M'nkhaniyi, ndikupempha kuti nditenge ulendo wopita ku sociobiology ndikuyankhula za chiyambi cha chisinthiko cha kudzikonda, kusankha achibale ndi nkhanza. Tidzakambirana mwachidule (koma ndi maumboni) zotsatira za maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi neuroimaging zomwe zimasonyeza momwe kuzindikira achibale mwa anthu kungakhudzire khalidwe la kugonana ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano, ndipo kumbali ina, kuzindikira membala wa gulu lakunja kungapangitse kuwonekera kwa mantha ndi nkhanza zochita. Ndiye tiyeni tikumbukire zitsanzo zamakedzana za kusokoneza njirazi ndikukhudza mutu wa kuchotsera umunthu. Pomaliza, tiyeni tikambirane chifukwa chake kafukufuku m'derali ndi wofunikira kwambiri kwa tsogolo la anthu.
Zamkatimu:
1.Amoebae-ngwazi ndi njuchi-odzipereka - zitsanzo za altruism m'chilengedwe.
2. Kudzipereka powerengera - chiphunzitso cha kusankha wachibale ndi ulamuliro wa Hamilton.
3.Chikondi cha abale ndi kunyansidwa - Maukwati aku Taiwan ndi kibbutzim achiyuda.
4.Amygdala wa kusagwirizana - neuroimaging ya tsankho lamitundu.
5. Ubale wabodza - mgwirizano weniweni - Amonke aku Tibetan ndi ogwira ntchito osamukira kwawo.
6. Anthu. Kusokoneza anthu - zokopa, zachifundo ndi zaukali.
7.Kodi chotsatira? - pomaliza, chifukwa chake zonsezi ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Mawu oti "m'bale" m'Chirasha amagwiritsidwa ntchito osati kutanthauza achibale obadwa nawo komanso kutanthauza mamembala amagulu omwe ali ndi maubwenzi apamtima. Kenako mawu akuti "m'balestvo" amatanthauza gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi zokonda, malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zofanana [1] [2], Chingelezi chofanana ndi ubale waku Russia ndi "m'balenyumba"alinso ndi mizu yofanana ndi mawu akuti "m'bale"- m'bale [3] ofanana mu French, ubale - "confrérie", Brother-"m'bale", ndipo ngakhale mu Indonesian,"pasaudaraan"-"saudara" Kodi mchitidwe wapadziko lonse umenewu ungasonyeze kuti zochitika za anthu monga “ubale” zinayambira mwachindunji? Ndikuganiza kuti ndifufuze mozama pamutuwu ndikuwona momwe njira yosinthira zachilengedwe ingathandizire kumvetsetsa mozama za zochitika zamagulu.
[1]
[2]
[3]
Ngwazi za Amoeba ndi njuchi zodzipereka
Ubale wapachibale umakonda kutanthauza kuwonjezereka kwa kudzikonda. Kusaganizira ena, monga kudzimana ndi kufunitsitsa kudzimana zofuna zanu kaamba ka ubwino wa ena, kodi limeneli motsimikizirika ndi limodzi la mikhalidwe yopambana yaumunthu, kapena si yaumunthu yokha?
Monga momwe zinakhalira, nyama nazonso zimatha kusonyeza chikondi, kuphatikizapo tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'midzi[4]. Anyani ena amachenjeza achibale awo akaona nyama zolusa, motero amaika pangozi. Muming'oma ya njuchi muli anthu omwe sadzibereka okha, koma amangoyang'anira ana a anthu ena moyo wawo wonse [5] [6], ndi amoebas amtundu wa Dictyostelium discoideum, pamene mikhalidwe yoipa ya njuchi ichitika, amadzipereka okha, kupanga tsinde pomwe achibale awo amakwera pamwamba ndikupeza mwayi wonyamulidwa ngati spores kupita kumalo abwino kwambiri [7].
