke 3,5% (kutengera ma frequency achilengedwe 54). Hz), zomwe zingapangitse kuchepera kwakukulu kwa kuyankha kwa bolodi pakugwedezeka.

8.1.2. Zambiri za FE

Olemba ena akuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane za FE kuti awerengere kuyankha kwa kugwedezeka kwa bolodi losindikizidwa losindikizidwa [30,37,53, 57,58] (Chithunzi 1-3 chikuwonetsa zitsanzo ndi kuchuluka kwatsatanetsatane), komabe kugwiritsa ntchito izi njira sizikulimbikitsidwa pamalonda amalonda (pokhapokha kuneneratu kolondola kwa kuyankha kwanuko sikuli kofunikira kwenikweni) popeza nthawi yofunikira yomanga ndi kuthetsa chitsanzo choterocho ndi yochuluka. Zitsanzo zophweka zimapanga deta yolondola yolondola mofulumira komanso pamtengo wotsika. Nthawi yofunikira yomanga ndi kuthetsa mwatsatanetsatane chitsanzo cha FE chikhoza kuchepetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito JEDEC 4 masika okhazikika omwe amasindikizidwa mu [33-35], masika awa angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwa tsatanetsatane wa FE chitsanzo cha waya uliwonse. Kuonjezera apo, njira ya substructure (yomwe nthawi zina imadziwika kuti superelement njira) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa nthawi yowerengera yofunikira kuthetsa zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane. Zindikirani kuti zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane za FE nthawi zambiri zimasokoneza mizere pakati pa kulosera kwa mayankho ndi njira zolepherera, kotero ntchito yomwe yatchulidwa apa ikhozanso kugwera pansi pa mndandanda wa ntchito zomwe zili ndi zolephera.

8.1.3. Mitundu ya FE Yogawidwa

Mitundu yophweka ya FE imachepetsa kupanga zitsanzo ndi nthawi yothetsera. Kuchuluka kwa chigawocho ndi kuuma kwake kungathe kuimiridwa mwa kungoyerekezera PCB yopanda kanthu ndi kuchuluka kwa misa ndi kuuma, kumene zotsatira za misa ndi kuuma zimaphatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwanuko kwa PCB's Young's modulus.

Chith. 2. Chitsanzo cha chitsanzo chatsatanetsatane cha gawo la QFP pogwiritsa ntchito symmetry kuti zikhale zosavuta kupanga ndondomeko ndikuchepetsa nthawi yothetsera [36]. Chith. 3. Chitsanzo cha mwatsatanetsatane FE chitsanzo cha J-kutsogolera [6].

Zomwe zimakulitsa zowuma zimatha kuwerengedwa podula membala yemwe walumikizidwayo ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeserera zopindika [52]. Pitarresi et al. [52,54] adayang'ana momwe kuphweka kwa misa ndi kuuma kumaperekedwa ndi zigawo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi bolodi losindikizidwa.

Pepala loyamba limayang'ana nkhani imodzi yachitsanzo chosavuta cha FE cha bolodi yosindikizidwa, yotsimikiziridwa motsutsana ndi data yoyesera. Gawo lalikulu lachidwi la pepalali ndikutsimikiza kwa zinthu zomwe zagawidwa, ndi chenjezo kuti kulondola kwakukulu kwa kuuma kwa torsional kumafunikira pamtundu wolondola.

Nkhani yachiwiri imayang'ana ma PCB asanu odzazidwa osiyanasiyana, iliyonse yopangidwa ndi magawo angapo osavuta osavuta ake. Zitsanzozi zimafananizidwa ndi deta yoyesera. Nkhaniyi ikumaliza ndi zowona zophunzitsa za mgwirizano pakati pa kuuma kwa misa ndi kulondola kwachitsanzo. Mapepala onsewa amagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency achilengedwe ndi ma MEC (modal assurance criteria) kuti adziwe kugwirizana pakati pa zitsanzo ziwirizi. Tsoka ilo, kulakwitsa kwachilengedwe sikungapereke chidziwitso chilichonse chokhudza kuthamangitsa kwanuko kapena kupindika, ndipo MKO imatha kupereka kulumikizana kwathunthu pakati pamitundu iwiri yachilengedwe, koma singagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwerengera cholakwika cha kuchuluka kwa mathamangitsidwe kapena kupindika. Pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa manambala ndi kuyerekezera makompyuta, Cifuentes [10] akuwonetsa zotsatirazi zinayi.

