Kuchokera kunja kwa iOS, chitukuko chimatha kuwoneka ngati kalabu yotsekedwa. Kuti mugwire ntchito, muyeneradi kompyuta ya Apple; chilengedwe chimayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi kampani imodzi. Kuchokera mkati, nthawi zina mumatha kumva zotsutsana - ena amati chilankhulo cha Objective-C ndi chakale komanso chovuta, ndipo ena amati chilankhulo chatsopano cha Swift ndi chamwano kwambiri.
Komabe, opanga amapita kuderali ndipo, akakhala kumeneko, amakhutira.
Panthawiyi, Marat Nurgaliev ndi Boris Pavlov adatiuza zomwe adakumana nazo - momwe adaphunzirira ntchitoyi, momwe adapambana zoyankhulana zawo zoyamba, chifukwa chake adakana. Ndipo Andrey Antropov, mkulu, anachita monga katswiri ku GeekBrains.
Mu 2016, Marat Nurgaliev wochokera ku dera la Astrakhan anabwera kudzapeza ntchito yokonza mafoni ku kampani ya kanema wawayilesi. Uku kunali kuyankhulana kwake koyamba. Iye anali atangobwera kumene kuchokera ku usilikali, popanda kuchita ndi zochitika, atayiwala ngakhale chiphunzitso, chimene anali kale ndi mavuto. Chidziwitso chokha cha Marat pakukula kwa mafoni chinali malingaliro ake pakuwunika kutulutsa kwa chidziwitso kudzera pa mapulogalamu a Android. Pa zokambiranazo, adafunsidwa za maphunziro ake, OOP ndi chiphunzitso china, koma Marat sanathe kubisa mipata mu chidziwitso chake.
Komabe, sanakanidwe, koma anapatsidwa ntchito yothandiza - kukhazikitsa mndandanda wa nkhani pogwiritsa ntchito API mu masabata awiri. Zonse za iOS ndi Android. "Ndikadakhala ndi chidziwitso pa Android, panalibe chida chopangira mtundu wa iOS. Malo opangira mapulogalamu a iOS amapezeka pa Mac okha. Koma patapita milungu iwiri ndinabweranso ndikuwonetsa zomwe ndingathe kuchita pa Android. Ndi iOS ndidayenera kuzizindikira powuluka. Pamapeto pake ananditenga. Kenako ndinakhala ku Astrakhan. Ntchito iliyonse ya IT yokhala ndi malipiro opitilira makumi awiri inali yoyenera kwa ine. "
Opanga iOS ndi ndani?
Opanga mafoni amapanga mapulogalamu pazida zilizonse zonyamula. Mafoni am'manja, mapiritsi, mawotchi anzeru ndi nsanja zina zonse zomwe zimathandizira Android kapena iOS. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za chitukuko cha mafoni ndizosiyana ndi chitukuko chokhazikika, koma chifukwa cha zida zapadera, zapatulidwa kuti zikhale zosiyana. Imagwiritsa ntchito zida zake, zilankhulo zamapulogalamu ndi machitidwe.
"Kuti mugwire ntchito ndi iOS, mufunika MacBook, chifukwa ndi yokhayo yomwe ili ndi malo ofunikira a Xcode. Ndi yaulere ndipo imagawidwa kudzera mu AppStore. Kuti muyike, muyenera kukhala ndi ID yanu ya Apple ndipo palibe china chilichonse. Mu Xcode mutha kupanga mapulogalamu a chilichonse - foni, piritsi, wowonera. Pali choyimira chokhazikika komanso chowongolera chilichonse, "atero Andrey Antropov, wamkulu wa dipatimenti yachitukuko ya iOS ku GeekBrains.
"Koma malo otukuka amatha kukhazikitsidwa pa Windows ngati mugwiritsa ntchito Hackintosh. Iyi ndi njira yogwirira ntchito, koma yozungulira - palibe omwe amapanga izi. Oyamba amagula MacBook yakale. Ndipo anthu odziwa zambiri amatha kugula mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri.”
Zinenero - Swift kapena Objective-C
Pafupifupi chitukuko chonse cha iOS chimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha Swift. Idawonekera zaka zisanu zapitazo ndipo tsopano ikusintha pang'onopang'ono chilankhulo chakale cha Objective-C, chomwe Apple yagwiritsa ntchito pazaka zopitilira 30.