Zitsanzo za altruism mu dziko nyama. Kumanzere: Thupi la zipatso mu nkhungu yopyapyala ya Dictyostelium discoideum (chithunzi cha Owen Gilbert). Pakati: Myrmica scabrinodis ant brood (chithunzi cha David Nash). Kumanja: Mabele amchira wautali akusamalira ana awo (chithunzi cha Andrew MacColl). Gwero:[6]
[4]
[5]
[6] (06)01695-2
[7]
Kudzipereka powerengera
Chabwino, anyani, koma kudzimana mu tizilombo ndi zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi? China chake chalakwika apa! - wa Darwin kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka zana zapitazi angadabwe. Ndipotu, poika pangozi chifukwa cha wina, munthu amachepetsa mwayi wake wobala ana ndipo, potsatira chiphunzitso choyambirira cha kusankha, khalidwe lotere siliyenera kusankhidwa.
Zonsezi zidapangitsa otsatira Darwin kusankha zachilengedwe kukhala ndi mantha kwambiri, mpaka, mu 1932, John Haldane, yemwe ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wa zamoyo zamoyo, adawona kuti kudzipereka kungathe kulimbikitsidwa ngati kulunjika kwa achibale, ndikupanga mfundo iyi, yomwe idakhala ndi mawu ofotokozera. [8]:
Ndikapereka moyo wanga chifukwa cha azichimwene anga awiri kapena asuweni anga asanu ndi atatu.
Kuwonetsa kuti abale ndi alongo amafanana mwachibadwa ndi 50%, pomwe azisuweni ndi 12,5% yokha. Choncho, chifukwa cha ntchito ya Haldane, maziko a "chiphunzitso chosinthika cha chisinthiko" chinayamba kukhazikitsidwa, khalidwe lalikulu lomwe silinalinso munthu, koma majini ndi anthu.
Zowonadi, ngati cholinga chachikulu cha chamoyo ndikufalitsa majini ake, ndiye kuti ndizomveka kuwonjezera mwayi wobereka anthu omwe ali ndi majini ambiri ofanana ndi inu. Kutengera izi komanso mouziridwa ndi ziwerengero, William Hamilton, mu 1964, adapanga lamulo lomwe pambuyo pake limatchedwa kuti ulamuliro wa Hamilton [9], womwe umanena kuti kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndikotheka pokhapokha ngati chiŵerengero cha majini awo wamba chikuchulukirachulukira ndi kuchuluka kwa mwayi. of gene transmission , kwa munthu amene altruism imamulozera, padzakhala zambiri kuposa kuwonjezeka kwa chiopsezo chosapereka majini awo kwa munthu amene amachita zinthu zosonyeza chikondi, zomwe mwa njira yake yosavuta zikhoza kulembedwa monga:
Kumeneko:
r (relatedness) - kuchuluka kwa majini wamba pakati pa anthu, mwachitsanzo. kwa abale ½,
B (phindu) - kuwonjezeka kwa kuthekera kwa kubereka kwa munthu wachiwiri pakakhala kudzipereka kwa woyamba,
C (mtengo) - kuchepa kwa kuthekera kwa kuberekanso kwa munthu yemwe akuchita zinthu zopanda pake.
Ndipo chitsanzochi chapeza kutsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza pazowonera [10] [11]. Mwachitsanzo, mu kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi akatswiri a zamoyo ku Canada[12], kwa zaka 19 adafufuza agologolo ofiira (chiwerengero cha anthu 54,785 m'malita 2,230), ndipo analemba zochitika zonse zomwe agologolo omwe amayamwitsa ana awo adatengera agologolo omwe amayi awo. anali atafa.
Gologolo wamkazi wofiira akukonzekera kusamutsa mwana wake wakhanda pakati pa zisa. Gwero [12]
Pachochitika chilichonse, kuchuluka kwa ubale ndi kuopsa kwa ana a agologolo omwe adawerengedwa, ndiye polemba tebulo ndi deta iyi, asayansi adapeza kuti ulamuliro wa Hamilton udawonedwa wolondola mpaka malo achitatu a decimal.
