M'nkhaniyi tikuuzani momwe tinathetsera vuto la kusowa kwa maselo aulere m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu komanso kupanga ma algorithm a discrete optimization kuti athetse vutoli. Tiyeni tikambirane momwe "tinapangira" masamu avuto la kukhathamiritsa, komanso zovuta zomwe tidakumana nazo mosayembekezereka pokonza zolowetsa za algorithm.
Ngati mumakonda kugwiritsa ntchito masamu mubizinesi ndipo simukuwopa kusinthika kokhazikika kwa ma fomula pamlingo wa 5, ndiye talandilidwa kwa mphaka!
Nkhaniyi idzakhala yothandiza kwa omwe akugwiritsa ntchito WMS-Systems, amagwira ntchito m'malo osungira katundu kapena opanga zinthu, komanso opanga mapulogalamu omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi masamu mubizinesi ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa njira zamabizinesi.
Gawo loyamba
Chosindikizirachi chikupitilirabe mndandanda wa zolemba zomwe timagawana zomwe tachita bwino pakukhazikitsa ma aligorivimu okhathamiritsa posungiramo zinthu.
Π limafotokoza zenizeni za nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zomwe tidakhazikitsa WMS-system, komanso ikufotokoza chifukwa chake tidafunikira kuthana ndi vuto la kuphatikiza magulu azinthu zotsalira panthawi yokhazikitsidwa WMS-kachitidwe, ndi momwe tinachitira.
Titamaliza kulemba nkhani yokhathamiritsa ma aligorivimu, idakhala yayikulu kwambiri, motero tidaganiza zogawa zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa m'magawo awiri:
- Mu gawo loyamba (nkhani ino) tidzakambirana za momwe "tinapangira" masamu a masamu a vutolo, komanso za zovuta zazikulu zomwe tinakumana nazo mosayembekezereka pokonza ndi kusintha deta yolowera pa algorithm.
- Mu gawo lachiwiri tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane kukhazikitsidwa kwa aligorivimu m'chinenerocho C ++, tidzayesa kuyesa ndi kufotokoza mwachidule zomwe tapeza panthawi ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa "matekinoloje anzeru" oterowo muzochita zamabizinesi a kasitomala.
Momwe mungawerengere nkhani. Ngati muwerenga nkhani yapitayi, ndiye kuti mutha kupita kumutu wakuti "Chidule cha mayankho omwe alipo"; ngati sichoncho, ndiye kuti kufotokozera vuto lomwe likuthetsedwa kuli mu wowononga pansipa.
Kufotokozera zavuto lomwe likuthetsedwa kunkhokwe ya kasitomala
Bottleneck mu ndondomeko
Mu 2018, tinamaliza ntchito yoti tikwaniritse WMS-Systems pa nyumba yosungiramo katundu "Trading House"LD" ku Chelyabinsk. Tidakhazikitsa "1C-Logistics: Warehouse Management 3" m'malo 20 ogwira ntchito: ogwira ntchito. WMS, osunga sitolo, oyendetsa ma forklift. Malo osungiramo katundu ndi pafupifupi 4 zikwi m2, chiwerengero cha maselo ndi 5000 ndipo chiwerengero cha SKUs ndi 4500. Malo osungiramo katundu amasungirako ma valve a mpira omwe timapanga tokha kukula kwake kosiyana kuchokera ku 1 kg mpaka 400 kg. Zosungiramo zosungiramo katundu zimasungidwa m'magulu, chifukwa pakufunika kusankha katundu malinga ndi FIFO.
