Munkhani yapita Ndinayang'ana njira za 7 zoyesera mwamsanga luso la akatswiri a IT, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito musanayambe kuyankhulana kwakukulu, kwakukulu komanso kowononga nthawi. Kumeneko ndinayang'ana pa chiyambi cha njirazi ndi machitidwe anga ogwiritsira ntchito, komanso zifukwa zomwe ndimazikonda kapena kuwakonda.
M'nkhaniyi, ndikufuna kunena za lingaliro lamakono la kupanga zisankho zaumunthu, momwe likukhudzira kuyesa luso la ntchito, ndi njira zoyezera luso monga zoyankhulana ndi zinthu zoyesera zomwe zimayesedwa.
Chiphunzitso china
Asayansi akhala akuda nkhawa kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndi funso lakuti: bwanji ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani munthu amapanga zisankho zina? M'nyengo iliyonse, funsoli linayankhidwa mosiyana - kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, chikhulupiriro cha choikidwiratu ndi chifuniro cha milungu chinali cholamulidwa, ndiye kwa nthawi yaitali panali lingaliro lodziwika kuti munthu ndi munthu woganiza bwino yemwe, makamaka, amachita mwanzeru ndi mwanzeru. . Kusintha kwa sayansi kudapangitsa kuti pakhale kafukufuku wambiri pamachitidwe a Homo sapiens mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20. Ndipo pakali pano, lingaliro lamakono komanso lodziwika bwino m'magulu a sayansi ndilo chitsanzo chosakanizidwa cha khalidwe laumunthu, lomwe katswiri wa zamaganizo Daniel Kahneman analemba bwino kwambiri m'nkhani zake za sayansi ndi mabuku otchuka a sayansi. Daniel adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Economics chifukwa chakuti ntchito yake idatsutsa malingaliro ambiri azachuma potengera zitsanzo za kusankha koyenera kwa anthu. Daniel Kahneman adawonetsa motsimikiza kuti machitidwe aumunthu nthawi zambiri amatsimikiziridwa ndi machitidwe omwe amapangidwa pamaziko a zomwe adakumana nazo pamoyo.
Malingana ndi lingaliro la Daniel Kahneman, khalidwe laumunthu limayendetsedwa ndi machitidwe awiri opangira zisankho. Dongosolo 1 ndi lachangu komanso lodziwikiratu, limatsimikizira chitetezo cha thupi ndipo silifuna kuyesetsa kuti lipange yankho. Kulondola kwa zisankho za dongosolo lino kumadalira zochitika ndi maphunziro, ndipo liwiro limadalira makhalidwe a mitsempha ya munthu. Dongosolo la 2 limachedwa ndipo limafuna khama komanso kukhazikika. Zimatipatsa malingaliro ovuta, malingaliro omveka, ndi kulosera kodziwika bwino. Liwiro lopanga zisankho la dongosolo lino ndilotsika makumi khumi ndi mazana ambiri kuposa liwiro la System 1. Ndi panthawi ya ntchito ya System 2 kuti mphamvu zonse za nzeru zaumunthu zimawululidwa. Komabe, pakugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo lino, zinthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - zonse zakuthupi (mphamvu) ndi chidwi, zomwe zimachokera kuzinthu zambiri. Chifukwa chake, zisankho zambiri zimapangidwa ndi System 1.
Ndikuganiza kuti aliyense wa inu wawona kuti simungathe kuganiza mozama ndikuthetsa mavuto ovuta kwa nthawi yayitali motsatizana. Nthawi imeneyi ndi yosiyana kwa munthu aliyense. Anthu ena amatha kuganiza mozama kwa theka la ola patsiku, pomwe ena amatha kuthana ndi zovuta kwa maola atatu molunjika. Luso limeneli likhoza kukulitsidwa, koma limabwera ndi kulimbikira kwambiri ndi khama pawekha, komabe gwero la chidwi lidzakhala lochepa.
Machitidwe onsewa amagwira ntchito limodzi. Chidziwitso chochokera kumalingaliro chimakonzedwa koyamba ndi System 1 yachangu, yomwe imazindikira zochitika zowopsa ndipo imachita nthawi yomweyo zikawopseza. System 1 imazindikiranso zochitika zomwe sizodziwika bwino ndipo imasankha kunyalanyaza kapena kuyambitsa System 2.