Mizere A1 mpaka A5 imagwirizana ndi milandu yomwe agologolo aakazi adatengera ana a anthu ena; mizere NA1 ndi NA2 imagwirizana ndi milandu yomwe kulera sikunachitike; ndime yakuti "Kuphatikizana bwino pakutengera mwana m'modzi" ikuwonetsa kuwerengera pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Hamilton pamlandu uliwonse. Gwero [12]
[8]
[9]http://www.uvm.edu/pdodds/files/papers/others/1964/hamilton1964a.pdf
[10]
[11]
[12]
Monga mukuonera, kuzindikira achibale ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chosankha ndipo izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zozindikiritsira koteroko, chifukwa kumvetsetsa komwe muli ndi majini ofala kwambiri ndikofunikira osati kungodziwa kuti ndi ndani. opindulitsa kwambiri kusonyeza kudzikonda, komanso kupewa kugonana ndi anthu ogwirizana (inbringing), chifukwa ana analandira chifukwa cha kugwirizana woteroyo ndi ofooka. Mwachitsanzo, zatsimikiziridwa kuti nyama zimatha kuzindikira achibale ndi fungo [13], mothandizidwa ndi zovuta zazikulu za histocompatibility [14], mbalame poyimba [15], ndi anyani, pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a nkhope, amatha kuzindikira awo. achibale amene sadakumane nawo, 16.
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Chikondi cha pa abale ndi kunyansidwa
Kwa anthu, zinthu zikadali zosangalatsa komanso zovuta. Gulu lofufuza kuchokera ku Sukulu ya Psychology ku yunivesite ya Aberdeen linasindikiza zotsatira zosangalatsa mu 2010[17] za momwe amayi 156 azaka zapakati pa 17 mpaka 35 adavotera zithunzi za nkhope za amuna osiyanasiyana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ku zithunzi wamba za anthu mwachisawawa, asayansi anasakaniza mobisa zithunzi za nkhope zopangidwa mwachisawawa kuchokera ku zithunzi za nkhani zomwezo, monga ngati kuti ndi m'bale, ndiye kuti, ndi kusiyana kwa 50%.
Zitsanzo za kupanga nkhope zofanana kuchokera ku kafukufuku. Kusiyana kwa 50% pankhope yochita kupanga kunagwiritsidwa ntchito, ngati kuti ndi mchimwene wake wamunthuyo Source [17].
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zinasonyeza kuti amayi ankakonda kuyerekezera nkhope zofanana kuti ndi zodalirika, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo zimakhala zosawoneka bwino. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akazi omwe anali ndi abale kapena alongo enieni sankakopeka ndi nkhope zofanana. Izi zikusonyeza kuti maganizo a anthu ogwirizana, komanso nyama, amatha kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo angathandize kupewa kuswana.
Palinso umboni wosonyeza kuti anthu osakhala achibale angayambe kuonana kuti ndi ogwirizana pamikhalidwe ina. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19, katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Finland, Westermarck, pophunzira za kugonana kwa anthu, adanena kuti njira yodziwira wachibale ikhoza kugwira ntchito pa mfundo yosindikiza. Ndiko kuti, anthu adzawonana ngati achibale ndipo adzanyansidwa ndi lingaliro logonana pamodzi, malinga ngati atangoyamba kumene iwo anali ogwirizana kwa nthawi yaitali, mwachitsanzo, analeredwa pamodzi [18] 19].
Tiyeni tipereke zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za malingaliro omwe amachitira umboni mokomera malingaliro osindikizira. Choncho, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ku Israel, kibbutzim - midzi yaulimi yokhala ndi anthu mazana angapo - inayamba kutchuka, ndipo pamodzi ndi kukana katundu waumwini ndi kufanana kwa mowa, ana m'madera otere nawonso analeredwa pamodzi pafupifupi kuyambira kubadwa. , zomwe zinkathandiza kuti akuluakulu azigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochulukirapo. Ziŵerengero za maukwati oposa 2700 a anthu amene anakulira m’banja la kibbutzim zinasonyeza kuti panalibe maukwati a anthu amene anakulira m’gulu limodzi m’zaka 6 zoyambirira za moyo wawo[20].