Pakukonza njira zopangira zinthu zosungiramo zinthu zosungiramo katundu, tidakumana ndi vuto lomwe lidalipo la kusungirako zinthu zosafunikira. Zomwe zimasungidwa ndikuyika ma cranes ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti selo limodzi losungirako lizitha kukhala ndi zinthu kuchokera ku gulu limodzi (onani mkuyu 1). Zogulitsa zimafika kumalo osungiramo katundu tsiku lililonse ndipo kufika kulikonse kumakhala gulu lapadera. Pazonse, chifukwa cha mwezi umodzi wa ntchito yosungiramo katundu, magulu 1 osiyana amapangidwa, ngakhale kuti aliyense ayenera kusungidwa mu selo linalake. Zogulitsa nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa osati pamapallet athunthu, koma mzidutswa, ndipo chifukwa chake, m'malo osankhidwa a chidutswa m'maselo ambiri chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwoneka: mu cell yokhala ndi voliyumu yopitilira 30 m1 pali zidutswa zingapo za cranes zomwe. kukhala osachepera 3-5% ya voliyumu ya selo.
Chithunzi 1. Chithunzi cha zidutswa zingapo mu selo
Zikuwonekeratu kuti kusungirako sikukugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Kuti tiyerekeze kukula kwa tsokali, nditha kupereka ziwerengero: pafupifupi, pali maselo 1 mpaka 3 a maselo oterowo okhala ndi voliyumu yopitilira 100 m300 yokhala ndi miyeso ya "minuscule" nthawi zosiyanasiyana zantchito yosungiramo zinthu. Popeza kuti nyumba yosungiramo katunduyo ndi yaying'ono, panthawi yosungiramo zinthu zosungiramo katundu nthawi zambiri zimakhala "botolo" ndipo zimachepetsa kwambiri njira zosungiramo katundu zovomerezeka ndi kutumiza.
Lingaliro lothetsera vuto
Lingaliro linabuka: Magulu a zotsalira zomwe zili ndi masiku oyandikira kwambiri ayenera kuchepetsedwa kukhala gulu limodzi, ndipo zotsalira zotere zokhala ndi gulu lolumikizana ziyenera kuyikidwa molumikizana mu cell imodzi, kapena angapo, ngati palibe malo okwanira m'gulu limodzi. kuchuluka konse kwa zotsalira. Chitsanzo cha "kuponderezana" koterechi chikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2.
Chithunzi 2. Chiwembu chopondereza zotsalira m'maselo
Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muchepetse kwambiri malo osungiramo katundu omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito popanga katundu watsopano. M'malo omwe malo osungiramo katundu akuchulukirachulukira, muyeso wotere ndi wofunikira kwambiri, apo ayi sipangakhale malo okwanira osungira katundu watsopano, zomwe zingayambitse kuyimitsidwa kwa njira zosungiramo zinthu zosungiramo katundu ndikuwonjezeranso ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuyimitsa pakuvomera ndi kutumiza. M'mbuyomu, dongosolo la WMS lisanakhazikitsidwe, opaleshoni yotereyi inkachitika pamanja, zomwe sizinali zogwira ntchito, chifukwa njira yofufuzira masikelo oyenerera m'maselo inali yayitali. Tsopano, poyambitsa dongosolo la WMS, tinaganiza zosintha ndondomekoyi, kufulumizitsa ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yanzeru.
Njira yothetsera vutoli imagawidwa m'magawo awiri:
- pa gawo loyamba timapeza magulu a magulu omwe atsala pang'ono kupanikizika (operekedwa ku ntchitoyi );
- pa gawo lachiwiri, pagulu lililonse lamagulu timawerengera kuyika kophatikizana kwambiri kwa katundu wotsala m'maselo.
M'nkhani yamakono tikambirana gawo lachiwiri la algorithm.
Ndemanga za mayankho omwe alipo
Tisanapitirire kukufotokozera za ma algorithms omwe tapanga, ndikofunikira kuti tiwone mwachidule machitidwe omwe alipo kale pamsika. WMS, yomwe imagwira ntchito yofananira bwino kwambiri.