Chonde chulukitsani 65 ndi 15 ndikudziwonera nokha kuti kuwerengeraku kunakutengani nthawi yayitali bwanji.
Zimagwira ntchito bwanji? Kodi mudawonapo momwe osewera akatswiri a chess akusewera - amayenda mwachangu bwanji kumayambiriro kwamasewera? Kwa munthu amene samasewera chess kawirikawiri, zimaoneka ngati zosatheka kupanga zisankho zovuta motere mwachangu. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo, mutha kuwongolera zolakwa za ophunzira mukamawunikanso ma code. System 1 yanu imatha kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe zimachitika mwa omwe akupanga mapulogalamu a novice ndikuwongolera zokha, monga katswiri wosewera chess amawerengera zomwe zikuchitika pa bolodi ndikudziwa kusuntha, popanda kupsinjika pang'ono kapena osavutikira pa System 2.
Chonde chulukitsani 65 ndi 15 kachiwiri ndipo dzidziwitse nokha kuti kuwerengeraku kunakutengani nthawi yayitali bwanji.
Zoyeserera zambiri zawonetsa kuti munthawi zomwe timazidziwa, zisankho nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi System 1 ndipo izi ndizomveka bwino pakuwona kupulumuka kwa chamoyo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Pachifukwa ichi, timachita zinthu mwanzeru komanso moyenera, koma osati m'lingaliro la kulingalira ndi kukwanira kwa zisankho zomwezo, koma m'lingaliro la kulinganiza pakati pa zotsatira ndi ndalama zomwe thupi lathu limagwiritsa ntchito. Mukamayendetsa galimoto mumzinda popita kuntchito, njira zanu zamakona ndi kuchuluka kwa mathamangitsidwe ndi mabuleki omwe mumachita sizingakhale zabwino, koma potengera ntchito yakuchotsani kunyumba kwanu kupita kuntchito, zonse ndizabwino kwambiri. chabwino. Ngati ndinu dalaivala wothamanga mukuyendetsa galimoto yothamanga mozungulira njanji yothamanga, zisankho zanu zokhudzana ndi mayendedwe, mathamangitsidwe ndi mabuleki zidzawerengedwa kwambiri.
Muzochitika zosadziwika zomwe zimatisangalatsa kapena zomwe sitingathe kuzipewa, timakakamizika kuchita mwachidziwitso, kugwirizanitsa chidwi ndi System 2. Pambuyo pa kubwereza kangapo kwa zochitika zofanana kwambiri, zotsatira za ntchito ya System 2 zimasungidwa mu kukumbukira. mawonekedwe azizindikiro ndi machitidwe, ndiyeno simuyeneranso kuwononga mphamvu ndi nthawi pazolinga zomveka - Dongosolo 1 lidzaphunzitsidwa kale pa ntchitoyi ndipo lipereka yankho lokha nthawi ina. Mayankho ena odziwikiratu amatayika pakapita nthawi ngati sakuyitanitsidwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Maluso omwe sitimawaphunzitsa atayika.
Chonde chulukitsani 65 ndi 15 kachiwiri. Kodi mwawona kupita patsogolo kulikonse kuyambira pomwe munayesa kuthetsa vutoli?
Kodi zonsezi zikukhudzana bwanji ndi ntchito komanso kuyesa luso?
Zofufuza zambiri zasonyeza kuti nthawi yoyamba pamalo atsopano ogwira ntchito, munthu wamba, wathanzi labwino amasintha ndikuyesera kuvomereza malamulo, mikhalidwe ndi ntchito za malo atsopano. Komabe, patapita nthawi, aliyense wa ife amamasuka ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito momwe angathere. Khama ndi khama zimapatsa njira zochita zodziwikiratu ndi machitidwe olembedwa mu System 1. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale panthawi yoyeserera m'mikhalidwe yolemetsa pamene chigamulo chachangu chikufunika, timachita pogwiritsa ntchito System 1 ndipo osati nthawi zonse monga momwe tinaphunzitsidwira mu izi. malo atsopano antchito.