"Makhodi akulu adasonkhanitsidwa mu Objective-C, kotero opanga zilankhulo ziwirizi amafunikirabe, kutengera kampani, ntchito zake ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Mapulogalamu olembedwa zaka zambiri zapitazo adachokera ku Objective-C. Ndipo ma projekiti onse atsopano amapangidwa mu Swift mwachisawawa. Tsopano Apple ikuchita zambiri kuti ipangitse chitukuko cha foni, piritsi, wotchi ndi MacBook munthawi yomweyo. Code yomweyi imatha kupangidwa ndikuyendetsedwa kulikonse. Izi sizinachitike kale. Pa iOS tidapanga Swift, pa MacOS tidagwiritsa ntchito Objective-C.
Malinga ndi Andrey, Swift ndi chilankhulo chosavuta komanso chosavuta kwa oyamba kumene. Imasindikizidwa mosamalitsa, yomwe imakulolani kuti mugwire zolakwika zambiri pagawo la polojekiti, ndipo nambala yolakwika siigwira ntchito.
"Cholinga-C ndi chinenero chakale - zaka zofanana ndi chinenero cha C ++. Pa nthawi yomwe idapangidwa, zofunikira za zilankhulo zinali zosiyana kotheratu. Swift atatuluka, kunali ngolo, magwiridwe antchito anali ochepa, ndipo mawu ake anali ovuta. Ndipo anthu anali ndi manja odzaza ndi Objective-C. Zasinthidwa kwa zaka zambiri, zolakwa zonse zomwe zilipo zakonzedwa. Koma tsopano ndikuganiza kuti Swift ndi wabwino ngati Objective-C. Ngakhale Apple imagwiritsabe ntchito zonse m'mapulojekiti ake. Zilankhulozo zimasinthasintha komanso zimayenderana. Mapangidwe ndi zinthu za chinenero chimodzi zikhoza kusinthidwa kukhala zinthu ndi machitidwe a chinenero china. Ndibwino kudziwa zonse ziwiri, koma kwa oyamba kumene Cholinga-C nthawi zambiri chimawoneka ngati chowopsa komanso chosokoneza."
Zophunzitsa
"Pantchito yanga yoyamba, abwana anga adandiphunzitsa, kundithandiza kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa pulojekiti," akutero Marat, "Koma kugwira ntchito pa Android ndi iOS nthawi yomweyo kumakhala kovuta. Zimatenga nthawi kuti amangenso, kusintha kuchokera ku pulojekiti kupita ku pulojekiti, kuchokera ku chilankhulo kupita kuchilankhulo. Pamapeto pake, ndinaganiza kuti ndiyenera kusankha njira imodzi ndi kuiphunzira. Ndinagulitsidwa pa mawonekedwe a Xcode komanso mawu osavuta a Swift. "
Marat adalowa mu dipatimenti yachitukuko ya iOS ku GeekBrains. Poyamba zinali zophweka, chifukwa ankadziwa zambiri kuchokera kuntchito. Maphunziro apachaka amagawidwa m'magawo anayi. Malinga ndi Andrey, loyamba limapereka zoyambira zokha: "Maziko a chilankhulo cha Swift, chidziwitso chazida zoyambira, maukonde, kusungirako deta, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, zowongolera, zomangamanga, malaibulale akulu omwe aliyense amagwiritsa ntchito, kuwerenga zambiri komanso kufanana mapulogalamu.”
Gawo lachiwiri likuwonjezera Objective-C. Maphunziro amachitidwa pa zomangamanga ndi machitidwe oyambira mapulogalamu. M’gawo lachitatu, amaphunzitsa kalembedwe koyenera ka kulemba. Imalongosola zomwe fakitale ili, momwe mungalembe mayeso molondola, kupanga ma projekiti, Git-Flow ndi chiyani, Kuphatikiza Kopitilira munjira ya Fast Lane. Gawo lachinayi ndi lomaliza limaperekedwa kumagulu, ntchito zothandiza komanso ma internship.