Choyamba, m'pofunika kuzindikira mankhwala "1C: Enterprise 8. WMS Logistics. Kasamalidwe ka nyumba yosungiramo katundu 4", yomwe ili yake ndikufananizidwanso ndi 1C ndipo ndi ya m'badwo wachinayi WMS-machitidwe opangidwa ndi AXELOT. Dongosololi limadzinenera kuti psinjika magwiridwe antchito, omwe adapangidwa kuti agwirizanitse mankhwala osiyanasiyana amakhalabe mu cell imodzi. Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti ntchito yokakamiza pamakina otere imaphatikizanso zotheka zina, mwachitsanzo, kukonza kuyika kwa katundu m'maselo molingana ndi makalasi awo a ABC, koma sitikhala nawo.
Ngati musanthula kachidindo ka 1C: Enterprise 8. WMS Logistics system. Kasamalidwe ka nyumba yosungiramo katundu 4" (yomwe ili yotseguka mu gawo ili la magwiridwe antchito), titha kunena motere. Njira yotsalira ya compression algorithm imagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro akale kwambiri ndipo sipangakhale zokamba za kukakamiza kulikonse "koyenera". Mwachibadwa, sichimapereka kusonkhanitsa maphwando. Makasitomala angapo omwe anali ndi dongosolo lotereli adadandaula za zotsatira za kukonzekera kokakamiza. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri pochita psinjika zinthu zotsatirazi zinachitika: 100 ma PC. Akukonzekera kusuntha katundu wotsala kuchokera ku selo imodzi kupita ku selo lina, kumene chidutswa cha 1 chili. katundu, ngakhale kuti ndizoyenera kutengera nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito kuti achite zosiyana.
Komanso, ntchito ya compressing otsala katundu mu maselo analengeza m'mayiko ambiri akunja. WMS-systems, koma, mwatsoka, tilibe mayankho enieni pakuchita bwino kwa ma aligorivimu (ichi ndi chinsinsi chamalonda), mocheperapo lingaliro lakuya kwa malingaliro awo (pulogalamu yotseka-source), kotero sitingathe kuweruza.
Sakani chitsanzo cha masamu chavuto
Kuti mupange ma aligorivimu apamwamba kwambiri kuti athetse vuto, choyamba ndikofunikira kupanga bwino vutoli mwamasamu, zomwe ndizomwe tingachite.
Pali ma cell ambiri , yomwe ili ndi zotsalira za katundu wina. Zotsatirazi, tizitcha ma cell opereka ma cell. Tiyeni tisonyeze kuchuluka kwa katundu mu cell $.
Ndikofunikira kunena kuti chinthu chimodzi chokha cha gulu limodzi, kapena magulu angapo omwe adaphatikizidwa kale kukhala gulu (werengani: ), zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusungirako ndi kusungirako katundu. Zogulitsa zosiyanasiyana kapena magulu osiyanasiyana amagulu ayenera kuyendetsa njira yawoyawo yopanikizira.
Pali ma cell ambiri , momwe zotsalira za maselo opereka ndalama zimatha kuikidwa. Tidzayitananso ma cell otengera ma cell. Izi zitha kukhala ma cell aulere mnyumba yosungiramo katundu kapena ma cell opereka kuchokera kumitundu yosiyanasiyana . Zochuluka nthawi zonse ndi gawo .
Kwa selo iliyonse kuchokera kwa ambiri Zoletsa mphamvu zakhazikitsidwa , dm3. Mmodzi dm3 ndi kyubu ndi mbali ya masentimita 10. Zogulitsa zomwe zimasungidwa m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi zazikulu kwambiri, kotero pamenepa discretization yotere ndiyokwanira.
Kupatsidwa matrix a mtunda waufupi kwambiri mu mita pakati pa gulu lililonse la maselo kumene ΠΈ za seti ΠΈ motero.
