Hello Habr.
Mu gawo loyamba la nkhani za izo idauzidwa za malo operekera chithandizo pamafunde aatali ndi aafupi. Payokha, m'pofunika kulankhula za amateur wailesi wailesi. Choyamba, izi ndizosangalatsa, ndipo kachiwiri, aliyense akhoza kujowina ndondomekoyi, kulandira ndi kutumiza.
Monga m'magawo oyamba, kugogomezera kudzakhala pa "digito" komanso momwe kukonza ma sign kumagwirira ntchito. Tigwiritsanso ntchito wolandila pa intaneti waku Dutch kuti tilandire ndikuzindikira ma siginecha ndi MultiPSK pulogalamu.
Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito, kupitiriza kuli pansi pa odulidwa.
Pambuyo podziwika zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo kuti kunali kotheka kulankhulana ndi dziko lonse pa mafunde afupiafupi pogwiritsa ntchito chowulutsira cha nyali zenizeni ziwiri, osati mabungwe okha, komanso okonda chidwi ndi ndondomekoyi. M’zaka zimenezo zinkawoneka chonchi , chabwino, wailesi ya ham ikadali chinthu chosangalatsa chaukadaulo. Tiyeni tiyese kudziwa kuti ndi mitundu yanji yolumikizirana yomwe ikupezeka kwa akatswiri amakono a wailesi.
Mafupipafupi
Mawayilesi apawailesi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu ndi mawayilesi ndi mawayilesi, kotero osakonda wailesi amapatsidwa ma frequency angapo kuti asasokoneze ena. Pali zambiri zamitundu iyi, kuyambira mafunde aatali kwambiri a 137 KHz mpaka ma microwave pa 1.3, 2.4, 5.6 kapena 10 GHz (mutha kuwona zambiri ). Kawirikawiri, aliyense akhoza kusankha, malingana ndi zofuna ndi zipangizo zamakono.
Pakuwona kumasuka kwa kulandila, ma frequency omwe amapezeka kwambiri amakhala ndi mafunde a 80-20m:
- 3,5 MHz osiyanasiyana (80 m): 3500-3800 kHz.
- 7 MHz osiyanasiyana (40 m): 7000-7200 kHz.
- 10 MHz osiyanasiyana (30 m): 10100-10140 kHz.
- 14 MHz osiyanasiyana (20 m): 14000-14350 kHz.
Mutha kuwamvera pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili pamwambapa , ndi wanu, ngati angalandire mu mode band (LSB, USB, SSB).
Tsopano popeza zonse zakonzeka, tiyeni tiwone zomwe zingavomerezedwe kumeneko.
Kulankhulana ndi mawu ndi Morse code
Mukayang'ana gulu lonse lawayilesi la amateur kudzera pa websdr, mutha kuwona mosavuta ma code a Morse. Sichikhalanso mumayendedwe a wailesi, koma ena okonda wailesi amachigwiritsa ntchito mwachangu.
M'mbuyomu, kuti mupeze chizindikiro choyimba foni, mumayenera kupitilira mayeso pakulandila ma sign a Morse, tsopano zikuwoneka kuti zasiyidwa kokha kwa gulu loyamba, lapamwamba kwambiri (amasiyana kwambiri, pokhapokha pamlingo wovomerezeka). Tidzazindikira ma siginecha a CW pogwiritsa ntchito CW Skimmer ndi Virtual Audio Card.
Okonda ma wailesi, kuti achepetse kutalika kwa uthenga, gwiritsani ntchito nambala yofupikitsa (), makamaka, mzere wa CQ DE DF7FF umatanthawuza kuyimba kwawamba kumawayilesi onse kuchokera pawailesi yakanema DF7FF. Amateur aliyense wawayilesi ali ndi chizindikiro chake choyimba, choyambirira chomwe chimapangidwa kuchokera , izi ndizosavuta chifukwa Nthawi yomweyo zimadziwikiratu komwe wailesiyi ikuwulutsira. Kwa ife, chizindikiro choyimba foni DF7FF ndi cha katswiri wawayilesi wochokera ku Germany.
