M'mafilimu ofufuza ndi mafilimu, kumene akatswiri a zigawenga amagwira ntchito yaikulu yoyendetsa chiwembucho, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuona momwe munthu amene adasiya izi adadziwika bwino ndi ndudu ya ndudu kapena kutafuna chingamu patebulo. M’moyo weniweni, mungaphunzirenso zambiri za iye kuchokera ku kutafuna chingamu chimene chakhala m’kamwa mwa munthu. Lero tiyang'ana pa kafukufuku amene asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Copenhagen anapeza "chewing chingamu" pofukula, zomwe zakhala zaka pafupifupi 5700. Kodi ndi chidziŵitso chotani chokhudza anthu chimene asayansi angapeze kuchokera pa zimene anapezazo, ndaninso amene akanatha kunena za chingamu chakale, ndipo kodi kufufuza kumeneku kungakhudze bwanji kulimbana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana m’tsogolo? Mayankho a mafunsowa akutiyembekezera mu lipoti la asayansi. Pitani.
Maziko ofufuza
Khalidwe lalikulu la phunziroli ndi birch resin kapena birch tar. Izi zofiirira-zakuda zimapezedwa pophika pamwamba pa khungwa la birch (makungwa a birch) mu chidebe chotsekedwa. Pazifukwa zotere, kutentha kumachitika popanda kupeza mpweya, i.e. dry distillation. Panthawi yotentha, khungwa la birch limasinthidwa kukhala phula.
Kale, zimenezi zinkachitika m’zotengera zadothi pamoto. M'masiku amenewo, phula nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zinthu zopangidwa ndi miyala ngati guluu wapadziko lonse. Zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale apeza za phula logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu zidayamba nthawi ya Paleolithic.
Ndizomveka kuti phula linagwiritsidwa ntchito mu "fakitale", titero kunena kwake. Komabe, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza mano pa zidutswa zambiri za utomoni wa birch. N’chifukwa chiyani makolo athu ankatafuna phula? Pali malingaliro angapo ofotokozera izi. Choyamba, phula limauma msanga ikazizira, chifukwa chake kutafuna kumatha kukhala chifukwa chofuna kutenthetsa ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yofewa kuti igwire ntchito. Pali chiphunzitso chakuti phula amatafunidwa pofuna kuchepetsa ululu wobwera chifukwa cha matenda a m’kamwa, popeza phula limatengedwa kuti ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ngakhale kuti ndi lofooka kwambiri. Komanso ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti zimenezi zinali chiyambi cha ukhondo wa mano, ndipo phulalo linkagwira ntchito ngati mswawachi wakale. Ndipo chiphunzitso chosangalatsa kwambiri, koma chopanda tanthauzo, ndichosangalatsa. Anthu akale ankatha kutafuna utomoni monga choncho, i.e. popanda chifukwa chabwino.
Kupanga utomoni wa birch pochita.
Pali malingaliro ambiri pamutu wakutafuna utomoni ndi anthu akale, koma palibe amene wachita kafukufuku wambiri womwe umapereka zotsatira zenizeni. Choncho, asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Copenhagen anaganiza zofufuza kachidutswa kakang'ono kamene kamatafunidwa komwe kanapezeka pofukula kumwera kwa Denmark.1). Kafukufuku wa chitsanzocho adawonetsa kuti sichinali ndi DNA yamunthu yokha, komanso DNA ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, yomwe imatha kudziwa zambiri za microbiome yapakamwa. DNA inapezedwanso kuchokera ku zomera zomwe zikuoneka kuti zinadyedwa ndi anthu akale asanatafune utomoniwo.
DNA yasungidwa bwino kwambiri, asayansi akusangalala kuti anatha kusiyanitsa chibadwa chonse cha munthu. Mfundo yooneka ngati yosafunika kwenikweni ndi kutulukira kwa zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi ndi chibadwa. Zoona zake n’zakuti chibadwa cha munthu wakale chinkapezeka m’mafupa ake (kawirikawiri mafupa).
