1 Kuzimiririka
Usiku wabata wa mwezi pa Marichi 8, 2014, ndege ya Boeing 777-200ER yoyendetsedwa ndi Malaysia Airlines idanyamuka ku Kuala Lumpur nthawi ya 0:42 ndikutembenukira ku Beijing, ikukwera pamtunda wake wa 350, ndiye kuti, kumtunda kwa 10. mita. Chizindikiro cha ndege ya Malaysia Airlines ndi MH. Nambala ya ndegeyi ndi 650. Ndegeyo inayendetsedwa ndi Farik Hamid, woyendetsa nawo ndege, anali ndi zaka 370. Iyi inali ndege yake yomaliza yophunzitsidwa, pambuyo pake anali kuyembekezera kumaliza chiphaso. Zochita za Fariq zimayang'aniridwa ndi mkulu wa ndegeyo, munthu wina dzina lake Zachary Ahmad Shah, yemwe ali ndi zaka 27 anali m'modzi mwa otsogolera akuluakulu ku Malaysia Airlines. Malinga ndi miyambo ya ku Malaysia, dzina lake linali Zachary basi. Anali wokwatira ndipo anali ndi ana atatu akuluakulu. Ankakhala m'mudzi wotsekedwa. Anali ndi nyumba ziwiri. Anali ndi makina oyendetsa ndege omwe adayikidwa m'nyumba yake yoyamba, Microsoft Flight Simulator. Ankayendetsa ndege pafupipafupi ndipo nthawi zambiri amaika pa intaneti za zomwe amakonda. Farik ankalemekeza kwambiri Zachary, koma sanagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zake molakwika.
Panali oyendetsa ndege 10 m'ndege, onse aku Malaysia. Anayenera kusamalira anthu okwera 227, kuphatikizapo ana asanu. Ambiri mwa okwerawo anali Achitchaina; mwa otsalawo, 38 anali a ku Malaysia, ndipo ena (otsika) anali nzika za Indonesia, Australia, India, France, United States, Iran, Ukraine, Canada, New Zealand, Netherlands, Russia ndi Taiwan. Usiku umenewo, Captain Zachary anayendetsa wailesiyo pamene woyendetsa mnzake Farik ankaulutsa ndege. Chilichonse chinkayenda monga mwachizolowezi, koma kufalitsa kwa Zachary kunali kwachilendo. Pa 1:01 a.m., iye anaulutsa wailesi kuti iwo anatsika pa mamita 35—uthenga wosafunikira m’dera loyang’aniridwa ndi radar, kumene kuli chizolowezi kulengeza kuchoka pamalo okwera m’malo mofika kumene. Nthawi ya 000:1 a.m., ndegeyo idawoloka gombe la Malaysia ndikudutsa Nyanja ya South China kulowera ku Vietnam. Zachary adanenanso za kutalika kwa ndegeyo pamtunda wa 08.
Patadutsa mphindi khumi ndi chimodzi, ndegeyo itayandikira malo owongolera pafupi ndi malo owongolera magalimoto aku Vietnamese, woyang'anira ku Kuala Lumpur Center adatumiza uthengawo: "Malasia atatu-seven-zero, lumikizanani ndi Ho Chi Minh one-two- zero-point-370.” Usiku wabwino". Zachary anayankha kuti, “Usiku wabwino. Malaysian atatu-seven-zero. Sanabwereze mafupipafupi momwe amayenera kukhalira, koma apo ayi uthengawo unkamveka bwino. Aka kanali komaliza padziko lonse kumva kuchokera ku MHXNUMX. Oyendetsa ndege sanalumikizane ndi Ho Chi Minh City ndipo sanayankhe pamayesero aliwonse otsatirawa kuti awayimbire.