Mwambiri, titha kunena kuti kufunikira kwathu monga wogwira ntchito kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe takumana nazo - ndiko kuti, kuphunzitsidwa kwa System 1 yathu pakuthana ndi zovuta zina zofunika ndi olemba ntchito. Chifukwa chake, olemba anzawo ntchito nthawi zambiri amafuna wogwira ntchito osati wanzeru, koma wodziwa ntchito zina. Kudziwa ndikofunika kwambiri kuposa luntha. Izi zitha kufotokozedwa ndi mawerengedwe oyambira. Ngati pali nthawi yokwanira, ndiye kuti wogwira ntchito aliyense amene ali ndi nzeru zokwanira adzatha kumvetsetsa mutuwo ndikuthetsa mavuto omwe apatsidwa. Komabe, adzayenera kuthera nthawi yophunzira ndi kupeza chidziwitso, ndipo pokhapokha adzatha kuthetsa bwino ntchito zomwe wapatsidwa. System 2 yake iyenera kuthana ndi zovuta zambiri zophunzitsira System 1 yake isanathe kuthana ndi zovuta zenizeni mwachangu komanso moyenera. Izi zimafuna nthawi, yomwe bwana nthawi zambiri safuna kulipira pamtengo wapamwamba kwambiri. Wogwira ntchito wina yemwe wathetsa kale mavuto ofananawo adzachita ntchitoyo mofulumira kwambiri, chifukwa zisankho zambiri zidzaperekedwa kwa iye System 1, yophunzitsidwa kuthetsa mavuto m'malo oyenera. Wogwira ntchito wodziwa bwino adzatulutsa mayankho apamwamba osati mofulumira, komanso opanda nkhawa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zitha kulunjika kuthetsa mavuto atsopano ovuta ndikupeza zatsopano.
Zomwe mungasankhe - chidziwitso kapena nzeru - bwana amasankha pazochitika zilizonse payekha. Kumene kumafunika kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga pa vuto lenileni ndi kulithetsa mwamsanga, nthaŵi zambiri kumasankhidwa chokumana nacho. Ngati mukuyenera kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana, koma nthawi yothetsera vutoli idakali yamtengo wapatali, ndiye sankhani munthu wodziwa zambiri komanso wanzeru. Ngati nthawi siili yovuta kwambiri, ndiye kuti mutha kupereka mwayi kwa wanzeru wopanda chidziwitso. Monga mukumvetsetsa, m'dziko lenileni pali ntchito zochepa zomwe nthawi sizovuta.
Chonde chulukitsani 65 ndi 15 kachiwiri ndipo dzidziwitse nokha kuti kuwerengeraku kunakutengani nthawi yayitali bwanji. Kodi mwazindikira momwe mwapezera zotsatira?
Njira zoyesera luso kuchokera pakuwona kuyesa "System 1" ndi "System 2"
Zochitika - ndiko kuti, kuphunzitsidwa kwa System 1 - nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira, mwinanso njira yodziwira pamene abwana asankha wogwira ntchito watsopano. Kodi tingaunike bwanji zokumana nazo za ofuna kusankhidwa mogwira mtima komanso molondola? Tiyeni tiwone kuwunika kodziwika kwa luso malinga ndi zomwe amayezera.
Mafunso
Mtundu uwu umaphatikizapo kukambirana pakati pa wosankhidwa ndi wowunika. Nthawi zambiri, mafunso amafunsidwa ndi wowunika, koma wophunzirayo ali ndi mwayi wowerenga zizindikiro zopanda mawu, kufunsa mafunso omveka bwino ndipo, monga akunena, asinthe yankho lake "pa ntchentche." Awa ndi "mayeso a m'kamwa" omwe tonsefe timadziwa. Monga lamulo, kuyankhulana kumatsatira ndondomeko yokhazikika ndipo mafunso ambiri ndi ofanana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mukhoza kukonzekera. Ndiye kuti, phunzitsani System 1 yanu kuti idutse zoyankhulana bwino.