Gulu la ana ku Kibbutz Gan Shmuel, cha m'ma 1935-40. Gwero
Zitsanzo zofananazo zinawonedwa ku Taiwan, kumene mpaka posachedwapa kunali mchitidwe wa maukwati a Sim-pua (omasuliridwa kuti “mkwatibwi wamng’ono”), pamene mkwatibwi anatengedwa kukhala wolera ali ndi zaka 4 ndi banja la mkwati wobadwa kumene, pambuyo pake okwatirana mtsogolo analeredwa pamodzi. Ziwerengero zamaukwati oterowo zidawonetsa kuti kusakhulupirika kunali 20% mwawo mwayi, zisudzulo zinali zochulukirapo katatu, ndipo maukwati otere amakhala ndi kotala la ana ochepa obadwa [21].
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20] Chibale. Mawonedwe a biosocial. Wolemba J. Shepher. New York: Academic Press. 1983.
[21]
Tonsil wa kusagwirizana
Zingakhale zomveka kuganiza kuti njira zodziwira osati "ife" komanso "alendo". Ndipo monga momwe tanthawuzo la achibale limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu mgwirizano ndi kudzikonda, choncho tanthawuzo la mlendo limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pofotokozera mantha ndi chiwawa. Ndipo kuti timvetsetse bwino njirazi, tifunika kulowa m'dziko lochititsa chidwi la kafukufuku wa neuropsychological.
Ubongo wathu uli ndi kamangidwe kakang'ono koma kofunikira kwambiri kophatikizana, amygdala, yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamaganizo, makamaka zoipa, kukumbukira zochitika zamaganizo ndi kuyambitsa khalidwe laukali.
Malo a tonsils mu ubongo, anatsindika chikasu, gwero
Zochita za Amygdala ndizokwera kwambiri popanga zisankho zamalingaliro komanso kuchita zinthu zovuta. Akayatsidwa, amygdala amapondereza ntchito ya prefrontal cortex [22], malo athu okonzekera ndi kudziletsa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zasonyezedwa kuti anthu omwe prefrontal cortex amatha kupondereza ntchito ya amygdala akhoza kukhala osakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kupsinjika maganizo ndi kusokonezeka pambuyo pa zoopsa [23].
Kuyesera kwa 2017 ndi kutenga nawo gawo kwa anthu omwe adachita ziwawa zachiwawa kunawonetsa kuti posewera masewera opangidwa mwapadera, mwa anthu omwe adachita zachiwawa, kuputa kwa mdani pamasewera nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kuyankha mwaukali, komanso nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi, ntchito ya amygdala yawo, yojambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha fMRI, inali yokwera kwambiri kuposa ya gulu lolamulira [24].
"Amygdala reactivity" - zizindikiro zotengedwa kuchokera kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa amygdala. Olakwira achiwawa (madontho ofiira) amasonyeza kuwonjezereka kwa amygdala kuti ayambe kuputa (P = 0,02).[24]
Kafukufuku waposachedwa wapeza kuti zochitika za amygdala zidachulukidwa powonera zithunzi za nkhope zamtundu wina komanso zogwirizana ndi magwiridwe antchito pa Implicit Association Test, muyeso wa tsankho [25]. Kafukufuku wopitilira pamutuwu adawonetsa kuti kuyatsa kwa nkhope zamtundu wosiyana kudakulitsidwa pomwe chithunzicho chidawonetsedwa mocheperako pafupifupi 30 milliseconds. Izi ndizo, ngakhale pamene munthu analibe nthawi yoti azindikire zomwe adawona, amygdala yake inali ikuwonetsa kale ngozi [26].
Zotsatira zosiyana zinkawoneka pamene, kuwonjezera pa chifaniziro cha nkhope ya munthu, chidziwitso chokhudza mikhalidwe yake yaumwini chinaperekedwa. Ofufuzawa adayika maphunzirowo mu makina a fMRI ndikuwunika momwe mbali za ubongo zimagwirira ntchito pamene akugwira ntchito zamitundu iwiri. , mwachitsanzo, kaya anali waubwenzi, waulesi kapena wosakhululuka . Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pamodzi ndi chithunzicho, chidziwitso chowonjezera chinaperekedwanso, poyamba sichikukhudzana ndi umunthu wa munthuyo, ndipo chachiwiri, chidziwitso chokhudza munthu uyu, mwachitsanzo, kuti amalima masamba m'munda kapena amaiwala. zovala mu makina ochapira.