Tiyeni tisonyeze "mitengo" yosuntha katundu kuchokera ku selo ku cell . Tiyeni tisonyeze "mtengo" posankha chidebe kusuntha zotsalira kuchokera ku ma cell ena kupita nazo. Motani ndendende komanso mu miyeso yanji zomwe ziwerengero zidzawerengedwa ΠΈ tikambirananso (onani gawo lokonzekera zolowera), chifukwa tsopano ndikwanira kunena kuti zikhalidwe zotere zizigwirizana mwachindunji ndi zikhalidwe. ΠΈ motero.
Tiyeni tiwonetsere kusintha komwe kumatenga mtengo 1 ngati chotsaliracho chikuchokera ku selo adasamukira ku chidebe , ndi 0 mwina. Tiyeni tiwonetsere kusintha komwe kumatenga mtengo 1 ngati chidebecho lili ndi katundu wotsala, ndi 0 mwinamwake.
Ntchitoyi ikufotokozedwa motere: muyenera kupeza zotengera zambiri ndipo motero "zimangirirani" ma cell opereka ku ma cell kuti muchepetse ntchitoyo
pansi pa zoletsedwa
Ponseponse, powerengera njira yothetsera vutoli, timayesetsa:
- choyamba, kupulumutsa mphamvu yosungirako;
- chachiwiri, kupulumutsa nthawi ya ogulitsa.
Choletsa chomaliza chikutanthauza kuti sitingathe kusuntha katundu mu chidebe chomwe sitinasankhe, choncho "sitinabweretse ndalama" posankha. Kuletsa kumeneku kumatanthauzanso kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku maselo kupita ku chidebe sikuyenera kupitirira kuchuluka kwa chidebecho. Pothetsa vuto tikutanthauza gulu la zotengera ndi njira zophatikizira ma cell opereka ku makontena.
Kukonzekera kwavuto la kukhathamiritsa kumeneku sikwachilendo, ndipo kwaphunziridwa ndi akatswiri ambiri a masamu kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80 za zaka zapitazo. M'mabuku akunja pali zovuta ziwiri zokhathamiritsa ndi masamu oyenera: ΠΈ (tidzakambirana za kusiyana kwa ntchito pambuyo pake). Ndikoyenera kunena kuti m'mabuku a masamu, mapangidwe a mavuto awiriwa amapangidwa malinga ndi malo omwe mabizinesi ali pansi, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "Malo Othandizira". Kwa mbali zambiri, ichi ndi msonkho ku mwambo, chifukwa kwa nthawi yoyamba kufunikira kothetsa mavuto ophatikizanawa kunabwera kuchokera ku gawo la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kake. Potengera malo abizinesi, ntchito zotere zimakonzedwa motere:
- Pali mizinda yowerengeka komwe ndikotheka kupeza mabizinesi opanga (omwe amatchedwa mizinda yopanga). Kwa mzinda uliwonse wopanga, mtengo wotsegulira bizinesiyo umatchulidwa, komanso malire pakupanga kwabizinesi yotsegulidwa momwemo.
- Pali mizinda yokhala ndi malire komwe makasitomala amakhala (omwe amatchedwa mizinda yamakasitomala). Pamzinda uliwonse wamakasitomala woterewu, kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zimafunidwa kumatchulidwa. Kuti zikhale zosavuta, tidzaganiza kuti pali chinthu chimodzi chokha chomwe chimapangidwa ndi mabizinesi ndikudyedwa ndi makasitomala.
- Pa gulu lililonse la opanga mzinda ndi kasitomala wamzinda, mtengo wa zoyendera popereka kuchuluka kwazinthu zofunikira kuchokera kwa wopanga kupita kwa kasitomala wafotokozedwa.
Muyenera kupeza mizinda yomwe mungatsegule mabizinesi komanso momwe mungalumikizire makasitomala kumabizinesi otere kuti:
- Ndalama zonse zotsegulira mabizinesi ndi ndalama zoyendera zinali zochepa;
- Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa makasitomala omwe amatumizidwa kubizinesi iliyonse yotseguka sikunapitirire kuchuluka kwamakampaniwo.