Zotsatira za kafukufuku
Atalandira “umboni weniweni,” akatswiri ofukula za m’mabwinja anayamba kuupenda pang’onopang’ono kuti apeze chidziŵitso chonse chokhudza “wokayikira” wathu amene amatafuna utomoni wa birch.
Chithunzi #1
Chibwenzi cha radiocarbon, chomwe chimapangidwa posintha kuchuluka kwa radioactive isotope 14C pachitsanzo chokhudzana ndi isotopu yokhazikika ya kaboni, idapeza chingamucho chiri pakati pa 5858 ndi 5661 wazaka.1b). Izi zikusonyeza kuti chitsanzocho chinayambira nthawi ya Neolithic Yoyambirira. Nthawi imeneyi imatchedwanso "New Stone Age", monga miyala ya miyala inakhala yovuta kwambiri, ndipo teknoloji yopera ndi kubowola mabowo inawonekera.
Kusanthula mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) kunatulutsa sipekitiramu yofanana kwambiri ndi phula lamakono la birch. GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) inavumbula kukhalapo kwa triterpenes betulin ndi lupeol, zomwe ndizofala kwambiri m'miyeso yotengedwa ku birch.1c). Chitsimikizo chowonjezera chakuti chitsanzocho chinali birch chinali ma dicarboxylic acid ndi mafuta odzaza mafuta omwe amadziwika ndi GC/MS yemweyo.
Choncho, asayansi apeza kuti chitsanzo ndi birch utomoni zaka 5858 mpaka 5661 zaka (Neolithic oyambirira).
Chotsatira chinali kutsatizana kwa DNA, komwe kunapanga pafupifupi 360 miliyoni zotsatizana za DNA, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu aliwonse omwe amatha kufananizidwa ndi ma genome (hg19).
Kutsatizana kwapawiri kwa DNA yamunthu kunawonetsa zonse zomwe zili mu DNA ya anthu akale: zazifupi zazifupi zazidutswa, kupezeka pafupipafupi. purines * kuphulika kwa suture ndi kuchuluka kwafupipafupi kwa zosintha zowoneka cytosine * (C) pa thymine * (T) pa 5′ malekezero a zidutswa za DNA.
Purine* (C5N4H4) ndiye choyimira chosavuta kwambiri cha imidazo[4,5-d] pyrimidines.
Cytosine * (C4H5N3O) ndi organic compound, nitrogenous base, pyrimidine derivative.
Timin* (C5H6N2O2) ndi chochokera ku pyrimidine, chimodzi mwa maziko asanu a nayitrogeni.
Inapanganso za 7.3 GB ya data yokhudzana ndi machitidwe omwe sianthu.
Chitsanzocho chinali ndi pafupifupi 30% ya DNA yamunthu. Izi zikufanana ndi mano ndi mafupa osungidwa bwino a anthu akale.
Kutengera ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zoyambira zophatikizika zofananira ndi ma chromosome a X ndi Y, asayansi adatha kudziwa jenda la wokonda chingamu wakale - wamkazi.
Pofuna kulosera mtundu wa tsitsi, maso ndi khungu, ma genotypes adachokera kwa makumi anayi ndi chimodzi SNP*zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo .
SNP* (Single nucleotide polymorphism) - kusiyana kwa mndandanda wa DNA wa nucleotide imodzi mu kukula mu genome ya oimira amtundu womwewo kapena pakati pa zigawo za homologous za ma chromosome a homologous.
Kusanthula kumeneku kunasonyeza kuti mkaziyo anali ndi khungu lakuda ndi tsitsi lakuda ndi maso a buluu.
Chithunzi #2
Asayansiwa adapeza ma SNP 593102 mu genome omwe adawunikidwa kale omwe adapangidwa kale mu database ya> 1000 amakono a anthu ndi> 100 ma genome akale omwe adasindikizidwa kale.