1. Mitundu yofananira ikuyenera kukhala ndi 90% yogwedezeka kuti iwunike molondola.
2. Pazochitika zomwe kupatuka kwa bolodi kumafanana ndi makulidwe ake, kusanthula kosagwirizana kungakhale koyenera kuposa kusanthula kwa mzere.
3. Zolakwika zing'onozing'ono pakuyika kwachigawo zingayambitse zolakwika zazikulu poyesa kuyankhidwa.
4. Kulondola kwa muyeso wamayankhidwe kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zolakwika pakuchuluka kuposa kuuma.

8.1.4. M'malire

PCB m'mphepete mozungulira stiffness coefficient imakhudza kwambiri kulondola kwa yankho lowerengedwa [59], ndipo malingana ndi kasinthidwe kameneka ndikofunika kwambiri kuposa chigawo chowonjezera ndi kuuma. Kutengera kuuma kwa m'mphepete ngati zero (kwenikweni kungokhala komwe kumathandizidwa) nthawi zambiri kumatulutsa zotsatira zowoneka bwino, pomwe kufananiza ngati kumangiriridwa molimba nthawi zambiri kumachepetsa zotsatira zake, popeza ngakhale makina olimba kwambiri a PCB sangathe kutsimikizira kuti m'mphepete mwake muli bwino. Barker ndi Chen [5] amatsimikizira chiphunzitso chowunikira ndi zotsatira zoyesera kuti awonetse momwe kusinthasintha kozungulira kumakhudzira ma frequency achilengedwe a PCB. Kupeza kwakukulu kwa ntchitoyi ndikulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa kuuma kwa kuzungulira kwa m'mphepete ndi ma frequency achilengedwe, mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso. Izi zikutanthawuzanso kuti zolakwika zazikulu pakupanga kuuma kozungulira kwa m'mphepete kumabweretsa zolakwika zazikulu pakulosera kwakuyankhidwa. Ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi inkaganiziridwa pazochitika zinazake, imagwira ntchito popanga mitundu yonse ya njira zamalire. Kugwiritsa ntchito deta yoyesera kuchokera ku Lim et al. [41] amapereka chitsanzo cha momwe kuuma kwa m'mphepete kungawerengedwe kuti agwiritse ntchito FE mu chitsanzo cha PCB; izi zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthidwa kuchokera ku Barker ndi Chen [5]. Ntchitoyi ikuwonetsanso momwe mungadziwire malo abwino kwambiri a mfundo iliyonse muzopangidwe kuti muwonjezere ma frequency achilengedwe. Ntchito zomwe zimaganizira makamaka zotsatira za kusintha kwa malire kuti muchepetse kuyankha kwa kugwedezeka kuliponso ndi Guo ndi Zhao [21]; Aglietti [2]; Aglietti ndi Schwingshackl [3], Lim et al. [41].

8.1.5. Zolosera za kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka

Pitarresi et al. [53-55] gwiritsani ntchito mwatsatanetsatane chitsanzo cha FE cha PCB kulosera za kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka kwa bolodi yokhala ndi zigawo zomwe zimayimiridwa ngati midadada ya 3D. Ma Model awa adagwiritsa ntchito ma resonance omwe amatsimikiziridwa moyeserera nthawi zonse kuti apititse patsogolo kulosera kwamayankho pa resonance. Njira zoyankhira (SRS) ndi njira zowonongera nthawi zidafaniziridwa pakulosera za momwe angayankhire, njira zonse ziwirizi zinali kusinthanitsa pakati pa kulondola ndi nthawi yothetsera vuto.