Pankhani yolankhulana ndi mawu, palibe zovuta nazo; omwe akufuna amatha kumvera okha pa websdr. Kalekale mu USSR, si onse ankachita masewera pawailesi anali ndi ufulu kulankhula pa wailesi ndi alendo; tsopano palibe zoletsa, ndi osiyanasiyana ndi khalidwe kulankhula zimadalira kokha khalidwe tinyanga, zipangizo ndi kuleza mtima. woyendetsa. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi, mutha kuwerenga zambiri pawayilesi wamasewera amateur ndi ma forum (cqham, qrz), koma tipitilira kuzizindikiro za digito.
Tsoka ilo, kwa anthu ambiri ochita masewera a pawailesi, kugwira ntchito pakompyuta ndikungolumikiza khadi lamawu apakompyuta ku pulogalamu ya decoder; ndi anthu ochepa omwe amafufuza zovuta za momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Ochepanso amachita zoyeserera zawo pogwiritsa ntchito ma signature a digito ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolumikizirana. Ngakhale izi, ma protocol ambiri a digito adawonekera pazaka zapitazi za 10-15, zina zomwe ndi zosangalatsa kuziganizira.
RTTY
Njira yakale yolumikizirana yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha pafupipafupi. Njira yokhayo imatchedwa FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) ndipo imakhala ndi kupanga pang'onopang'ono posintha maulendo opatsirana.
Deta imasungidwa posintha mwachangu pakati pa ma frequency awiri F0 ndi F1. Kusiyana kwa dF = F1 - F0 kumatchedwa pafupipafupi, ndipo kungakhale kofanana, mwachitsanzo, 85, 170, kapena 452 Hz. Gawo lachiwiri ndi liwiro la kufala, lomwe lingakhalenso losiyana ndi kukhala, mwachitsanzo, 45, 50 kapena 75 bits pamphindi. Chifukwa Tili ndi maulendo awiri, ndiye tiyenera kusankha chomwe chidzakhala "chapamwamba" ndi chomwe chidzakhala "chotsika", chizindikiro ichi chimatchedwa "inversion". Miyezo itatu iyi (liwiro, malo ndi kutembenuka) zimatsimikizira kwathunthu magawo a kufala kwa RTTY. Mutha kupeza zosinthazi pafupifupi pulogalamu iliyonse yosinthira, ndipo posankha magawowa ngakhale "ndi diso", mutha kuzindikira zambiri mwazizindikirozi.
Kalekale, mauthenga a RTTY anali otchuka kwambiri, koma tsopano, pamene ndinapita ku websdr, sindinamve chizindikiro chimodzi, kotero ndizovuta kupereka chitsanzo cha decoding. Iwo omwe akufuna atha kumvetsera okha pa 7.045 kapena 14.080 MHz; zambiri za teletype zinalembedwa mu zolemba.
PSK31/63
Kuyankhulana kwina ndiko kusinthasintha kwa magawo, . Si kuchuluka komwe kumasintha apa, koma gawo; pa graph zikuwoneka motere:
Bit encoding ya siginecha imakhala ndi kusintha gawo ndi madigiri a 180, ndipo siginecha yokhayo ndi yoyera ya sine wave - izi zimapereka njira yabwino yotumizira ndi mphamvu zochepa zopatsirana. Kusintha kwa gawo ndikovuta kuwona pazithunzi; zitha kuwoneka ngati mukukulitsa ndikuyika chidutswa chimodzi pa china.
Encoding yokha ndi yosavuta - mu BPSK31, zizindikiro zimafalitsidwa pa liwiro la 31.25 baud, kusintha kwa gawo kumatchedwa "0", palibe kusintha kwa gawo komwe kumatchedwa "1". Kusindikiza zilembo kungapezeke pa Wikipedia.