Radar yosavuta, yomwe imadziwika kuti "primary radar", imazindikira zinthu potumiza ma siginecha a wayilesi ndikulandila zowunikira, monga echo. Njira zoyendetsera ndege, kapena ATC, zimagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatchedwa "secondary radar." Imadalira pa transponder ya ndege iliyonse, kapena kuti transponder, kutumiza zambiri zatsatanetsatane, monga nambala ya mchira wa ndegeyo ndi kutalika kwake. Masekondi asanu MH370 itadutsa mumlengalenga waku Vietnam, chithunzi chake cha transponder chidasowa pazithunzi zowongolera magalimoto aku Malaysia, ndipo masekondi 37 pambuyo pake ndegeyo idakhala yosawoneka ndi radar yachiwiri. Nthawi inali 1:21, mphindi 39 zitadutsa chinyamuke. Woyang'anira ku Kuala Lumpur anali wotanganidwa ndi ndege zina zomwe zili mbali ina ya chinsalu ndipo sanazindikire kutayika. Atazindikira kutayika patapita nthawi, adaganiza kuti ndegeyo inali itachoka kale ndipo inali ikuyendetsedwa kale ndi oyang'anira ndege a Ho Chi Minh.
Pakadali pano, olamulira aku Vietnamese adawona MH370 ikulowa mumlengalenga wawo ndikuzimiririka pa radar. Zikuoneka kuti sanamvetsetse mgwirizano wa boma kuti Ho Chi Minh adziwitse Kuala Lumpur nthawi yomweyo ngati ndege yomwe ikubwera ikalephera kuyankhulana kwa mphindi zoposa zisanu. Iwo anayesa kuyimbiranso ndegeyo, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Pamene ankatenga lamya kuti akauze za vutolo ku Kuala Lumpur, n’kuti patatha mphindi 18 kuchokera pamene MH370 inazimiririka pazithunzi za radar. Chotsatira chinali chiwonetsero chodabwitsa cha chisokonezo ndi kusachita bwino - malamulo anali oti Kuala Lumpur Air Rescue Coordination Center iyenera kudziwitsidwa pasanathe ola limodzi kuchokera kuzimiririka, koma pofika 2am izi zinali zisanachitike. Maola ena anayi adadutsanso yankho loyamba ladzidzidzi lisanatengedwe nthawi ya 30:6 am.
Chinsinsi chozungulira MH370 chakhala chikufufuzidwa mosalekeza komanso gwero la malingaliro a kutentha thupi.
Panthawiyi ndegeyo inkayenera kutera ku Beijing. Zoyesayesa zompeza poyamba zinali ku South China Sea, pakati pa Malaysia ndi Vietnam. Inali ntchito yapadziko lonse lapansi yokhudzana ndi zombo za 34 ndi ndege za 28 zochokera kumayiko asanu ndi awiri osiyanasiyana, koma MH370 kunalibe. M'kupita kwa masiku angapo, zojambulira zoyambirira za radar zomwe zidasungidwa pamakompyuta owongolera kayendetsedwe ka ndege ndikutsimikiziridwa pang'ono ndi zidziwitso za gulu lankhondo laku Malaysia zidawonetsa kuti MH370 itangosowa pa radar yachiwiri, idatembenukira kumwera chakumadzulo, ndikuwulukiranso kudutsa chilumba cha Malaysia. anayamba kulemba pafupi ndi Penang Island. Kuchokera kumeneko, inawulukira kumpoto chakumadzulo kukwera Strait of Malacca ndi kuwoloka Nyanja ya Andaman, kumene inazimiririka kupitirira malire a radar. Gawo ili laulendo lidatenga nthawi yopitilira ola limodzi - ndipo zidawonetsa kuti ndegeyo sinaberedwe. Zinatanthawuzanso kuti sizinali ngozi kapena kudzipha kwa woyendetsa ndege, zomwe zidakumanapo kale. Kuyambira pachiyambi, MH370 inatsogolera ofufuza kumalo osadziwika.
Chinsinsi chozungulira MH370 chakhala chikufufuzidwa mosalekeza komanso gwero la malingaliro a kutentha thupi. Mabanja ambiri m’makontinenti anayi akumana ndi chisoni chomvetsa chisoni cha kutayikiridwa. Lingaliro lakuti makina ovuta omwe ali ndi zida zamakono ndi mauthenga owonjezereka amatha kutha mosavuta akuwoneka ngati opanda pake. Ndizovuta kuchotsa uthenga popanda kufufuza, ndipo n'zosatheka kuzimiririka pa intaneti, ngakhale kuyesa mwadala. Ndege ngati Boeing 777 iyenera kupezeka nthawi zonse, ndipo kutha kwake kwadzetsa malingaliro ambiri. Ambiri aiwo ndi opusa, koma onse adawuka chifukwa chakuti m'nthawi yathu ino ndege yapachiweniweni sikungotha.
