M'nkhaniyi, ndikulemba mwachidule mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri ndi zolemba zomwe ndinapeza m'buku la Raf Koster "Theory of Fun for Game Design".
Koma choyamba, chidziwitso chaching'ono chabe:
— Ndinalikonda bukulo.
— Bukuli ndi lalifupi, losavuta kuwerenga komanso losangalatsa. Pafupifupi ngati buku la zojambulajambula.
- Raf Koster ndi wopanga masewera odziwa zambiri yemwe alinso ndi luso la nyimbo ndi zolemba. Koma iye si wolemba mapulogalamu, kotero pali "zina" zotsindika pa chitukuko, makamaka chodziwika kwa wolemba mapulogalamu kumuwerenga. Ndinayamba ndi MUDs.
- Bukuli linasindikizidwa mu 2004, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mawu omwe ali m'bukuli onena za momwe makampani akuyendera ayenera kuwonedwa ndi kukayikira kwakukulu.
- Tsamba lovomerezeka la bukhuli: theoryoffun.com [].
- Buku lomasulira: Raf Koster: Game Development and Entertainment Theory []. Ndinawerenga Baibulo la Chingerezi, kotero sindingathe kunena chilichonse chokhudza ubwino wa kumasulira kwa Chirasha, koma kulipo.
- Pali ndemanga zambiri za bukuli []. Komabe, ndinadziika ndekha ntchito yosonkhanitsa mwachidule chidule cha malingaliro ake, kotero kuti nkhaniyi sayenera kuonedwa ngati ndemanga.
- Bukuli limalimbikitsidwa pafupipafupi, kuphatikiza pa Habré: mabuku 25 a wopanga masewera [].
Ndi za chiyani
Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka semantic, bukuli lagawidwa magawo awiri pafupifupi ofanana:
Choyamba. Phunziro lokonzekera la zomwe ziri zosangalatsa mu masewera: kuyesa kupereka tanthauzo; chifukwa chiyani kusewera; pamene chidwi cha masewerawa chimatha. Zosangalatsa kwambiri komanso zachifundo. Pali ma analogies ambiri ndi kuyerekezera ndi mitundu ina ya luso: nyimbo, mabuku, mafilimu a kanema.
Chachiwiri. Zokambirana za kukhwima kwa makampani, cholinga cha masewera, udindo wa opanga masewera kwa anthu. Pali nthawi zina zosangalatsa, koma nthawi zambiri zosasangalatsa komanso zopanda chidziwitso. Ndinasekedwa ndi mawu akuti: "Tsopano nthawi yafika yoti mutha kuyankhula momasuka za kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi popanda chiopsezo choimbidwa mlandu wokonda kugonana." Ndipo anakambirana za kusiyana kumeneku momasuka.
Mtengo waukulu wa bukhuli ndikukuuzani momwe mungapangire masewerawa kukhala osangalatsa. Ndipo bukhulo limanenadi za izi.
Koma pano ndikuvutika kumasulira mawu ofunika kwambiri ku Russian. Ofalitsa a ku Russia anawamasulira kuti “chisangalalo.” Google ikuwonetsa "zosangalatsa." Ndigwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chidwi" ndi "zosangalatsa", ngakhale kukhutitsidwa ndi zosangalatsa zingakhalenso zoyenera.
Koma, mwa lingaliro langa, awa ndi amodzi mwa mawu omwe alibe kumasulira kwenikweni kwa Chirasha, ndipo matembenuzidwe onse omwe aperekedwa sanapambane. Kusangalatsa kumeneku sikungakhale kosangalatsa kokha, komanso kukhumudwitsa. Mu Chingerezi, mawu oti "zoseketsa" angatanthauze "chitsiru", ndipo mawu akuti "mawu oseketsa" angatanthauze mawu achipongwe.