Mwachiwonekere pa sipekitiramu, chizindikiro cha BPSK chikuwoneka ngati mzere wopapatiza, ndipo momveka bwino chimamveka ngati kamvekedwe koyera (chomwe chimakhala). Mukhoza kumva zizindikiro za BPSK, mwachitsanzo, pa 7080 kapena 14070 MHz, ndipo mukhoza kuzilemba mu MultiPSK.
Ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti mu BPSK ndi RTTY, "kuwala" kwa mzere kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuweruza mphamvu ya chizindikiro ndi ubwino wa kulandira - ngati gawo lina la uthenga lizimiririka, ndiye kuti padzakhala "zinyalala" m’malo ano a uthengawo, koma tanthauzo lonse la uthengawo kaŵirikaŵiri limakhalabe lomveka. Wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusankha chizindikiro chomwe angayang'ane nacho kuti asinthe. Kusaka ma siginecha atsopano komanso ofooka kuchokera kwa olembera akutali ndikosangalatsa kokha; komanso mukamalankhulana (monga momwe mukuwonera pachithunzi pamwambapa), mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mawu aulere ndikuchita zokambirana "zamoyo". Mosiyana ndi izi, ma protocol otsatirawa ndi ochita zokha, omwe amafunikira pang'ono kapena palibe kulowererapo kwa munthu. Kaya izi ndi zabwino kapena zoipa ndi funso la filosofi, koma tikhoza kunena kuti mbali ina ya mzimu wa wailesi ya ham imatayika motsimikizika m'njira zoterezi.
FT8/FT4
Kuti muzindikire mtundu wotsatirawu wazizindikiro muyenera kukhazikitsa pulogalamuyo . Zizindikiro kufalitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha kwafupipafupi kwa maulendo a 8 ndi kusintha kwa 6.25 Hz kokha, kotero kuti chizindikirocho chimakhala ndi bandwidth ya 50 Hz yokha. Deta mu FT8 imasamutsidwa mu "mapaketi" omwe amakhala pafupifupi masekondi 14, kotero kulunzanitsa kolondola kwa nthawi ya kompyuta ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kulandila kumakhala kodziwikiratu - pulogalamuyo imasankha chizindikiro choyimba ndi mphamvu yazizindikiro.
Mu mtundu watsopano wa protocol , yomwe idawonekera posachedwa tsiku lina, nthawi ya paketi imachepetsedwa kukhala 5s, kusinthasintha kwa 4-toni kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa liwiro la 23 baud. Bandwidth yokhazikika yokhazikika ndi pafupifupi 90Hz.
WSPR
WSPR ndi protocol yopangidwa kuti ilandire ndikutumiza ma siginecha ofooka. Ichi ndi chizindikiro chotumizidwa pa liwiro la 1.4648 baud (inde, kupitirira 1 pang'ono pamphindi). Kutumiza kumagwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha kwafupipafupi (4-FSK) ndi mafupipafupi a 1.4648Hz, kotero bandwidth ya chizindikiro ndi 6Hz yokha. Phukusi la data lopatsirana lili ndi kukula kwa ma bits 50, ma bits owongolera zolakwika amawonjezedwanso kwa iwo (non-recursive convolutional code, contraining length K = 32, rate = 1/2), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti paketi yonse ya 162 bits. Ma 162bits awa amasamutsidwa pafupifupi mphindi 2 (aliyense angadandaule za intaneti yochedwa? :).
Zonsezi zimakulolani kuti mutumize deta pafupifupi pansi pa phokoso la phokoso, ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, chizindikiro cha 100 mW kuchokera ku mwendo wa microprocessor, mothandizidwa ndi mlongoti wamkati wamkati zinali zotheka kutumiza chizindikiro pamtunda wa makilomita 1000.