Mmodzi anapambanadi, ndipo patapita zaka zoposa zisanu, malo ake enieni sakudziŵikabe. Komabe, zambiri zadziwika bwino za kutha kwa MH370, ndipo tsopano ndizotheka kukonzanso zina mwazomwe zidachitika usiku womwewo. Nyimbo zojambulira za ma cockpit ndi zojambulira ndege sizidzapezekanso, koma zomwe tikuyenera kudziwa sizingatulutsidwe m'mabokosi akuda. M'malo mwake, mayankho adzayenera kupezeka ku Malaysia.
2. Coastal Drifter
Madzulo ndegeyo inasowa, mwamuna wina wazaka zapakati wa ku America dzina lake Blaine Gibson anali atakhala kunyumba ya amayi ake omwe anamwalira ku Carmel, California, akukonza zochitika zake ndikukonzekera kugulitsa malowo. Anamva nkhani za ndege ya MH370 pa CNN.
Gibson, amene ndinakumana naye posachedwa ku Kuala Lumpur, ndi loya mwa maphunziro. Wakhala ku Seattle kwa zaka zoposa 35, koma amakhala nthawi yochepa kumeneko. Abambo ake, omwe adamwalira zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, anali msilikali wankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse yemwe adapulumuka kuukira kwa mpiru mu ngalande, adapatsidwa Silver Star chifukwa champhamvu ndipo adabwerera kukakhala woweruza wamkulu waku California kwa zaka zopitilira 24. Amayi ake anali omaliza maphunziro a Stanford Law komanso wokonda zachilengedwe.
Gibson anali mwana yekhayo. Mayi ake ankakonda kuyenda m’mayiko osiyanasiyana ndipo ankapita naye limodzi. Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri, anaganiza kuti cholinga cha moyo wake chikhale kuyendera dziko lililonse kamodzi kokha. Pamapeto pake, zidatsikira ku tanthauzo la "kuyendera" ndi "dziko", koma adakakamirabe lingalirolo, kusiya mwayi uliwonse wa ntchito yokhazikika komanso kukhala ndi cholowa chochepa kwambiri. Mwa mbiri yake, iye anachita nawo zinsinsi zina zodziwika bwino m’njira—kutha kwa chitukuko cha Amaya m’nkhalango za Guatemala ndi Belize, kuphulika kwa meteorite ya Tunguska Kum’maŵa kwa Siberia, ndi malo a Likasa la Chipangano m’mapiri a Ethiopia. Anazisindikizira ma business cards"Wosangalatsa. Wofufuza. Kuyesetsa kupeza choonadi", ndipo adavala fedora ngati Indiana Jones. Nkhani za kutayika kwa MH370 zitafika, chidwi cha Gibson pazochitikazo chidakonzedweratu.
Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a ku Malaysia anakana mawondo komanso kusokonezeka kochokera ku gulu lankhondo la ku Malaysia, zoona zake za njira yodabwitsa ya ndegeyo zinatulukira mwamsanga. Zinapezeka kuti MH370 inapitirizabe kuyankhulana nthawi ndi nthawi ndi satellite ya geostationary ku Indian Ocean, yoyendetsedwa ndi kampani ya British satellite communications Inmarsat, kwa maola asanu ndi limodzi ndegeyo itasowa pa radar yachiwiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti panalibe ngozi yadzidzidzi pa ndege. Mwachionekere, m’maola asanu ndi limodzi ameneŵa anawuluka pa liŵiro lokwera kwambiri. Kulankhulana ndi Inmarsat, zina zomwe zinali zotsimikizira kulumikizana, zinali zolumikizana zazifupi - makamaka zochulukirapo kuposa manong'onong'ono amagetsi. Dongosolo lotumizira zinthu zofunika—zosangalatsa zapaulendo, mauthenga oyendetsa ndege, malipoti odziŵika bwino azaumoyo—zinaoneka kuti zinali zozimitsidwa. Panali maulumikizidwe asanu ndi awiri: awiri adangoyambitsidwa ndi ndegeyo ndipo ena asanu adayambitsidwa ndi siteshoni yapansi ya Inmarsat. Panalinso mafoni awiri a satellite; iwo anakhalabe osayankhidwa koma pamapeto pake anapereka deta yowonjezera. Zogwirizana ndi zolumikizira zambiri izi zinali magawo awiri omwe Inmarsat adayamba kulanda ndikusunga.