8.2. Kukana njira

Njira zolephereka zimatengera kuyankha kwa PCB ndikuigwiritsa ntchito kuti ipeze metric yolephera, pomwe metric yolephera ikhoza kukhala nthawi yayitali pakati pa zolephera (MTBF), kuzungulira mpaka kulephera, kuthekera kwa ntchito yopanda kulephera, kapena metric yodalirika (onani IEEE [26]; Jensen[28] 47]; O'Connor [XNUMX] pazokambirana za kulephera kwa metrics). Njira zambiri zopangira izi zitha kugawidwa mosavuta m'njira zowunikira komanso zowona. Njira zama Empirical zimapanga data yolephera pakukweza zitsanzo zoyeserera za zigawo zomwe zimafunikira. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa deta yolowera (mitundu yamagulu, makulidwe a PCB ndi katundu) zomwe zingatheke pochita, zomwe zimasindikizidwa sizingagwire ntchito mwachindunji chifukwa detayo imakhala yovomerezeka pazochitika zapadera kwambiri. Njira zowunikira sizikhala ndi zovuta zotere ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.

8.2.1. Zolinga zolephera za Epirical

Monga tanena kale, malire amitundu yambiri yoyeserera ndikuti amangogwiritsidwa ntchito pamasinthidwe okhudzana ndi makulidwe a PCB omwewo, mitundu yofananira ya zigawo, ndi katundu wolowetsa, zomwe sizingatheke. Komabe, zolembedwa zomwe zilipo ndizothandiza pazifukwa izi: zimapereka zitsanzo zabwino za mayeso olephera, zimawonetsa zosankha zosiyanasiyana zazomwe zalephera, komanso zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza zimango za kulephera. Li [37] adapanga chitsanzo chowonetseratu kudalirika kwa 272-pin BGA ndi 160-pin QFP phukusi. Kuwonongeka kwa kutopa kwa oyendetsa ndi m'thupi la phukusi kumafufuzidwa, ndipo zotsatira zoyesera zimagwirizana bwino ndi kusanthula zowonongeka zowonongeka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha FE (onaninso Li ndi Poglitsch [38,39]). Ndondomekoyi imapanga kuwonongeka kowonjezereka kwa mlingo woperekedwa wa kugwedezeka kwa siginecha yolowetsa kugwedezeka.
Lau et al. [36] adawunika kudalirika kwa zigawo zina zomwe zimagwedezeka komanso kugwedezeka pogwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero za Weibull. Liguore ndi Followell [40] adawunika zolephera za LLCC ndi magawo a J-lead posintha mathamangitsidwe am'deralo pamayendedwe amtundu uliwonse. Kuthamangitsa kwanuko kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana ndi mathamangitsidwe a chassis, ndipo zotsatira za kutentha pazotsatira zoyesa zidafufuzidwa. Nkhaniyi imanenanso za kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi makulidwe a PCB pa kudalirika kwa gawo.

Guo ndi Zhao [21] yerekezerani kudalirika kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu pamene torsional curvature ntchito ngati katundu, mosiyana ndi maphunziro akale amene ankagwiritsa ntchito mathamangitsidwe. Kuwonongeka kwa kutopa kumayesedwa, ndiye chitsanzo cha FE chikufanizidwa ndi zotsatira zoyesera. Nkhaniyi ikufotokozanso kukhathamiritsa kwa zigawo kuti zikhale zodalirika.

Ham ndi Lee [22] akupereka njira yoyesera yavuto lodziwira kupsinjika kwa otsogolera pakukweza kwa cyclic torsional. Estes et al. [15] amaganizira za vuto lolephera kwa zigawo za gullwing (GOST IEC 61188-5-5-2013) ndi mathamangitsidwe ogwiritsira ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta. Zomwe zimaphunziridwa ndi mitundu ya phukusi la chip CQFP 352, 208, 196, 84 ndi 28, komanso FP 42 ndi 10. Nkhaniyi imaperekedwa kulephera kwa zipangizo zamagetsi chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka satellite ya geostationary Earth, nthawi. pakati pa zolephera zimaperekedwa malinga ndi zaka zakuthawa pamayendedwe a geostationary kapena otsika Earth. Zimadziwika kuti kulephera kwa mawaya a gullwing kumakhala kosavuta pamalo okhudzana ndi thupi la phukusi kusiyana ndi malo olumikizirana nawo.