Tsopano ndi bwino kutchula kusiyana kokhako m'mavuto awiriwa:
- Vuto la Malo Opezeka pa Gwero Limodzi - kasitomala amaperekedwa kuchokera pamalo amodzi okha otseguka;
- Multi-Source Capacitated Facility Location Vuto - kasitomala atha kuperekedwa kuchokera ku malo angapo otseguka nthawi imodzi.
Kusiyana kotereku pakati pamavuto awiriwa ndikocheperako poyang'ana koyamba, koma, kwenikweni, kumabweretsa kuphatikizika kosiyana kosiyanasiyana kwamavuto otere, ndipo chifukwa chake, kumasiyana kotheratu ma aligorivimu kuwathetsa. Kusiyana kwa ntchitozo kukuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa.
Chithunzi 3. a) Vuto la Malo Opezeka Magwero Osiyanasiyana
Chithunzi 3. b) Vuto la Malo Ogwiritsa Ntchito Pamalo Amodzi
Ntchito zonse -zovuta, ndiko kuti, palibe ndondomeko yeniyeni yomwe ingathetse vutoli mu nthawi ya polynomial mu kukula kwa deta yolowera. M'mawu osavuta, ma algorithms onse enieni othetsera vuto adzagwira ntchito munthawi yokulirapo, ngakhale mwina mwachangu kuposa kusaka kwathunthu kwa zosankha. Kuyambira ntchito -zovuta, ndiye tingoganizira za ma heuristics okha, ndiye kuti, ma aligorivimu omwe nthawi zonse amawerengera mayankho omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi momwe angagwirire ntchito mwachangu. Ngati muli ndi chidwi ndi ntchito yotereyi, mutha kupeza chithunzithunzi chabwino mu Russian pano.
Ngati tisintha ku mawu azovuta zathu zakupanikizana koyenera kwa katundu m'maselo, ndiye:
- mizinda yamakasitomala ndi maselo opereka ndi katundu wotsala,
- kupanga mizinda - ma cell cell , momwe zotsalira za maselo ena ziyenera kuikidwa,
- ndalama zoyendera - mtengo wanthawi wosunga sitolo kuti asunthire kuchuluka kwa katundu kuchokera ku cell yopereka mu cell cell ;
- mtengo wotsegulira bizinesi - mtengo wosankha chidebe , yofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa cell ya chidebe , kuchulukitsidwa ndi coefficient inayake kuti musunge ma voliyumu aulere (mtengo wa coefficient nthawi zonse> 1) (onani gawo lokonzekera zolowetsa).
Pambuyo fanizo ndi odziwika bwino tingachipeze powerenga mayankho a vuto ndi kukokedwa, m'pofunika kuyankha funso lofunika limene kusankha njira aligorivimu kamangidwe zimadalira: kusuntha zotsala ku selo wopereka ndi zotheka kokha kwa chidebe chimodzi chokha. (Single-Source), kapena ndizotheka kusuntha zotsalirazo m'maselo angapo (Multi-Source)?
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti m'zochita zonse ziwiri za vutoli zimachitika. Tikuwonetsa zabwino zonse ndi zoyipa pazokhazikika zilizonse pansipa:
| Kusiyana kwamavuto | Ubwino wosankha | Kuipa kwa njira |
|---|---|---|
| Gwero Limodzi | Ntchito zoyendetsera katundu zimawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito vuto ili:
|
|
| Zambiri | Kuphatikizika komwe kumawerengeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito vuto ili nthawi zambiri kumakhala kocheperako 10-15% poyerekeza ndi kuphatikizika komwe kumawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya "Single-Source". Koma tikuwonanso kuti kuchepa kwa zotsalira m'maselo opereka, kumachepetsa kusiyana kwa compactness. | Ntchito zoyendetsera katundu zimawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito vuto ili:
|
Table 1. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa Single-Source ndi Multi-Source options.