"Kota yoyamba inali yophweka," akutero Marat, "koma kenako ndinayamba kuphunzira mapulogalamu mu Objective-C, kuphunzira mapangidwe apangidwe, mfundo za Solid, Git-Flow, kamangidwe ka polojekiti, Unit ndi UI kuyesa ntchito, kukhazikitsa makanema ojambula pamanja. - ndiyeno ndinakhala wosangalatsa kuphunzira. ”
"Sizinayambe bwino kwa ine ku GeekBrains," akutero Boris Pavlov, ndipo njira yake yopita ku chitukuko cha iOS sichinali chachindunji. Mnyamatayo analeredwa ndi agogo ake. Iye anali katswiri wa zomangamanga, masamu ndi mlengi ndipo anapatsa Boris chikondi cha mapangidwe, anamuphunzitsa kujambula ndi manja ndi kujambula. Amalume ake anali woyang’anira zinthu ndipo ankakonda kwambiri mwana wa mchimwene wakeyo pa makompyuta.
Boris anali wophunzira kwambiri, koma anasiya chidwi kuphunzira ndi kusiya sukulu pambuyo giredi zisanu ndi zinayi. Pambuyo pa koleji, adayamba kuyendetsa njinga, ndipo makompyuta adazimiririka. Koma tsiku lina Boris anavulala msana, zomwe zinamulepheretsa kupitiriza ntchito yake yamasewera.
Anayamba kuphunzira C ++ ndi mphunzitsi ku Irkutsk Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics. Kenako ndinakhala ndi chidwi ndi chitukuko cha masewera ndikuyesera kusintha C #. Ndipo potsiriza, monga Marat, adakopeka ndi chinenero cha Swift.
"Ndidaganiza zopanga maphunziro oyambira aulere ku GeekBrains. Kunena zowona, iye anali wotopetsa kwambiri, waulesi ndi wosamvetsetseka,” akukumbukira motero Boris, “mphunzitsiyo analankhula za mbali za chinenerocho, koma anathamanga kuchoka pamutu umodzi kupita ku wina popanda kuulula kwenikweni. Pamene maphunzirowo anatha, sindinamvetsebe kalikonse.”
Chifukwa chake, pambuyo pa maphunziro oyambira, Boris sanalembetse maphunziro a chaka chonse, koma m'miyezi itatu yaifupi, komwe amaphunzitsa zoyambira za ntchitoyi. Ndinapeza aphunzitsi abwino kwambiri kumeneko, ndipo analongosola zonse momveka bwino.”
"Nthawi zambiri timadzudzulidwa, akuti mabuku athu ophunzitsira sakhala amakono, pali zolakwika. Koma maphunzirowa amasinthidwa nthawi zonse, ndipo aphunzitsi nthawi zonse amalankhula za zatsopano. Mwa magulu omwe ndimatsogolera, ambiri amapeza ntchito pambuyo pa kotala yoyamba. Inde, kaŵirikaŵiri awa amakhala anthu odziŵa kupanga mapulogalamu,” akutero Andrey, “Kumbali ina, chidziŵitso chonse sichikhoza kuperekedwa m’njira imodzi. Kulumikizana kwamakasitomala pa intaneti sikungagwirizane ndi maphunziro khumi a maola awiri. Ndipo ngati mumangopita ku maphunziro osachita china chilichonse, ndiye kuti simudzakhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira. Ngati mumaphunzira tsiku lililonse kwa chaka chonse, ndiye kuti pamayendedwe awa okhawo aulesi sangapeze ntchito. Chifukwa kufunikira kwa ntchitoyi ndikwambiri. ”
Mutha kuwona zambiri kwa opanga iOS ndikulembetsa kwa atsopano.
ntchito
Koma Marat kapena Boris sanapeze ntchito mosavuta.
"Makampani ena akuluakulu adapanga kale mapulogalamu a iOS mu Objective-C, ndikupitilizabe kusunga ma code akale. Tsoka ilo, ndilibe mkangano wokakamiza kuti agwiritse ntchito Swift yekha. Makamaka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito lamuloli "musakhudze zomwe zimagwira ntchito," akutero Marat, "Chisamaliro chochepa chimaperekedwa ku malangizo a Objective-C ku Geekbrains. Ndi zambiri za chikhalidwe cha chidziwitso. Koma kampani iliyonse yomwe ndidawafunsa idafunsa za Objective-C. Ndipo popeza maphunziro anga amayang'ana pa Swift, monga ntchito yanga yam'mbuyomu, ndimakana pofunsa mafunso. ”
Boris anati: “Nditaphunzira, ndinkadziwa ndekha mfundo zongopeka chabe, zomwe ndimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta.” “N’zoona kuti ku ntchito sikunali kokwanira, koma ndinasangalala ndi zimenezi. Zinali zovuta kupeza ntchito ku Irkutsk. Kunena zowona - ayi. Ndinaganiza zokayang’ana m’mizinda ina. Ponena za kuchuluka kwa ntchito, Krasnodar, Moscow ndi St. Petersburg zinakhala zofunikira kwambiri. Ndinaganiza zopita ku St. Petersburg - kufupi ndi ku Ulaya.