Kupambana kwa kuwunika kumadalira luso loyankhulana la onse omwe atenga nawo mbali. Wofunsidwa yemwe ali ndi luso lokwanira pakufunsa mafunso angapange chikoka chabwino. Komabe, izi zimapezedwa osati chifukwa cha ntchito, koma chifukwa cha chidziwitso cha kulankhulana ndi zoyankhulana. Munthu wokonzekera amene amayankha mafunso okhazikika amakhudza woyesayo ndipo amakhala wokhulupirika kwa wofunsidwayo.
Njirayi imayesa System 1 ya ofuna kusankha, ngakhale nthawi zambiri sizomwe zimafunikira pantchitoyo. Ndizoyeneranso kuwunika akatswiri omwe amayenera kuyankhulana kwambiri za ntchito yawo ndikusinthira mwachangu, koma powunika luso laukadaulo, m'malingaliro mwanga, njira iyi siyoyenera. Kulondola kwa kuwunika kungawongoleredwe kudzera mwa mafunso osagwirizana ndi zolembera zofunsa mafunso, komanso kudzera mukutenga nawo gawo kwa oyesa angapo pafunsoli, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wa chochitikachi ukhale wokwera.
Ntchito zoyesa
Wosankhidwayo amalandira vuto lomwe amathetsa payekha ndiyeno akuwonetsa zotsatira za yankho. Kwenikweni, awa ndi "mayeso olembedwa" athu wanthawi zonse. Wosankhidwayo ali ndi nthawi yokwanira, mwayi wofunsa mafunso omveka bwino, komanso kufufuza zambiri pa intaneti komanso kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo la abwenzi. Ngati ntchitoyi ndi yovuta ndipo nthawi yokwanira yaperekedwa, ndiye kuti njirayi imayesa System 2 osati System 1, ndiko kuti, luntha osati chidziwitso. Ngati muchepetse nthawi yomaliza ntchito, ndiye kuti pali mwayi waukulu kuti ofuna kukana kumaliza ntchito yovuta yoyesa. Ngati nthawi imodzi timachepetsa ntchitoyo, timapereka ntchito zingapo ndikuchepetsa nthawi, ndiye kuti njirayi imakhala chida chogwirira ntchito, chodziwika kwa ife kusukulu. Imayesa System 1 bwino kwambiri. Komabe, kuipa kwake ndikuti kuyang'ana zotsatira kumafuna khama lalikulu kwa owunika, popeza yankho lililonse lingakhale lapadera ndipo owunika ayenera kumvetsetsa tanthauzo lachigamulo.
Kuchita Live
Wosankhidwayo amalandira ntchito yosavuta, yomwe amathetsa moyang'aniridwa ndi katswiri wowunika. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pofunsa mafunso - pamene oyesa amalankhula koyamba ndikupereka kuthetsa mavuto. Kwa ofuna kulowa nawo omwe sanafunsidwe kwa nthawi yayitali, njirayi nthawi zambiri imakhala yosasangalatsa m'maganizo, ndipo sawonetsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. M'malingaliro anga, njirayi iyenera kuperekedwa kwa ofuna kusankha ngati njira ina yoyeserera. Ndiko kuti, mwina maola 3-4 a ntchito yodziyimira pawokha, kapena maola 1-1,5 oyankhulana ndikuthetsa mavuto pa intaneti. Ngati wosankhidwayo ali wokonzeka, njirayi imalola kuyesa luso loyambira la System 1 pa ntchito zomwe ndi gawo la ntchito zovuta kwambiri. Ndiye kuti, ndikofunikira kusankha zinthu zantchito zenizeni ngati ntchito zoyesa. Simuyenera kupereka ntchito zosamveka zomwe wantchito wanu sadzakumana nazo pambuyo pake pantchito yawo.