WSPR imagwira ntchito yokha ndipo siifuna kutenga nawo mbali. Ndikokwanira kusiya pulogalamuyo, ndipo pakapita nthawi mutha kuwona chipika cha opareshoni. Deta imathanso kutumizidwa kutsambali , yomwe ndi yabwino kuwunika kufalikira kapena mtundu wa mlongoti - mutha kutumiza chizindikiro ndikuwona nthawi yomweyo pa intaneti pomwe idalandiridwa.
Mwa njira, aliyense atha kujowina WSPR kulandila, ngakhale popanda chikwangwani choyimbira wayilesi ya amateur (sichofunikira kuti alandire) - wolandila ndi pulogalamu ya WSPR ndizokwanira, ndipo zonsezi zimatha kugwira ntchito mokhazikika pa Raspberry Pi (ndithudi. , mukufunikira wolandira weniweni kuti atumize deta kuchokera kwa ena pa intaneti -olandira alibe nzeru). Dongosololi ndi losangalatsa pamalingaliro asayansi komanso pakuyesa zida ndi tinyanga. Tsoka ilo, monga momwe tikuonera pachithunzichi pansipa, ponena za kachulukidwe ka malo olandirira, Russia sali kutali ndi Sudan, Egypt kapena Nigeria, kotero otenga nawo gawo atsopano amakhala othandiza nthawi zonse - ndizotheka kukhala woyamba, komanso wolandila m'modzi. mukhoza "kuphimba" dera la makilomita chikwi.
Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso chovuta kwambiri ndikufalitsa kwa WSPR pama frequency pamwamba pa 1 GHz - kukhazikika kwafupipafupi kwa wolandila ndi transmitter ndikofunikira pano.
Apa ndipamene ndidzamaliza kubwereza, ngakhale, ndithudi, si zonse zomwe zalembedwa, zotchuka kwambiri.
Pomaliza
Ngati wina akufuna kuyesanso dzanja lawo, ndiye kuti sizovuta. Kuti mulandire zikwangwani, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zachikale (Tecsun PL-880, Sangean ATS909X, etc.) kapena cholandila cha SDR (SDRPlay RSP2, SDR Elad). Kenako, ingoikani mapulogalamu monga momwe taonera pamwambapa, ndipo inu mukhoza kuphunzira wailesi nokha. Mtengo wa nkhani ndi $100-200 kutengera mtundu wolandila. Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito olandila pa intaneti osagula kalikonse, ngakhale izi sizosangalatsabe.
Kwa iwo omwe akufunanso kufalitsa, ayenera kugula transceiver yokhala ndi tinyanga ndikupeza chilolezo chawayilesi amateur. Mtengo wa transceiver ndi pafupifupi wofanana ndi mtengo wa iPhone, kotero ndi wotsika mtengo ngati ungafune. Muyeneranso kupambana mayeso osavuta, ndipo pafupifupi mwezi mudzatha mokwanira ntchito mlengalenga. Zachidziwikire, izi sizophweka - muyenera kuphunzira mitundu ya tinyanga, kubwera ndi njira yoyika, ndikumvetsetsa ma frequency ndi mitundu ya ma radiation. Ngakhale kuti mawu oti "ayenera kutero" mwina ndi osayenera pano, chifukwa ndichifukwa chake ndizosangalatsa, zomwe zimachitidwa kuti zisangalatse osati mokakamizidwa.
Mwa njira, aliyense akhoza kuyesa mauthenga a digito pompano. Kuti muchite izi, ingoikani pulogalamu ya MultiPSK, ndipo mutha kulankhulana mwachindunji "pamlengalenga" kudzera pa khadi la mawu ndi maikolofoni kuchokera pa kompyuta kupita ku ina pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu uliwonse wa kulankhulana kwa chidwi.
Odala kuyesa aliyense. Mwina m'modzi mwa owerenga apanga njira yatsopano yolumikizirana ya digito, ndipo ndikhala wokondwa kuphatikiza ndemanga yake m'mawu awa 😉
Source: www.habr.com