Yoyamba komanso yolondola kwambiri ya magawo omwe amadziwika kuti nthawi yophulika, tiyeni tiyitchule "distance parameter" kuti ikhale yosavuta. Uwu ndi muyeso wa nthawi yotumizira kupita ndi kuchokera ku ndege, ndiko kuti, mtunda wamtunda kuchokera ku ndege kupita ku satelayiti. Chizindikiro ichi sichimatanthauzira malo amodzi, koma malo onse akutali - pafupifupi bwalo la mfundo zomwe zingatheke. Chifukwa cha malire a MH370, zigawo zamkati za mabwalowa zimakhala zozungulira. Arc yofunika kwambiri - yachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi yomaliza - imatsimikiziridwa ndi kugwirizana kotsiriza ndi satellite, zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwa nkhokwe za mafuta ndi kulephera kwa injini. Arc yachisanu ndi chiwiri imachokera ku Central Asia kumpoto kupita ku Antarctica kumwera. Adawoloka ndi MH370 nthawi ya 8:19 Kuala Lumpur. Mawerengedwe a njira zothawirako amatsimikizira kuphatikizika kwa ndegeyo ndi arc yachisanu ndi chiwiri motero komwe amapita komaliza - ku Kazakhstan ngati ndegeyo idatembenukira kumpoto, kapena kum'mwera kwa Indian Ocean ngati idatembenukira kumwera.
Poyang'anira deta yamagetsi, panalibe kuyesa koyendetsedwa koyendetsedwa pamadzi. Ndegeyo iyenera kusweka nthawi yomweyo kukhala zidutswa miliyoni.
Kusanthula kwaukadaulo kumatithandiza kunena molimba mtima kuti ndegeyo idatembenukira kumwera. Tikudziwa izi kuchokera pagawo lachiwiri lolembedwa ndi Inmarsat - kuphulika kwapang'onopang'ono. Kuti zikhale zosavuta, tidzazitcha "Doppler parameter," chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimaphatikizapo ndi kusintha kwa ma radio frequency Doppler okhudzana ndi kuyenda kothamanga kwambiri ndi malo a satana, yomwe ndi gawo lachilengedwe la mauthenga a satana pa ndege. kuwuluka. Kuti mauthenga a satana agwire bwino ntchito, kusintha kwa Doppler kuyenera kuneneratu ndikulipiridwa ndi makina apamtunda. Koma chipukuta misozi sichabwino kwenikweni chifukwa ma satelayiti—makamaka akamakalamba—satumiza zizindikiro ndendende mmene ndege zinakonzedwera. Njira zawo zimatha kutsika pang'ono, zimakhudzidwanso ndi kutentha, ndipo zofooka izi zimasiya zizindikiro zosiyana. Ngakhale mayendedwe a Doppler anali asanagwiritsidwepo kale kuti adziwe komwe ndegeyo ili, akatswiri a Inmarsat ku London adatha kuzindikira kupotoza kwakukulu komwe kukuwonetsa kutembenukira kumwera nthawi ya 2:40. Zinthu zinasintha kwambiri moti zinali kumpoto komanso kumadzulo kwa chilumba cha Sumatra, chomwe chili kumpoto kwenikweni kwa dziko la Indonesia. Pamalingaliro ena, tingaganize kuti ndegeyo idawuluka molunjika pamalo okwera mosalekeza kwa nthawi yayitali molunjika ku Antarctica, yomwe ili kupitirira malire ake.