Zitsanzo zamavuto omwe ophunzira adathetsa. M'kupita kwa 3 s, otenga nawo mbali adapanga chigamulo cha "inde" kapena "ayi" potengera chithunzi cha nkhope ya munthu (Mwamuna Woyera kapena Wakuda) ndi gawo lachidziwitso pansipa. Pankhani ya zigamulo "zapamwamba", zigawo za chidziwitso sizinali munthu. Muchitsanzo cha ziweruzo za "zaumwini", zambiri zidasinthidwa kukhala zamunthu ndikulongosola zapadera ndi mikhalidwe ya chandamale. Mwanjira imeneyi, otenga nawo mbali adapatsidwa mwayi wosankha mawonekedwe a nkhope kapena ayi. Gwero [27]
Zotsatirazo zinasonyeza ntchito yaikulu mu amygdala panthawi ya mayankho pamene kunali koyenera kupanga chigamulo chapamwamba, ndiko kuti, pamene chidziwitso chosagwirizana ndi munthuyo chinaperekedwa. Paziweruzo zaumwini, ntchito ya amygdala inali yotsika ndipo nthawi yomweyo madera a cerebral cortex omwe ali ndi udindo wowonetsera umunthu wa munthu wina adatsegulidwa [27].
Pamwambapa (B) Avereji yazinthu za amygdala: bala labuluu limafanana ndi ziweruzo zapang'onopang'ono, mipiringidzo yofiirira kwa aliyense payekha. Pansipa pali chithunzi cha zochitika za zigawo zaubongo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi umunthu pochita ntchito zofanana [27].
Mwamwayi, kukondera kwa mtundu wa khungu sikuli kwachibadwa ndipo kumadalira malo omwe anthu amakhala nawo komanso malo omwe umunthu unapangidwira. Ndipo umboni wokomera izi udaperekedwa ndi kafukufuku yemwe adayesa kutsegulira kwa amygdala kuzithunzi za nkhope zamtundu wosiyana mwa ana a 32 azaka 4 mpaka 16. Zinapezeka kuti amygdala ya ana samangoyang'ana nkhope za mtundu wina mpaka kutha msinkhu, pamene kutsegula kwa amygdala kumaso a mtundu wina kunali kofooka ngati mwanayo anakulira m'malo amitundu yosiyanasiyana [28].
Ntchito ya Amygdala kumaso amitundu ina ngati ntchito yazaka. Gwero: [28]
Ngati tifotokozera mwachidule zonsezi, zimakhala kuti ubongo wathu, womwe umapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi zochitika zaubwana ndi chilengedwe, ukhoza kuphunzira kuzindikira zizindikiro "zoopsa" pamawonekedwe a anthu ndipo pambuyo pake zimakhudza malingaliro athu ndi khalidwe lathu. Chifukwa chake, atapangidwa m'malo omwe anthu akuda amawonedwa ngati alendo owopsa, amygdala yanu imatumiza chizindikiro cha alamu pakuwona munthu wakhungu lakuda, ngakhale musanayambe kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili ndikuweruza zamunthuyo. makhalidwe a munthu uyu, ndipo Nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo, pamene muyenera kupanga chisankho mwamsanga kapena popanda deta ina, izi zingakhale zovuta.
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15563325/
[27]
[28]
Chibale chabodza - mgwirizano weniweni
Chifukwa chake, mbali imodzi, ife (anthu) tili ndi njira zozindikiritsira achibale, zomwe zimatha kuphunzitsidwa kuyambitsa anthu ena osati achibale, komano, pali njira zodziwira zizindikiro zowopsa za munthu zomwe zitha kusinthidwanso. njira yoyenera ndipo, monga lamulo, nthawi zambiri imayambitsa oimira magulu akunja. Ndipo zopindulitsa apa ndi zodziwikiratu: madera omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wapamwamba pakati pa mamembala awo ali ndi ubwino kuposa omwe ali ogawanika, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nkhanza kwa magulu akunja kungathandize pa mpikisano wopeza chuma.