Koma zonse sizinali bwino. Ngakhale wamng'ono adzakhululukidwa pa zomwe sangazidziwe. Sindinapezebe ntchito. Ndikugwira ntchito "zikomo", ndikupeza chidziwitso. Ndikumvetsetsa kuti izi sizomwe ndimafuna, koma ndili ndi chidwi, ndipo izi zimandiyendetsa. Ndikufuna kudziwa."
Andrey amakhulupirira kuti obwera kumene ayenera kuyang'ana ma internship osati ntchito. Ngati muli ndi chidziwitso chochepa kwambiri, ndiye kuti ndi zachilendo kuti internship ikhale yosalipidwa. Andrey akulangiza kufunsira ntchito zazing'ono kumakampani akuluakulu komwe ntchito yakhazikitsidwa kale.
"Mukamvetsetsa momwe ntchito yopangira mapulogalamu amagwirira ntchito, zimakhala zosavuta kuyenda ndikupeza ntchito ina, kutengera zomwe mukufuna. Anthu ena amapita ku chitukuko chodziyimira pawokha, amadzipangira okha masewera, amawaika m'sitolo, ndikupangira okha ndalama. Ena amagwira ntchito kukampani yayikulu yokhala ndi malamulo okhwima. Anthu ena amapeza ndalama m'ma studio ang'onoang'ono omwe amapanga mapulogalamu amtundu uliwonse, ndipo kumeneko amatha kuyang'ana zonse zomwe zikuchitika - kuyambira popanga pulojekiti kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kukapereka ku sitolo. "
Malipiro
Malipiro a wopanga iOS, monga wina aliyense, amadalira funso "Moscow kapena Russia". Koma chifukwa cha zenizeni zamakampani - ntchito zambiri zakutali, mwayi wosamuka komanso kugwira ntchito osati pamsika wachigawo - ziwerengero zikuyandikirana.
Malinga ndi Calculator My Circle salary calculator, pafupifupi malipiro a wopanga iOS ndi ochepa .
"Wamng'ono pamlingo wotsika kwambiri nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito kwaulere kapena ndalama zophiphiritsira - ma ruble 20-30. Ngati junior mwadala anatengera udindo wake, adzalandira kuchokera 50 mpaka 80 zikwi. Apakati amalandira kuchokera pa 100 mpaka 150, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka 200. Akuluakulu salandira zosakwana 200. Ndikuganiza kuti malipiro awo ndi pafupifupi 200-300. Ndipo kwa otsogolera timu, motero, ndi opitilira 300. "
Mafunso
"Kuyankhulana koyamba kunachitika pa Skype. Ndinadabwa kuona kuti inali Google,” akukumbukira motero Boris, “ndiye kuti ndinali nditangosamukira kumene ku St. Petersburg ndi kuyamba kufunafuna ntchito. Ndidalandira fomu yofunsira pulogalamu ya iOS. Osati wamng'ono, osati wapakati, osati wamkulu - wongopanga mapulogalamu. Ndinasangalala kwambiri ndipo ndinayamba kulemberana makalata ndi bwanayo. Ndinafunsidwa kuti nditsirize ntchito yaukadaulo: Ndinayenera kulemba pempho la nthabwala za Chuck Norris. Ndinalemba. Adandiuza kuti zonse zinali zabwino ndipo adakonza zoyankhulana pa intaneti.
Tinayitana wina ndi mzake. Mtsikana wina wabwino analankhula nane. Koma sanafunse mafunso aliwonse okhudza luso la chilankhulo - mavuto osiyanasiyana omveka, mwachitsanzo, "Nthawi ndi 15:15, ndi madigiri angati pakati pa ola ndi mphindi?" kapena "Positi ndi 10 mita kutalika, Nkhono imakwawa mamita atatu masana, ndipo imatsika mita imodzi usiku.” Ndi masiku angati adzakwawira pamwamba?", ndi zina zingapo zofanana.