Mayeso Osankha Angapo
Monga mukudziwira, mayeso omaliza m'masukulu aku Russia tsopano akutenga mayeso (GIA ndi Unified State Examination). Panthaŵi ina zimenezi zinayambitsa kukambitsirana kwaukali. Nzika nthawi zambiri zimatsutsa ganizo la Unduna wa Zamaphunziroli. Payekha, ndikuganiza kuti, kupatula mwayi watsopano wa ziphuphu, kuchotsa mayeso olembedwa ndi mayeso ndi yankho labwino. Kuyang'ana zotsatira za mayeso sikufuna nthawi komanso chidwi chochuluka ndipo kumangochitika zokha. Nthawi yomweyo, kuwunika kwa chidziwitso kumachepetsedwa. Mayeso amakulolani kuti muyese bwino chidziwitso ndi zomwe mwapeza pazaka zingapo zamaphunziro kapena ntchito mu maola 1-2. Dalaivala wa novice amaphunzira malamulo apamsewu kwa miyezi ingapo, ndipo pamayeso ayenera kuyankha mafunso 20 mkati mwa mphindi 20. Chizoloŵezi cha zaka zambiri chogwiritsa ntchito mayeso amtunduwu chimasonyeza kuti izi ndi zokwanira ngati mafunso a mayeso alembedwa molondola ndipo pali ambiri.
M'dziko lamakono, zisankho zambiri zaumunthu zimabwera posankha chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zilipo zomwe zili zoyenera kwambiri pazochitikazo. Simungafune katswiri yemwe angayambirenso gudumu. Koma kumbali ina, mudzafunika katswiri yemwe amadziwa bwino ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njinga ndi mitundu yofananira yoyendetsa, yomwe ingakuthandizeni kusankha mwamsanga chitsanzo choyenera ndikuchikonza kuti chithetse mavuto anu. Mavuto a Logistics nthawi zambiri amayenera kuthetsedwa mwachangu ndipo palibe nthawi yokonzanso gudumu laukadaulo. Nthawi zina (kawirikawiri) pali zochitika pamene mukufunikirabe njinga yatsopano yomwe ilibe ndipo iyenera kupangidwa. Komabe, ngakhale pamenepa, munthu wodziwa bwino mapangidwe a njinga adzakhala othandiza kwambiri kuposa woyambitsa chilengedwe chonse.
Chitsanzo china. Ngati wopanga mapulogalamu atha kugwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu angapo, ndiye kuti ndi wamkulu, koma m'moyo weniweni zitha kukhala zothandiza kwa iye kudziwa njira zoyambira laibulale ya chilankhulo - njira zingapo zosankhira mwina zakhazikitsidwa kale. mukungofunika kuyimba ntchito yomwe mukufuna.
Pomaliza
Ndikofunika kuti posankha njira yoyesera luso, muyatse System 2 yanu ndikusankha njira yoyenera mwanzeru, osati molingana ndi mwambo - "chifukwa takhala tikuchita motere." Posankha njira yoyesera luso, ndikukulangizani kuti muyambe mwaganiza zomwe zingakhale zofunika kwambiri kwa inu monga olemba ntchito pazochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za antchito anu. Kodi kudzakhala kuthekera kothana ndi zovuta zingapo zanthawi zonse, kapena kudzakhala kofunikira kuthetsa zovuta, zoyambirira, zovuta za atypical.
Nthawi zambiri, mayeso ochepera nthawi amagwira bwino ntchito ngati mayeso awo oyamba. Ndikupangira mayeso ang'onoang'ono omwe sangapitirire mphindi 15-20 kuti amalize. Panthawiyi, mutha kufunsa mafunso 30-40 ndikuyesa chidziwitso cha ofuna kulowa mwatsatanetsatane. Ndiye mukhoza kuchita kuyankhulana, pamene inu mukhoza kuthetsa zolakwa zimene ofuna. Mayesowo atha kukhalanso ngati maziko a kuyankhulana, pomwe mutha kufunsa wofunsayo chifukwa chomwe adayankhira mafunso momwe adayankhira komanso momwe akanayankhira funsolo litafunsidwa mosiyana.
Ngati kuli kofunika kwa inu momwe wogwira ntchito m'tsogolo amagwirira ntchito payekha pa ntchito zazikulu komanso zapadera, ndiye kuti zingakhale zoyenera kuyamba ndi kuyankhulana ndikudzipereka kuti mumalize ntchito yoyesa. Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti 20-25% yokha ya omwe akufuna kuvomereza amavomereza kumaliza ntchito zoyesa musanafunse mafunso, ndipo pamenepa mumachepetsa kwambiri njira yosankhidwa.
M'nkhani yanga yotsatira, ndiyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane za mawonekedwe a kupanga mayesero kuti ayese luso la ofuna kusankhidwa.
Source: www.habr.com