Kuwonjezeka kwa mgwirizano ndi kusakondana pakati pa gulu kumatheka pamene mamembala ake amawonana kuti ndi ogwirizana kwambiri kuposa momwe alili. Mwachionekere, ngakhale kungotchula anthu a m’mudzimo kuti “abale ndi alongo” kungabweretse zotsatira za ubale wachinyengo - zipembedzo zambiri ndi mipatuko ingakhale chitsanzo cha zimenezi.
Amonke a imodzi mwa nyumba zazikulu za amonke za ku Tibet, Rato Dratsang. Gwero:
Milandu ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa maubwenzi a pseudo-mabanja amafotokozedwanso ngati kusintha kothandiza pakati pa mafuko a anthu osamukira kumayiko ena omwe amagwira ntchito m'malesitilanti aku Korea [29], kotero gulu la ogwira ntchito, kukhala banja lachinyengo, limalandira zopindulitsa munjira yowonjezereka yothandizana. ndi mgwirizano.
Ndipo n’zosadabwitsa kuti Stalin analankhula ndi nzika za USSR mu July 3, 1941, "abale ndi alongo," kuwaitana kuti apite kunkhondo ndi asilikali a Germany [30].
[29]https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1466138109347000 [30]https://topwar.ru/143885-bratya-i-sestry-obraschenie-iosifa-stalina-k-sovetskomu-narodu-3-iyulya-1941-goda.html
Nkhanza zopanda umunthu
Madera a anthu amasiyanitsidwa ndi nyama ndi anyani ena chifukwa chokonda kwambiri mgwirizano, kuchita zinthu mopanda chidwi komanso chifundo [31], zomwe zimatha kukhala chotchinga chaukali. Kuchotsa zotchinga zotere kungapangitse khalidwe laukali; imodzi mwa njira zochotsera zopinga zingakhale zodetsa umunthu, chifukwa ngati wozunzidwayo sakuwoneka ngati munthu, ndiye kuti chifundo sichidzauka.
Neuroimaging ikuwonetsa kuti mukamawona zithunzi za oyimilira "anthu owopsa", monga anthu osowa pokhala kapena ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, madera omwe ali muubongo omwe amayang'anira malingaliro a anthu samayatsidwa [32], ndipo izi zitha kupanga gulu loyipa la anthu kugwa "pansi pa chikhalidwe cha anthu" chifukwa pamene akugwa kwambiri, anthu ochepa adzakhala okonzeka kuwathandiza.
Gulu lofufuza kuchokera ku Stanford lidasindikiza pepala mu 2017 kuwonetsa kuti kusokoneza wozunzidwayo kumawonjezera nkhanza pamene kulandira phindu, monga mphotho yandalama, kumadalira. Koma Komano, pamene chiwawa anachita molingana ndi makhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, monga chilango cha kuchita upandu, kufotokoza makhalidwe a munthu wozunzidwayo akhoza kuonjezera chivomerezo cha chiwawa [33].
Kufunitsitsa kwapakati kwa anthu kuvulaza munthu kutengera cholinga, kumanzere, malingaliro abwino kumanja akupeza phindu. Mipiringidzo yakuda imagwirizana ndi kufotokozera kopanda umunthu kwa wozunzidwayo, mipiringidzo imvi imagwirizana ndi kufotokozera kwaumunthu.
Pali zitsanzo zambiri zamakedzana zodetsa umunthu. Pafupifupi nkhondo zonse zankhondo sizimakwanira popanda kufalitsa zabodza pogwiritsa ntchito njira yachikale iyi; zitsanzo zabodza zotere kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, zomwe zidapangidwa panthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ku Russia, zitha kutchulidwa. Pali chitsanzo chodziwikiratu chopanga chifaniziro cha mdani wokhala ndi zizindikiro za nyama yoopsa, yokhala ndi zikhadabo ndi mano akuthwa, kapena kufananiza mwachindunji ndi nyama zomwe zimayambitsa chidani, monga kangaude, zomwe, kumbali imodzi, ziyenera kulungamitsa. kugwiritsira ntchito chiwawa, ndipo kumbali ina, kuchepetsa mlingo wa chifundo wa woukirayo.