Jih ndi Jung [30] amawona kulephera kwa zida komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zolakwika zomwe zidapangidwa molumikizana ndi solder. Izi zimachitika popanga mtundu watsatanetsatane wa FE wa PCB ndikupeza mphamvu yowoneka bwino (PSD) yautali wosiyanasiyana wopangira ming'alu. Ligyore, Followell [40] ndi Shetty, Reinikainen [58] akusonyeza kuti njira zowonetsera zimapanga deta yolondola kwambiri komanso yothandiza yolephereka pazochitika zinazake zolumikizidwa. Njira zamtunduwu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zina zolowetsamo (kukhuthala kwa bolodi, mtundu wa zigawo, mtundu wa curvature) zitha kusungidwa nthawi zonse pamapangidwe, kapena ngati wogwiritsa angakwanitse kuyesa zenizeni zamtunduwu.

8.2.2. Mulingo wolephera kusanthula

Mitundu ya SMT yamakona amakona

Ofufuza osiyanasiyana akuyang'ana kulephera kwa pini ya ngodya ya SMT akuwonetsa kuti ichi ndiye chomwe chimayambitsa kulephera. Mapepala a Sidharth ndi Barker [59] amamaliza mapepala angapo akale popereka chitsanzo chodziwira kuchuluka kwa mitsogozo ya ngodya ya SMT ndi zigawo zotsogolera za loop. Mtundu womwe waperekedwa uli ndi zolakwika zosakwana 7% poyerekeza ndi mtundu watsatanetsatane wa FE pazochitika zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyipitsitsa. Chitsanzocho chimachokera ku njira yomwe Barker ndi Sidharth adalemba kale [4], pomwe kupatuka kwa gawo lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi mphindi yopindika kudasinthidwa. Pepala lolembedwa ndi Sukhir [63] limayang'ana mosamalitsa kupsinjika komwe kumayembekezeredwa m'mapaketi a phukusi chifukwa chanthawi yopindika komweko. Barker ndi Sidharth [4] amamanga pa ntchito ya Sukhir [63], Barker et al. Pomaliza, Barker et al. [4] adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane za FE kuti aphunzire momwe kusintha kwa ma dimensional mu lead pa moyo wotopa wotsogolera.

Ndikoyenera kutchula apa ntchito ya JEDEC yotsogolera masika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yamitundu yotsogolera [33-35]. Zosintha zamasika zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwachitsanzo chatsatanetsatane cholumikizira kutsogolera; nthawi yofunikira pomanga ndi kuthetsa mtundu wa FE idzachepetsedwa muchitsanzocho. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zosinthika zotere mu gawo la FE kulepheretsa kuwerengera kwachindunji kwa zovuta zam'deralo. M'malo mwake, njira zonse zotsogola zidzaperekedwa, zomwe ziyenera kugwirizana ndi kupsinjika kwa kutsogolera kwanuko kapena njira zolepherera kutengera moyo wa chinthucho.

Deta ya kutopa kwakuthupi

Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kulephera kwa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogulitsira ndi zigawo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kulephera kwamafuta, ndipo pali deta yochepa yokhudzana ndi kutopa. Kufotokozera kwakukulu m'derali kumaperekedwa ndi Sandor [56], yemwe amapereka deta pa makina a kutopa ndi kulephera kwa ma solder alloys. Steinberg [62] amawona kulephera kwa zitsanzo za solder. Kutopa kwa ogulitsa wamba ndi mawaya akupezeka mu pepala la Yamada [69].

Chith. 4. Malo olephera mwachizolowezi kuchokera ku bukhu la zigawo za QFP ali pafupi ndi thupi la phukusi.

Kulephera kwachitsanzo komwe kumayenderana ndi solder debonding ndizovuta chifukwa chachilendo chazinthu izi. Yankho la funsoli likudalira chigawo chomwe chiyenera kuyesedwa. Zimadziwika kuti pamaphukusi a QFP izi nthawi zambiri sizimaganiziridwa, ndipo kudalirika kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mabuku ofotokozera. Koma ngati kugulitsidwa kwa zigawo zazikulu za BGA ndi PGA zikuwerengedwa, ndiye kuti kugwirizana kwa kutsogolera, chifukwa cha zinthu zawo zachilendo, kungakhudze kulephera kwa mankhwala. Chifukwa chake, pamaphukusi a QFP, zotsogola zotopa ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kwa BGA, zambiri za kulimba kwa zolumikizira zogulitsira zomwe zimasinthidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi pulasitiki ndizothandiza kwambiri [14]. Pazigawo zazikuluzikulu, Steinberg [62] imapereka ma voliyumu olumikizana nawo olumikizirana.