Popeza njira ya Single-Source ili ndi zabwino zambiri, komanso poganizira kuti kuchepa kwa zotsalira m'maselo opereka, kumachepetsa kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa kuphatikizika komwe kumawerengeredwa pamitundu yonse yamavuto, kusankha kwathu kudagwa. kusankha kwa Gwero Limodzi. Source.
Ndikoyenera kunena kuti yankho la njira ya Multi-Source imachitikanso. Pali ma aligorivimu ambiri othandiza kuthana nawo, omwe ambiri amatsikira pothetsa mavuto angapo oyendera. Palinso ma aligorivimu abwino okha, komanso okongola, mwachitsanzo,
Kukonzekera Zolowetsa
Musanayambe kusanthula ndi kupanga algorithm kuti muthe kuthana ndi vuto, ndikofunikira kusankha deta ndi mtundu wanji womwe tingadyetse ngati zolowetsa. Palibe vuto ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu wotsala m'maselo opereka komanso kuchuluka kwa ma cell a chidebe, chifukwa izi ndizochepa - kuchuluka kotereku kudzayesedwa mu m3, koma ndi mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito cell cell ndi matrix osuntha, osati chilichonse. ndizosavuta!
Tiyeni tione mawerengedwe kaye ndalama zoyendetsera katundu kuchokera ku cell ya opereka kupita ku cell cell. Choyamba, m'pofunika kusankha mayunitsi a muyeso omwe tidzawerengere mtengo wa kuyenda. Zosankha ziwiri zowonekera kwambiri ndi mita ndi masekondi. Palibe zomveka kuwerengera ndalama zoyendera pamamita "oyera". Tiyeni tisonyeze izi ndi chitsanzo. Lolani khungu ili pa gawo loyamba, cell idachotsedwa ndi 30 metres ndipo ili pagawo lachiwiri:
- Kusuntha kuchokera Π² okwera mtengo kuposa kuchokako Π² , popeza kutsika kuchokera ku gawo lachiwiri (mamita 1,5-2 kuchokera pansi) n'kosavuta kusiyana ndi kukwera kwachiwiri, ngakhale mtunda udzakhala wofanana;
- Kusuntha 1 pc. katundu kuchokera ku cell Π² Zidzakhala zosavuta kuposa kusuntha zidutswa 10. mankhwala omwewo, ngakhale mtunda udzakhala wofanana.
Ndi bwino kuganizira za kusuntha kwa masekondi, chifukwa izi zimakupatsani mwayi woganizira kusiyana kwa magawo ndi kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa katundu wosuntha. Kuti tiwerengere mtengo wakuyenda mumasekondi, tiyenera kuwononga kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.
Lolani kuchokera ku selo mayendedwe PC. katundu mu chidebe . Tiyeni - kuchuluka kwa liwiro la kuyenda kwa wogwira ntchito m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu, kuyeza m / mphindi. Tiyeni ΠΈ - Kuthamanga kwapakati pa nthawi imodzi kumatenga ndikuyika, motero, kwa kuchuluka kwa katundu wofanana ndi 4 dm3 (chiwerengero chapakati chomwe wogwira ntchito amatenga nthawi imodzi m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu pogwira ntchito). Tiyeni ΠΈ kutalika kwa maselo kumene kutenga ndi kuika ntchito ikuchitika, motero. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi kutalika kwa gawo loyamba (pansi) ndi 1 m, gawo lachiwiri ndi 2 m, etc. Ndiye ndondomeko yowerengera nthawi yonse yomaliza ntchito yosuntha ndi Ena:
Table 2 ikuwonetsa ziwerengero za nthawi yochitira ntchito iliyonse yoyambira, yosonkhanitsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito m'malo osungiramo katundu, poganizira zazinthu zomwe zasungidwa.