Zitsanzo mu masewera
Mapangidwe amasewera ndi machitidwe omwe ubongo wathu umaphunzira kuzindikira ndi kuchita. Njira yophunzirira machitidwe ndiye gwero lalikulu la chidwi pamasewera. Wosewera akaphunzira china chatsopano, amalandira mphotho ya mankhwala m’mahomoni osangalatsa. Wosewerayo akakumana ndi zonse zomwe masewerawa angapereke, thupi limasiya kulandira mphotho yotere. Ili ndilo lingaliro lalikulu la theka loyamba la bukuli, lomwe limawululidwa kuchokera kumbali zosiyanasiyana mothandizidwa ndi zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana.
Ndiko kuti, chisangalalo cha masewerawa chimachokera ku chidziwitso. Kuzindikira ndiko kuphunzitsidwa kwa luso lomwe ubongo umawona kuti ndi lothandiza kuti munthu kapena fuko lake akhalebe ndi moyo kuyambira nthawi zakale, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti munthu ayenera kulipidwa chifukwa cha maphunzirowa. Makina atsopano amapereka chakudya cha chidziwitso (mtundu watsopano kapena nsanja yamasewera) ndi zokhutira (chiwembu, olimbikitsa, nyimbo).
Kuchokera apa mfundo ikufotokozedwa kuti masewera aliwonse amayenera kunyong'onyeka pamene wosewera mpira amakoka chilichonse chatsopano ndikukhala katswiri pa izo. Ngati gwero lalikulu lachidziwitso chatsopano pamasewerawa lili pazomwe zili (wolemba amatchula chovalachi pamitundu), ndiye kuti masewerawa amakhala otopetsa mutangomaliza kumene kapena kuwonera pa YouTube (Kuopsa kwa YouTube pamasewera oyendetsedwa ndi nkhani sikunali koonekera nthawi imeneyo). Koma zatsopano zamakina sizimangokhalitsa, komanso zimakopa osewera atsopano omwe awona masewera a wina. Makamaka chifukwa cha nyani: pamene munthu awona kupambana kwa wina (zosangalatsa), kenako amafunanso kubwereza ndikupikisana.
(Matembenuzidwe anthawi zonse a mawu akuti mapatani ndi ma templates omwe sagwirizana bwino ndi matanthauzo. Izi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi momwe zimapangidwira mu OOP)
Mawu achidule ndi malingaliro otengedwa m'bukuli
- Ubongo umaganiza motsatira, osati zinthu zenizeni;
- Ubongo umasirira machitidwe atsopano;
- Ubongo umatha kuwona njira zatsopano ngati phokoso ndikuzikana ngati zachilendo komanso zovuta. Choncho, mbadwo wakale nthawi zambiri umakana matekinoloje atsopano kapena mafashoni;
- Zomwe zachitika zatsopano zitha kukhala zachilendo komanso zosavuta, kotero kuti mawonekedwe akale osinthidwa amakhala otetezeka (mu sayansi pali kufananitsa "kutali kwambiri ndi nthawi yake");
- Zobwerezedwa zakale zimabweretsa kutopa chifukwa cha chizolowezi;
- Njira yokonza ndondomekoyi imapindula ndi mahomoni osangalatsa, koma mutatha kukwaniritsa ungwiro, zosangalatsa zimatulutsidwa komaliza ndipo kumasulidwa kumasiya;
- Kutopa ndi pamene ubongo umafuna chidziwitso chatsopano kuti uzindikire. Ubongo sufunanso zomverera zatsopano (zochitika zosadziwika), nthawi zambiri zatsopano zimakhala zokwanira (gulu latsopano la adani, mabwana);
- Wosewera amatha kuzindikira mawonekedwe akale mumasewera atsopano m'mphindi zisanu. Zovala ndi malo ozungulira sizidzamunyenga. Ngati sapeza china chatsopano, adzachiwona kukhala chotopetsa ndikuchitseka;
- Wosewerayo atha kuzindikira kuzama kwakukulu mumasewera, koma angawone kuti sichofunikira kwa iye. Chifukwa chake kutopa ndi njira yotulukira;
- Simungasangalatse aliyense. Kuwululidwa kwa makina atsopano ndikochedwa kwambiri -> wosewera mpira adzawona kuti palibe chatsopano kwa nthawi yaitali -> wotopetsa -> kutuluka. Kuwulula zimango zatsopano mwachangu kwambiri -> zovuta kwambiri, machitidwe samazindikirika -> wotopetsa -> kusiya.