Zitsanzo za zikwangwani zokopa za Soviet zokhala ndi njira zochotsera umunthu. Gwero:
[31]
[32]
[33] https://www.pnas.org/content/114/32/8511
Kodi yotsatira?
Anthu ndi mitundu yosiyana kwambiri, yomwe imapanga mgwirizano wovuta pakati pa magulu. Tili ndi chifundo chambiri komanso kusakonda ena ndipo tingaphunzire kuzindikira anthu osawadziwa ngati achibale athu apamtima ndikumvera chisoni anthu ena ngati kuti ndi athu.
Kumbali inayi, timatha kuchita nkhanza kwambiri, kupha anthu ambiri komanso kupha anthu ambiri, ndipo titha kuphunzira kuzindikira achibale athu ngati nyama zowopsa ndikuziwononga popanda kukumana ndi zotsutsana zamakhalidwe.
Kulinganiza pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi, chitukuko chathu chakhala ndi nthawi yambiri komanso nthawi yamdima, ndipo ndi kupangidwa kwa zida za nyukiliya, tayandikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse kumapeto kwa chiwonongeko chonse.
Ndipo ngakhale kuti ngoziyi tsopano ikuwoneka mwachizolowezi kuposa pamene kulimbana pakati pa maulamuliro a US ndi USSR, tsokalo likadali lenileni, monga kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuwunika kwa Doomsday Clock initiative, momwe asayansi otsogola padziko lonse lapansi amachitira. kuwunika kuthekera kwa ngozi yapadziko lonse lapansi munthawi yake pakati pausiku. Ndipo kuyambira 1991, wotchiyo yakhala ikuyandikira kwambiri pachimake, ikufika pachimake mu 2018 ndikuwonetsabe "mphindi ziwiri mpaka pakati pausiku" [34].
[34]
Mawonekedwe a mphindi ya dzanja la Doomsday Clock Project chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana zakale, zambiri zomwe zitha kuwerengedwa patsamba la Wikipedia:
Kukula kwa sayansi ndi luso lamakono kumabweretsa mavuto, njira yotulukira yomwe imafuna chidziwitso chatsopano ndi matekinoloje, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti tilibe njira ina yachitukuko koma njira ya chidziwitso. Tikukhala m'nthawi yosangalatsa yomwe yatsala pang'ono kupita patsogolo muukadaulo monga makompyuta a quantum, mphamvu zophatikizira ndi luntha lochita kupanga - matekinoloje omwe atha kutenga anthu pamlingo wina watsopano, komanso momwe timapezera mwayi pamipata yatsopanoyi zikhala zovuta.
Ndipo poganizira izi, n'zovuta kufotokoza kufunika kofufuza za chikhalidwe cha nkhanza ndi mgwirizano, chifukwa angapereke zidziwitso zofunika pakupeza mayankho a mafunso omwe ali otsimikiza za tsogolo la umunthu - tingapewe bwanji chiwawa chathu ndikuphunzira. kuti tigwirizane pamlingo wapadziko lonse kukulitsa lingalirolo "wanga" kwa anthu onse, osati gulu lokha.
Zikomo chifukwa cha chidwi chanu!
Ndemangayi inalembedwa pansi pamaganizo ndipo makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zochokera ku nkhani za "Biology of Human Behavior" ndi American neuroendocrinologist, Pulofesa Robert Sapolsky, zomwe adapereka ku yunivesite ya Stanford ku 2010. Maphunziro onse adamasuliridwa ku Chirasha ndi polojekiti ya Vert Dider ndipo imapezeka m'gulu lawo panjira ya YouTube. .
Ndipo kuti mumizidwe bwino pamutuwu, ndikupangira kuti muwerenge mndandanda wazolozera zamaphunzirowa, momwe chilichonse chimasanjidwa mosavuta ndi mutu: docs.google.com/document/d/1LW9CCHIlOGfZyIpowCvGD-lIfMFm7QkIuwqpKuSemCc
Source: www.habr.com