Pa chithunzi 2 zotsatira za kusanthula kwachigawo chachikulu zikuwonetsedwa. Njira iyi yochepetsera kukula kwa data idatilola kudziwa kuti mayi wakale yemwe ma genome akuphunziridwa ndiye kuti ndi mlenje waku Western (W.H.G.). Kuyerekezera zonse* anthu amakono komanso mkazi wakale adatsimikizira kuti ali mgulu lokhazikika (2b).
Zonse* - mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya jini yomweyi, yomwe ili m'madera omwewo a ma chromosomes a homologous. Ma Alleles amatsimikizira mayendedwe a chitukuko cha chikhalidwe china.
Zotsatira izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula kwa qpAdm. Kusanthula uku kukuwonetsa kuti mtundu wosavuta wa mzere, womwe umatengera chiyambi cha 100% WHG kwa mkazi wakale, sungathe kutayidwa mokomera mtundu wovuta kwambiri (2s).
Kuti awonetsere momveka bwino momwe amatsatizana omwe sianthu pachitsanzochi, MetaPhlan2 idagwiritsidwa ntchito, chida chomwe chidapangidwira kufotokozera za taxonomic zamayendedwe amfupi omwe adapezedwa. njira yowombera *.
Njira yowombera mfuti * - njira yotsatirira zigawo zazitali za DNA, mukamapeza zitsanzo zazikulu za zidutswa za DNA zomwe zimapangidwira zimakulolani kuti mubwezeretse ndondomeko yoyambirira ya DNA.
Chithunzi #3
Pa "origami" 3 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za kusanthula kwachigawo chachikulu kuyerekeza kapangidwe ka ma microbial a chitsanzo cha kafukufukuyo ndi mbiri ya microbiome 689 kuchokera ku Human Microbiome Project (HMP). Panali kusamvana pakati pa deta yachitsanzo ndi deta ya HMP, kutanthauza kuti zinali zofanana kwambiri. Izi zikuwonekeranso pa 3b, yomwe imasonyeza kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayerekezera ndi zofanana ndi zitsanzo ziwiri za nthaka (zosonkhanitsazo zinapangidwa pamalo amodzi) komanso poyerekeza ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a anthu amakono.
Kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za kapangidwe ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kunawonetsa kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya Neisseria subflava и Rothia mucilaginosandipo Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia и Treponema denticola. Kuphatikiza apo, adapezeka kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr.
Mitundu ingapo ya streptococci ya gulu Mitiskuphatikizapo Streptococcus viridans и Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Tebulo 1: Mndandanda wamisonkho yonse yomwe sianthu yomwe imapezeka mu phula la birch.
Genome yogwirizana idapangidwanso kuchokera kumayendedwe oyambira S. chibayo ndi kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa malo a heterozygous. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kukhalapo kwa mitundu ingapo (chithunzi #4).
Chithunzi #4
Kuwunika virulence ya mitundu S. chibayootengedwa ku utomoni wakale, asayansi amafananiza ma contig (gulu la magawo a DNA) okhala ndi nkhokwe yathunthu yazinthu zoyambitsa ma virus, kuwalola kuzindikira majini odziwika. ma virus* S. chibayo.
Virulence* - mlingo wa mphamvu ya kupsyinjika kupatsira chamoyo chomwe chikuphunziridwa.
Zinthu makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi za virulence za S. pneumoniae zinadziwika mu zitsanzo zakale, kuphatikizapo capsular polysaccharides (CPS), streptococcal enolase (Eno), ndi pneumococcal surface antigen A (PsaA).
Kufufuza kwa chitsanzo cha utomoni wakale kunasonyezanso kupezeka kwa mitundu iwiri ya zomera: birch (Betula pendula) ndi hazelnut (Corylus avellana). Kuphatikiza apo, pafupifupi 50000 zotsatizana zidapezeka zomwe zinali zokhudzana ndi mallard (Anas platyrhynchos, mtundu wa bakha).
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za ma nuances a phunziroli, ndikupangira kuyang'ana и kwa iye.