- Gwero lofunikira kwambiri pamasewera: kuchokera ku luso lapamwamba pamachitidwe - ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku chidziwitso. Koma pali zina zowonjezera: zokongoletsa; reflex; chikhalidwe.
- Zosangalatsa zosangalatsa. Kutengera kuzindikira machitidwe akale m'malo mowaphunzira, monga kupotoza chiwembu (Mwachitsanzo: kanema Planet of the Apes, pomwe munthu wamkulu akuwona Statue of Liberty kumapeto).
- Zokonda zapagulu (okonda osewera ambiri):
1) kusangalala pamene mdani awononga chinachake;
2) kuyamika, kupambana chifukwa chomaliza ntchito yovuta, monga chizindikiro kwa fuko lonse kuti ndinu othandiza, ofunika komanso ofunika;
3) kuthandizira, wophunzira akachita bwino, izi ndizofunikira kuti fuko lanu lipulumuke;
4) kunyada, kudzitamandira za wophunzira. Ichi ndi chizindikiro kwa fuko za kufunikira kwanu komanso zothandiza;
5) chibwenzi chapamtima, kusonyeza ubale / chikhalidwe cha anthu;
6) kuwolowa manja, mwachitsanzo, kuthandizira mamembala ena a fuko, chizindikiro chofunikira kwa fuko lokhudza ubwino wokhala ndi fuko lotere.
Zida zamasewera osangalatsa
1) Kukonzekera. Ndiko kuti, wosewera mpira ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wowonjezera mwayi wopambana;
2) Makaniko okhazikika. Mndandanda wa malamulo omwe amamveka ndikuvomerezedwa ndi osewera;
3) Gulu la zopinga ndi mikangano. Osewera ayenera kukumana ndi zopinga zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimawalepheretsa kukwaniritsa cholingacho;
4) Njira zambiri zothanirana ndi zopinga. Mwachitsanzo, mungadutse alonda mwa: kuchita ntchito zamwamuna, kupereka ziphuphu, kuopseza, kapena kukwera khoma mochenjera;
5) Luso la wosewera mpira limakhudza kupambana. Ndiko kuti, zisankho zomwe wosewera mpira amapanga zimakhala zofunikira ndipo zimatengera zotsatira zosiyanasiyana;
6) Dziko lotizungulira. Ndiko kuti, pali malo a ufulu ndi / kapena malire omveka bwino. Si zabwino kwambiri ngati muponya wosewera pabwalo lotseguka popanda chidziwitso chilichonse.
Kuti masewerawa akhale ophunzitsa, payenera kukhala:
1) Ndemanga zosinthika pazochita za osewera: pazosankha zopambana payenera kukhala mphotho yabwinoko;
2) Wosewera wodziwa bwino ayenera kulandira mphotho yaying'ono momwe angathere pothetsa mavuto osavuta. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wosewera mpira amasaka osewera ena omwe ali ofooka kwambiri kuposa iye, ndiye kuti "zachuma" sizingakhale zopindulitsa kwa iye;
3) Kulephera kuyenera kukhala ndi mtengo wake. M'masewera akale inali Game Over yathunthu, koma tsopano iyenera kukhala kufunikira kobwereza kapena kutayika kwa phindu.
Mndandanda wa mafunso pamasewera osangalatsa
1) Kodi ndiyenera kukonzekera chisanachitike chopinga? (kuchita kafukufuku woyamba)
2) Kodi ndizotheka kukonzekera mosiyana ndikupambanabe? (chiphuphu kapena kuopseza alonda)
3) Kodi chilengedwe cha chopingacho chimakhudza chopingacho? (Kodi alonda pakhomo la nyumba yachifumu ndi tawuni yaying'ono amachita mosiyana?)