Pambuyo pa maola asanu ndi limodzi, chizindikiro cha Doppler chimasonyeza kuchepa kwakukulu-kasanu mofulumira kuposa momwe zimakhalira. Mphindi imodzi kapena ziwiri mutawoloka nsonga yachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndegeyo inagwera m’nyanja, mwina n’kutaya zigawo zake zisanachitike. Poyang'anira deta yamagetsi, panalibe kuyesa koyendetsedwa koyendetsedwa pamadzi. Ndegeyo iyenera kusweka nthawi yomweyo kukhala zidutswa miliyoni. Komabe, palibe amene ankadziwa kumene kugwa kunachitika, komanso chifukwa chake. Komanso, palibe amene anali ndi umboni wochepa wosonyeza kuti kumasulira kwa deta ya satellite kunali kolondola.
Pasanathe sabata kuchokera kuzimiririka, The Wall Street Journal idasindikiza nkhani yoyamba pa maulumikizidwe a satana, kuwonetsa kuti ndegeyo mwina idakhala mlengalenga kwa maola angapo itakhala chete. Akuluakulu aku Malaysia pamapeto pake adavomereza kuti izi zinali zoona. Ulamuliro wa Malaysia umaonedwa kuti ndi umodzi mwachinyengo kwambiri m'derali, ndipo kutulutsidwa kwa deta ya satellite kunavumbula kuti akuluakulu a boma la Malaysia akhala achinsinsi, amantha komanso osadalirika pakufufuza kwawo zakusowa. Ofufuza ochokera ku Ulaya, Australia ndi US adadabwa ndi chisokonezo chomwe anakumana nacho. Chifukwa anthu aku Malaysia anali obisa zambiri zomwe amadziwa, kusaka koyamba panyanja kudayang'ana malo olakwika, ku South China Sea, ndipo sanapeze zinyalala zoyandama. Ngati anthu a ku Malaysia anena zoona nthawi yomweyo, zinyalala zoterozo zikanapezeka ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudziŵa kumene kuli ndegeyo; mabokosi akuda amatha kupezeka. Kufufuza kwapansi pamadzi m'kupita kwanthawi kunayang'ana kachigawo kakang'ono ka nyanja komwe kuli pamtunda wa makilomita masauzande. Koma ngakhale nyanja yopapatiza ndi malo aakulu. Zinatenga zaka ziwiri kuti tipeze mabokosi akuda ochokera ku Air France 447, yomwe idagwa panyanja ya Atlantic paulendo wochoka ku Rio de Janeiro kupita ku Paris mu 2009 - ndipo ofufuza kumeneko adadziwa komwe angawapeze.
Kufufuza koyambirira m'madzi apansi panthaka kunatha mu Epulo 2014 patatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri ya kuyesetsa kosaphula kanthu, ndipo cholinga chake chinasamukira kunyanja yakuya, komwe kudakali pano. Poyamba, Blaine Gibson adatsata zokhumudwitsa izi ali kutali. Anagulitsa nyumba ya amayi ake n’kusamukira ku Golden Triangle kumpoto kwa Laos, kumene iye ndi mnzake wina wamalonda anayamba kumanga lesitilanti mumtsinje wa Mekong. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adalowa m'gulu la Facebook lodzipereka ku imfa ya MH370, yomwe inali yodzaza ndi zongopeka komanso nkhani zomwe zili ndi malingaliro omveka okhudza tsogolo la ndegeyo komanso malo omwe anawonongeka.
Ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Malaysia anali ndi luso loyang'anira kufufuza konse, analibe ndalama ndi luso lochita kufufuza ndi kukonzanso pansi pa madzi, ndipo anthu a ku Australia, pokhala Asamariya abwino, adatsogolera. Madera a Indian Ocean omwe satana adaloza - pafupifupi makilomita 1900 kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Perth - anali ozama kwambiri komanso osadziŵika kuti sitepe yoyamba inali kupanga mapu apansi pa madzi olondola kuti alole magalimoto apadera kuti azikokedwa bwino , mbali- jambulani ma sonars, pa kuya kwa makilomita ambiri pansi pa madzi. Pansi pa nyanja m’malo amenewa muli zitunda, zobisika mumdima, kumene kuwala sikunaloŵepo.