Zitsanzo Zolephereka Zazigawo Zolemera

Mitundu yokhayo yolephera yomwe ilipo pazigawo zolemetsa imaperekedwa mu pepala la Steinberg [62], lomwe limasanthula mphamvu zolimba za zigawo ndikupereka chitsanzo cha momwe mungawerengere kupsinjika kwakukulu kovomerezeka komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kulumikiza kutsogolera.

8.3. Kutsiliza pakugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya PoF

Zotsatira zotsatirazi zapangidwa m'mabuku okhudza njira za PoF.

Kuyankha kwanuko ndikofunikira pakulosera kulephera kwa gawo. Monga tafotokozera mu Li, Poglitsch [38], zigawo zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa PCB sizingalephereke kuposa zomwe zili pakatikati pa PCB chifukwa cha kusiyana komweko pakupindika. Chifukwa chake, zigawo m'malo osiyanasiyana pa PCB zitha kukhala ndi mwayi wolephera.

Kupindika kwa board komweko kumawonedwa ngati njira yofunika kwambiri yolepherera kuposa kuthamangitsa zida za SMT. Ntchito zaposachedwa [38,57,62,67] zikuwonetsa kuti kupindika kwa board ndiye njira yayikulu yolephera.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamaphukusi, onse mu kuchuluka kwa zikhomo ndi mtundu womwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachibadwa amakhala odalirika kuposa ena, mosasamala kanthu za malo enieni [15,36,38].
Kutentha kungakhudze kudalirika kwa zigawo. Liguore ndi Followell [40] amanena kuti moyo wa kutopa umakhala wochuluka kwambiri pa kutentha kwapakati pa 0 ◦C mpaka 65 ◦C, ndi kuchepa kwakukulu pa kutentha pansi -30 ◦C ndi pamwamba pa 95 ◦C. Kwa zigawo za QFP, malo omwe waya amamangiriza phukusi (onani mkuyu 4) amaonedwa kuti ndi malo olakwika kwambiri m'malo mwa solder joint [15,22,38].

Makulidwe a bolodi amakhudza kwambiri moyo wotopa wa zigawo za SMT, popeza moyo wotopa wa BGA wawonetsedwa kuti uchepa pafupifupi nthawi za 30-50 ngati makulidwe a bolodi akuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 0,85mm mpaka 1,6mm (pokhala ndi kupindika kosalekeza) [13] . Kusinthasintha (kutsata) kwa chigawo chotsogolera kumakhudza kwambiri kudalirika kwa zigawo zotsogolera zotumphukira [63], komabe, uwu ndi mgwirizano wopanda mzere, ndipo mayendedwe olumikizana apakatikati ndi odalirika kwambiri.

8.4. Mapulogalamu njira

Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) ku Yunivesite ya Maryland imapereka mapulogalamu owerengera kugwedezeka ndi kuyankha kwamphamvu kwa ma board osindikizidwa. Pulogalamuyi (yotchedwa CALCE PWA) ili ndi mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito omwe amathandizira njira yoyendetsera mtundu wa FE ndikulowetsa mawerengedwe a mayankho mumtundu wa vibration. Palibe malingaliro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chitsanzo cha FE, ndipo njira zolephera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatengedwa kuchokera ku Steinberg [61] (ngakhale njira ya Barkers [48] ikuyembekezekanso kukhazikitsidwa). Kuti apereke malingaliro onse owongolera kudalirika kwa zida, pulogalamu yofotokozedwayo imagwira ntchito bwino, makamaka popeza nthawi imodzi imaganizira zopsinjika zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kutentha ndipo zimafunikira chidziwitso chochepa cha akatswiri, koma kulondola kwa njira zolepherera mumitundu sikunatsimikizidwe moyesera.