4) Kodi pali malamulo omveka bwino amasewera ndi makina ake othana ndi zopinga? (sizili bwino ngati alonda achita mosayembekezereka kuti atsegule kapena kunyalanyaza khalidwe lachigawenga)
5) Kodi malamulo amathandizira zopinga zosiyanasiyana? (malamulo okhwima kwambiri/osauka amachepetsa mwayi wotukuka)
6) Kodi wosewera angagwiritse ntchito maluso osiyanasiyana kuti apambane? (khalani woyankhulana wamkulu kapena wankhanza)
7) Pazovuta zapamwamba, kodi wosewera amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito maluso angapo kuti apambane? (ndiko kuti, kodi ayenera kugwira ntchito molimbika, osati kungogaya milingo khumi ndi iwiri pa nguluwe)
8) Kodi luso likufunika kugwiritsa ntchito luso? (kudina sikuyenera kukhala njira yabwino)
9) Kodi pali zotsatila zingapo zomwe zingatheke kuti apambane kuti pasakhale chotsatira chotsimikizika? (ndizotopetsa kuyang'ana kakhumi kugwedezeka kofanana kwa alonda panthawi ya mantha)
10) Kodi osewera apamwamba amapindula ndi zopinga / zovuta zomwe zimakhala zosavuta? (mutha kusiya kupereka mphotho kwa nkhumba zonse)
11) Kodi kulephera kumapangitsa wosewerayo kuvutika mwanjira iliyonse? (kulephera, kutha koyipa kapena kutayika kwa phindu)
12) Ngati mutachotsa zojambula, zomveka, ndi nkhani pamasewera, kodi zidzakhala zosangalatsa kusewera? (i.e., kodi makina oyambira masewerawa akadali osangalatsa?)
13) Machitidwe onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewerawa ayenera kugwira ntchito ku lingaliro lalikulu (makhalidwe kapena lingaliro lamasewera). Ngati dongosolo silikuthandizira kuthetsa lingalirolo, dongosololi liyenera kutayidwa. Izi ndi zomwe wopanga RimWorld adachita [], zomwe sizinawonjezere makina omwe sanawongolere "dongosolo la kupanga nkhani". Ndicho chifukwa chake sanawonjezere machitidwe ovuta kupanga.
14) Osewera pafupifupi nthawi zonse amakonda kutenga njira yosavuta: kunyenga, kudumpha nkhani ndi zokambirana zomwe sizikuthandizira chidwi chawo chachikulu chomwe adatsitsa masewerawa. Anthu ndi aulesi. Kodi masewerawa amaganizira za "ulesi" uwu? Mwachitsanzo, ngati wosewera mpira ayamba zochita zanu RPG kugwedeza lupanga osati chifukwa cha chiwembu, ndiye mwina muyenera kumupatsa mwayi uwu popanda kulemetsa iye ndi backstories yaitali (makamaka ngati ndi zazing'ono ndi kubwerezabwereza mu masewera).
Pomaliza
Zinatenga maola 8 okha kuti awerenge bukuli. Ndinasonyeza zimene ndinkaona kuti n’zofunika kwambiri, choncho mwina ndinaphonya mfundo zina zofunika kwambiri. Bukuli ndi losavuta komanso losangalatsa kuwerenga, kotero ndikulilimbikitsa molimba mtima kwa onse opanga masewera a kanema. Makamaka kwa iwo omwe amapanga masewera ngati zosangalatsa ndipo alibe zothandizira njira zachikhalidwe zokopa chidwi ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino, mapiri azinthu zapamwamba komanso matani otsatsa malonda. Ngati mumakonda zinthu zotere, chonde lingalirani zolembetsa ku zolemba zanga zotsatila.
Zolemba
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Source: www.habr.com