Kufufuza mwachangu pansi pamadzi kunapangitsa Gibson kudabwa ngati ngozi ya ndegeyo tsiku lina idzangopita kumtunda. Pamene ankachezera anzake ku gombe la Cambodia, anawafunsa ngati anakumanapo ndi china chilichonse chofananacho - yankho linali loipa. Ngakhale kuti kuwonongeka kwa ndegeyo sikukadapita ku Cambodia kuchokera kum'mwera kwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean, Gibson ankafuna kukhalabe wotseguka kuti asankhe njira iliyonse mpaka atapezeka kuti kuwonongeka kwa ndegeyo kudzatsimikizira kuti kum'mwera kwa Indian Ocean kunalidi manda ake.
Mu Marichi 2015, achibale a okwera adakumana ku Kuala Lumpur kuti akumbukire tsiku lokumbukira kutha kwa MH370. Gibson adaganiza zopita popanda kuitanidwa komanso osadziwa aliyense. Popeza analibe chidziwitso chapadera, ulendo wake unalandiridwa ndi zokayikitsa - anthu sankadziwa momwe angachitire ndi amateur mwachisawawa. Chochitikacho chinachitika pamalo otseguka m'malo ogulitsira, malo ochitira misonkhano ku Kuala Lumpur. Cholinga chake chinali kusonyeza chisoni chachikulu, komanso kupitiriza kukakamiza boma la Malaysia kuti lifotokoze. Anthu mazanamazana anapezekapo, ambiri ochokera ku China. Pabwalo panali nyimbo zofewa, ndipo kumbuyo kunali chithunzi chachikulu chosonyeza mawonekedwe a Boeing 777, komanso mawu akuti “kumene»,«ndani»,«bwanji»,«pamene»,«amene»,«momwe", ndi"zosatheka»,«zomwe sizinachitikepo»,«popanda kufufuza"Ndipo"mopanda thandizo" Wokamba nkhani wamkulu anali mtsikana wa ku Malaysia wotchedwa Grace Subathirai Nathan, amene amayi ake anali m’sitimayo. Nathan ndi loya wodziwa milandu yachigamulo cha imfa, yomwe ndi yochuluka ku Malaysia chifukwa cha malamulo okhwima. Anakhala woimira wopambana kwambiri wa banja lapafupi la ozunzidwa. Akukwera pa siteji atavala T-shirt yokulirapo yosindikizidwa ndi chithunzi cha MH370 ndi uthenga wakuti "Funani", adalankhula za amayi ake, chikondi chachikulu chomwe anali nacho pa iye ndi zovuta zomwe anakumana nazo atasowa. Nthawi zina ankalira mwakachetechete, monganso ena mwa omvera, kuphatikizapo Gibson. Atatha kulankhula, anapita kwa iye n’kumufunsa ngati angalole kukumbatiridwa ndi mlendo. Anamukumbatira ndipo patapita nthawi anakhala mabwenzi.
Pamene Gibson adachoka pachikumbutsocho, adaganiza zothandizira pothana ndi kusiyana komwe adazindikira: kusowa kwakusaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja kwa zinyalala zoyandama. Ichi chidzakhala niche yake. Adzakhala gombe la nyanja kufunafuna zowonongeka za MH370 m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ofufuza aboma, makamaka aku Australia ndi aku Malaysia, adayika ndalama zambiri pakufufuza pansi pamadzi. Akanaseka zokhumba za Gibson, monganso amaseka kuti Gibson apezadi zowonongeka zandege pamagombe otalikirana makilomita mazana angapo.
Kumanzere: Loya wa ku Malaysia komanso womenyera ufulu wawo a Grace Subathirai Nathan, amene amayi ake anali m’bwato la MH370. Kumanja: Blaine Gibson, wa ku America amene anapita kukafufuza zowonongeka za ndegeyo. Chithunzi ndi: William Langewiesche
Zipitilizidwa.
Chonde nenani zolakwa zilizonse kapena typos zomwe mungapeze mu mauthenga achinsinsi.
Source: www.habr.com