Epilogue
Phunziroli lingatchulidwe moyenerera, kutengera kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chomwe wapeza. M'mbuyomu, matupi athu athunthu a munthu wakale akhoza kubwezeretsedwa kuchokera ku zotsalira zake (mafupa ndi mano), koma mu ntchito iyi, asayansi adatha kuzipeza kuchokera ku utomoni wa birch.
Iwo anapeza kuti chingamu chakale, cha zaka 5700, chinatafunidwa ndi mayi wa khungu lakuda, tsitsi lakuda ndi maso a buluu. Kufotokozera kwa maonekedwe kumeneku kumatsimikiziranso kuti mtundu wopepuka wa khungu pakati pa anthu okhala kumadzulo kwa Eurasia unayamba kuonekera pambuyo pake. Kuonjezera apo, makhalidwe akunja oterewa akufanana ndi omwe amaimira osaka a kumadzulo a kumadzulo, omwe mwachiwonekere anaphatikizapo mkazi yemwe genome yake inapezedwa kuchokera ku chitsanzo.
Ubwino wophunzirira utomoni wotafunidwa ndikuti umapereka chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi kaphatikizidwe kakang'ono ka mkamwa mwa munthu wakale. Kusanthula uku kunawonetsa kupezeka kwa mitundu ingapo ya mabakiteriya (Neisseria subflava, Rothia mucilaginosa, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia и Treponema denticola). Kuonjezera apo, zizindikiro za kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr zinapezeka, zomwe sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa kachilomboka pakati pa anthu amakono (90-95% ya anthu akuluakulu ndi omwe amanyamula).
Mitundu ingapo ya streptococci ya gululo idapezekanso Mitiskuphatikizapo Streptococcus viridans и Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Ponena za zokonda za gastronomic za mkazi wakale, kuwunika kwa ma DNA omwe sianthu, omwenso sanali okhudzana ndi ma virus kapena mabakiteriya, adapeza ma birch, hazelnuts ndi abakha a mallard. Tingaganize kuti zomera ndi zinyama izi zinali maziko a chakudya cha anthu akale a nthawi imeneyo. Komabe, pali mwayi waukulu kuti DNA ya zomera ndi nyama zimenezi inalowa mu utomoni chifukwa mkazi wakale anadya iwo atangotsala pang'ono kutafuna utomoni. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ichi chikhoza kukhala chochitika chokhachokha.
N’chifukwa chiyani utomoni unachokera ku DNA ya munthu wakale? Chinthucho ndi chakuti panthawi yakutafuna, DNA "imasindikizidwa" ndi utomoni ndikusungidwa mmenemo chifukwa cha mphamvu zake za aseptic ndi hydrophobic.
M'tsogolomu, asayansi akukonzekera kusanthula zitsanzo zina zomwe zapezeka, zomwe zingathandize kumvetsetsa moyo wa anthu akale. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta zitsanzo zakale kumapereka chidziwitso pakusinthika kwa mabakiteriya amkamwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mosasamala kanthu, kutola chidziŵitso chochuluka chokhudza munthu kuchokera ku utomoni wotafunidwa umene analavula zaka 5700 zapitazo ndi chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri. Kwa ena, zidziwitso zakale, makamaka zakutali, sizofunikira. Komabe, kwenikweni, tikamadziwa zambiri za makolo athu, m'pamenenso timamvetsetsa zomwe zili zenizeni.
Lachisanu Lachisanu:
Kanema wonena za momwe kutafuna chingamu kumapangidwira masiku ano.
Pamwamba pa 2.0:
Nostalgia pang'ono :)
Zikomo powerenga, khalani ndi chidwi komanso khalani ndi sabata yabwino anyamata! 🙂
Zotsatsa zina 🙂
Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe. Kodi mumakonda zolemba zathu? Mukufuna kuwona zambiri zosangalatsa? Tithandizeni potipatsa oda kapena kulimbikitsa anzathu, , ma analogi apadera a ma seva olowera, omwe adakupangirani inu: (ikupezeka ndi RAID1 ndi RAID10, mpaka 24 cores mpaka 40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com