9. Njira zowonjezera kudalirika kwa zida

Gawoli lidzakambirana zosintha pambuyo pa ntchito zomwe zimapangitsa kudalirika kwa zida zamagetsi. Amagwera m'magulu awiri: omwe amasintha malire a PCB, ndi omwe amawonjezera kuchepa.

Cholinga chachikulu cha kusintha kwa malire a malire ndikuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Olimba amatha kukhala othandiza pamene akuwonjezera ma frequency achilengedwe, potero amachepetsa kutembenuka kwamphamvu [62], zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito powonjezera zowonjezera zothandizira [3], ngakhale malo othandizira amathanso kukhathamiritsa, monga momwe ziwonetsedwera mu ntchito za JH Ong ndi Lim [ 40]. Tsoka ilo, nthiti ndi zothandizira nthawi zambiri zimafuna kukonzanso kamangidwe, kotero kuti njirazi zimaganiziridwa bwino kumayambiriro kwa kamangidwe kake. Kuonjezera apo, kuyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kuti zosintha sizisintha ma frequency achilengedwe kuti agwirizane ndi ma frequency achilengedwe a gulu lothandizira, chifukwa izi zitha kukhala zotsutsana.

Kuwonjezera kusungunula kumapangitsa kudalirika kwazinthu pochepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe chosunthika chomwe chimasamutsidwa ku zida ndipo zitha kukwaniritsidwa mosasamala kapena mwachangu.
Njira zopanda ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo kugwiritsa ntchito, monga kugwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira chingwe [66] kapena kugwiritsa ntchito pseudoelastic properties of shape memory alloys (SMA) [32]. Komabe, zimadziwika kuti zodzipatula zomwe sizinapangidwe bwino zimatha kuwonjezera kuyankha.
Njira zogwirira ntchito zimapereka chitonthozo bwino pamafupipafupi osiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kuphweka ndi kulemera, choncho nthawi zambiri zimapangidwira kukonza kulondola kwa zida zomveka bwino kwambiri m'malo moletsa kuwonongeka. Kudzipatula kwamphamvu kwa vibration kumaphatikizapo electromagnetic [60] ndi njira za piezoelectric [18,43]. Mosiyana ndi njira zosinthira malire, kusinthidwa kwa damping kumafuna kuchepetsa kuyankha kwamphamvu kwa zida zamagetsi, pomwe ma frequency enieni achilengedwe amayenera kusintha pang'ono.

Monga ndi kudzipatula kwa vibration, kutsitsa kumatha kukwaniritsidwa mosasamala kapena mwachangu, ndi kuphweka kofananirako koyambirira komanso kokulirapo komanso kunyowa komaliza.

Njira zopanda pake zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, njira zosavuta kwambiri monga zomangira zomangira, potero zimawonjezera kuwonongeka kwa bolodi losindikizidwa [62]. Njira zotsogola kwambiri zimaphatikizirapo tinthu tating'ono [68] komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mabroadband dynamic absorbers [25].

Kuwongolera kwamphamvu kwa vibration nthawi zambiri kumatheka pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu za piezoceramic zomwe zimamangiriridwa pamwamba pa bolodi losindikizidwa [1,45]. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowumitsa ndizokhazikika ndipo ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala pokhudzana ndi njira zina. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi pazida zomwe sizidziwika kuti zili ndi zinthu zodalirika sizidzawonjezera mtengo ndi kulemera kwa mapangidwewo. Komabe, ngati chinthu chomwe chili ndi mawonekedwe ovomerezeka chikulephera pakuyesedwa, zitha kukhala zofulumira komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolimba yolimba kuposa kukonzanso zida.

10. Mwayi wopanga njira

Gawoli limafotokoza za mwayi wowongolera kulosera kodalirika kwa zida zamagetsi, ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwaukadaulo wa optoelectronics, nanotechnology, ndi mapackage posachedwapa kungachepetse kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malingalirowa. Njira zinayi zazikulu zolosera zodalirika sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito panthawi yopangira zida. Chinthu chokhacho chomwe chingapangitse njira zoterezi kukhala zokongola kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha makina opanga makina opangidwa ndi otsika mtengo komanso oyesera, chifukwa izi zidzalola kuti mapangidwe omwe akukonzedwawo amangidwe ndikuyesedwa mofulumira kwambiri kuposa momwe zingathere panopa, popanda khama laumunthu.