Ndiye panali mafunso odabwitsa kwambiri - chifukwa chiyani ndimakonda Apple komanso momwe ndimamvera za Tim Cook. Ndinanena kuti kampani yonse ndiyabwino, koma yoyipa kwa iye, chifukwa ndalama ndizofunikira kwa iye, osati zogulitsa.
Mafunso okhudza Swift atayamba, chidziwitso changa chinali chokwanira pamapangidwe apulogalamu komanso zoyambira za OOP. Tinasazikana, patapita sabata anandiimbiranso foni n’kunena kuti sindine woyenera. M'malo mwake, ndaphunzira zambiri kuchokera pa izi: umafunika chidziwitso, umafunikira zambiri - chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe. "
Andrey akunena kuti “chinthu choyamba chimene aliyense amafunsidwa panthawi yofunsa mafunso ndicho kusintha kwa moyo wa wolamulira. Amakonda kwambiri kufunsa njira yosavuta yopangira. Iwo adzakufunsani zomwe mwakumana nazo pogwiritsa ntchito malaibulale otchuka. Padzakhaladi funso lokhudza kusiyana kwa Swift Value Types kuchokera ku Reference Types, za Automatic Reference Counting ndi kasamalidwe ka kukumbukira. Atha kufunsa momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kusunga deta m'mapulogalamu, komanso ngati adagwiritsa ntchito zopempha pa netiweki. Adzafunsa zoyambira za REST ndi JSON. The junior sadzafunsidwa zinthu zenizeni ndi subtleties. Osachepera sindikufunsa."
Boris anali ndi chokumana nacho chosiyana: “Ngakhale nditapempha ma internship, ndinamaliza ntchito zamaluso ndikunena kuti malipirowo sanali ofunika kwa ine, malinga ngati anali okwanira kubwereka nyumba, amakanidwabe. Ndinawerenga zolemba, ndikuyesera kumvetsetsa zomwe wolembera amafunikira kuchokera kwa watsopano. Koma makamaka analephera pa nthanthi. Pazifukwa zina, adafunsa mafunso kuchokera kumaligi akulu omwe samakhudza obwera kumene. ”
Marat anali ndi mwayi. Tsopano amagwira ntchito kukampani yonyamula katundu ndipo ali yekhayekha woyang'anira dipatimenti ya iOS, pomwe akupitiliza maphunziro ake ku faculty. "Popeza ndine ndekha amene ndimayang'anira iOS, ntchito yanga imawunikidwa ndi kuthekera kwanga kukwaniritsa ntchito zomwe ndapatsidwa, osati ndi chidziwitso changa cha chiphunzitso."
Anthu
Andrey amakhala ku Nizhny Novgorod ndipo akunena kuti ngakhale pali gulu lalikulu. Kalekale, anali wopanga kumbuyo ku Python, koma abwenzi ake adamukokera ku chitukuko cha mafoni - ndipo tsopano iye mwini amalimbikitsa aliyense kuti azichita.
"Anthu padziko lonse lapansi amalumikizana kudzera pa Twitter. Anthu amalemba mabulogu awoawo, amajambulitsa makanema pa Youtube, aitanirana ma podcasts. Tsiku lina ndinali ndi funso lokhudza nkhani yomwe mtsogoleri wa gulu la HQTrivia analankhula. Awa ndi masewera a mafunso aku America omwe amaseweredwa nthawi imodzi ndi anthu mamiliyoni angapo. Ndinamulembera pa Twitter, anandiyankha, tinakambirana, ndipo ndinamuthokoza. Anthu ammudzi ndi ochezeka kwambiri, zomwe ndi zabwino kwambiri. "
Mndandanda wa mabuku ovomerezekaMulingo woyambira:
- Vasily Usov. Swift.
- Keith Harrison.
- Paul Hudson. .
- Paul Hudson. .
- Matthijs Hollemans, Fahim Farook. .
- Erica Sadun.
Mulingo wapakati:
- Paul Hudson. .
- Gulu la maphunziro a RW. .
- Gulu la Maphunziro a RW. .
- Marin Todorov. .
- Chris Eidhof, Matt Gallagher, ndi Florian Kugler. .
- Paul Hudson.
Mulingo wapamwamba:
- Gulu la Maphunziro a RW.
- Chris Eidhof, Ole Begemann, Florian Kugler, ndi Ben Cohen.
- Derek Sealander.
- Matt Zmuda. .
Source: www.habr.com