Njira ya PoF ili ndi malo ambiri owongolera. Malo akuluakulu omwe angapangidwe bwino ndikuphatikizana ndi ndondomeko yonse yokonzekera. Kapangidwe ka zida zamagetsi ndi njira yobwerezabwereza yomwe imayandikitsa wopangayo pafupi ndi zotsatira zomalizidwa kokha mogwirizana ndi mainjiniya odziwa ntchito zamagetsi, kupanga ndi uinjiniya wamafuta, komanso kapangidwe kake. Njira yomwe imangoyang'anira zina mwazinthuzi nthawi imodzi idzachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe obwereza ndikusunga nthawi yambiri, makamaka poganizira kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana pakati pa zigawo. Madera ena owongolera njira za PoF adzagawidwa m'mitundu yolosera kuyankha ndi njira zolephera.

Kuneneratu kwa mayankho kuli ndi njira ziwiri zotsogola: mwina zachangu, zatsatanetsatane, kapena zotsogola, zophweka. Kubwera kwa mapurosesa amphamvu kwambiri apakompyuta, nthawi yothetsera mwatsatanetsatane zitsanzo za FE imatha kukhala yayifupi, pomwe nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha mapulogalamu amakono, nthawi yosonkhanitsa zinthu imachepetsedwa, zomwe zimachepetsa mtengo wazinthu za anthu. Njira zophweka za FE zitha kuwongoleredwanso ndi njira yopangira zokha mitundu ya FE, yofanana ndi yomwe yaperekedwa kuti ipezeke mwatsatanetsatane njira za FE. Mapulogalamu a Automatic (CALCE PWA) alipo pakali pano, koma luso lamakono silinatsimikizidwe bwino muzochita ndipo zongoyerekeza zopangidwa sizikudziwika.

Kuwerengera za kusatsimikizika komwe kumachitika munjira zosiyanasiyana zofewetsa kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri, kulola kuti njira zothandiza zololera zolakwika zikhazikitsidwe.

Pomaliza, nkhokwe kapena njira yoperekera kuuma kowonjezereka kwa zigawo zomwe zalumikizidwa zingakhale zothandiza, pomwe kuuma uku kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwongolera kulondola kwa zitsanzo zoyankhira. Kupanga njira zolephereka kwa gawo kumadalira kusiyanasiyana pang'ono pakati pa zigawo zofanana kuchokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana, komanso kupanga zotheka kwa mitundu yatsopano yapaketi, popeza njira iliyonse kapena nkhokwe zodziwira njira zolepherera ziyenera kuwerengera kusinthasintha kotereku ndi kusintha.

Yankho limodzi lingakhale kupanga njira/mapulogalamu kuti adzipangire okha zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane za FE kutengera magawo olowetsamo monga lead ndi ma phukusi. Njirayi ikhoza kukhala yotheka pazigawo zowoneka ngati zofanana monga zigawo za SMT kapena DIP, koma osati pazinthu zovuta zosakhazikika monga zosinthira, kutsamwitsa, kapena zida zachikhalidwe.

Zotsatira za FE zitha kuthetsedwa chifukwa cha kupsinjika ndikuphatikizidwa ndi data yolephera (S-N plasticity curve data, fracture mechanics kapena zofananira) kuwerengera moyo wagawo, ngakhale kulephera kwazinthu ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba kwambiri. Njira ya FE iyenera kulumikizidwa ndi data yeniyeni yoyeserera, makamaka pamasinthidwe osiyanasiyana momwe ndingathere.

Khama lomwe limakhudzidwa munjira yotereyi ndilocheperako poyerekeza ndi njira ina yoyesera yachindunji ya labotale, yomwe imayenera kuyesa mayeso owerengeka pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya PCB, kuchuluka kwa katundu ndi mayendedwe onyamula, ngakhale ndi mazana amitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imapezeka kuti ingapo. mitundu ya matabwa. Pankhani ya kuyezetsa kwa labotale kosavuta, pangakhale njira yosinthira mtengo wa mayeso aliwonse.

Ngati pangakhale njira yowerengera kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika kwapang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kusintha kwamitundu ina, monga makulidwe a PCB kapena miyeso ya lead, ndiye kuti kusintha kwa gawo la moyo kumatha kuyerekezedwa. Njira yotereyi imatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa FE kapena njira zowunikira, zomwe zimatsogolera ku njira yosavuta yowerengera njira zolephereka kuchokera ku data yomwe idalephera kale.

Pamapeto pake, zikuyembekezeka kuti njira idzapangidwe yomwe imaphatikiza zida zonse zosiyanasiyana zomwe zilipo: kusanthula kwa FE, deta yoyesera, kusanthula ndi njira zowerengera kuti apange deta yolondola kwambiri yolephera yomwe ingatheke ndi zinthu zochepa zomwe zilipo. Zinthu zonse payekhapayekha njira ya PoF zitha kuwongoleredwa poyambitsa njira za stochastic munjira yoganizira zotsatira za kusiyanasiyana kwa zida zamagetsi ndi magawo opanga. Izi zingapangitse zotsatira kukhala zenizeni, mwinamwake kutsogolere ku njira yopangira zipangizo zomwe zimakhala zolimba kwambiri kuti zikhale zosinthika pamene kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala (kuphatikizapo kulemera ndi mtengo).

Pamapeto pake, kuwongolera kotereku kumatha kuloleza kuwunika kwanthawi yeniyeni kwa kudalirika kwa zida panthawi yopanga, kuwonetsa nthawi yomweyo zosankha zotetezedwa, masanjidwe, kapena malingaliro ena kuti apititse patsogolo kudalirika pothana ndi zovuta zina monga kusokoneza ma elekitiroma (EMI), kutentha ndi mafakitale.

11. Kutsiliza

Ndemangayi imayambitsa zovuta zolosera kudalirika kwa zida zamagetsi, kutsata kusinthika kwa mitundu inayi ya njira zowunikira (mabuku owongolera, deta yoyesera, deta yoyesera ndi PoF), zomwe zimatsogolera ku kaphatikizidwe ndi kufananiza kwa mitundu iyi ya njira. Njira zolozera zimadziwika kuti ndizothandiza pamaphunziro oyamba okha, njira zoyeserera zimangothandiza ngati pali zambiri komanso zolondola zanthawi yake, ndipo njira zoyeserera ndizofunikira pakuyesa kuyenerera kwa mapangidwe koma osakwanira kukhathamiritsa.

Njira za PoF zimakambidwa mwatsatanetsatane kuposa momwe zidalembedwera m'mabuku am'mbuyomu, kugawa kafukufukuyu m'magulu a zolosera komanso kuthekera kolephera. Gawo la "Response Prediction" likuwunikiranso zolembedwa pazagawidwe, mawonekedwe amalire, ndi milingo yatsatanetsatane mumitundu ya FE. Kusankhidwa kwa njira yowonetsera yankho kumasonyezedwa kuti ndi malonda pakati pa kulondola ndi nthawi yopanga ndi kuthetsa chitsanzo cha FE, ndikugogomezeranso kufunikira kwa kulondola kwa malire a malire. Gawo la "Zotsatira Zolephera" likukambirana za kulephera kwamphamvu ndi kusanthula; paukadaulo wa SMT, ndemanga zamamodeli ndi zida zolemetsa zimaperekedwa.
Njira zowunikira zimangogwira ntchito pazochitika zenizeni, ngakhale zimapereka zitsanzo zabwino za njira zoyezetsa zodalirika, pomwe njira zowunikira zimakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri koma ndizovuta kwambiri kuzikwaniritsa. Kukambitsirana kwachidule kwa njira zowunikira zolephera zomwe zilipo potengera mapulogalamu apadera akuperekedwa. Pomaliza, zokhuza tsogolo la kulosera zodalirika zimaperekedwa, poganizira momwe njira zolosera zodalirika zingasinthire.

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