| dzina la opareshoni | Maudindo | Kutanthauza |
|---|---|---|
| Avereji ya liwiro la wogwira ntchito akuyendayenda mosungiramo katundu | |
1,5 m/s |
| Avereji ya liwiro la ntchito imodzi yoyika (pamtundu wazinthu za 4 dm3) | |
Mphindi 2,4 |
Table 2. Avereji ya nthawi yomaliza ntchito zosungiramo katundu
Tasankha njira yowerengera ndalama zosunthira. Tsopano tiyenera kudziwa momwe tingawerengere mtengo wosankha cell ya chidebe. Chilichonse apa ndi chochuluka, chovuta kwambiri kuposa ndalama zosuntha, chifukwa:
- choyamba, ndalama ayenera mwachindunji amadalira buku la selo - voliyumu yemweyo za zotsalira anasamutsidwa ku maselo opereka bwino anaika mu chidebe ya voliyumu yaing'ono kuposa mu chidebe chachikulu, malinga voliyumu wotero kupsa zonse muli . Chifukwa chake, pochepetsa ndalama zonse pakusankha zida, timayesetsa kupulumutsa "zosowa" zosungirako zaulere m'malo osankhidwa kuti tichite ntchito zotsatila zoyika katundu m'maselo. Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa njira zosinthira zotsalira m'mabokosi akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono komanso zotsatira zakusamutsaku pazosungirako.
- chachiwiri, popeza pothana ndi vuto loyambirira tiyenera kuchepetsa ndendende ndalama zonse, ndipo izi ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zonse zosunthira komanso mtengo wosankha zotengera, ndiye kuti ma cell a ma kiyubiki mita ayenera kulumikizidwa mwanjira ina ndi masekondi, zomwe ziri kutali ndi zazing'ono.
Mpunga. 4. Mungasankhe kusamutsa zotsalira muzotengera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa mofiyira kuchuluka kwa zotsalira zomwe sizikulowanso mumtsuko pagawo lachiwiri loyika katundu wotsatira.
Zithandizira kulumikiza ma kiyubiki mita yamtengo wosankha chidebe ndi masekondi amtengo wosuntha zotsatirazi zowerengera zowerengera zamavuto:
- Ndikofunikira kuti masikelo ochokera ku bin yopereka ndalama asunthidwe ku nkhokwe ya chidebe mulimonse ngati izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa nkhokwe zomwe zili ndi mankhwalawa.
- Ndikofunikira kukhalabe ndi malire pakati pa kuchuluka kwa zotengera ndi nthawi yomwe mukuyenda: mwachitsanzo, ngati njira yatsopano yothetsera vuto poyerekeza ndi yankho lapitalo, phindu la voliyumu ndi lalikulu, koma kutayika kwa nthawi kumakhala kochepa. , ndiye m'pofunika kusankha njira yatsopano.
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi chofunikira chomaliza. Kuti tifotokoze momveka bwino mawu osamveka bwino akuti "balance," tidachita kafukufuku wa ogwira ntchito m'malo osungiramo katundu kuti tipeze zotsatirazi. Lolani kuti pakhale cell cell ya voliyumu , komwe kusuntha kwa katundu wotsalira kuchokera ku maselo opereka ndalama kumaperekedwa ndipo nthawi yonse ya kayendetsedwe kameneka ndi yofanana . Lolani kuti pakhale njira zina zingapo zoyika katundu wofanana kuchokera kumaselo omwe opereka ndalama kupita kuzinthu zina, pomwe kuyika kulikonse kumakhala ndi zongoyerekeza. kumene < ΠΈ kumene >.
Funso likufunsidwa: ndi phindu lotani lochepa mu voliyumu zovomerezeka, pa mtengo wotayika wa nthawi ? Tiyeni tifotokoze ndi chitsanzo. Poyamba, zotsalirazo zimayenera kuikidwa mu chidebe chokhala ndi voliyumu ya 1000 dm3 (1 m3) ndipo nthawi yosinthira inali masekondi 70. Pali mwayi woyika zotsalirazo mu chidebe china chokhala ndi voliyumu ya 500 dm3 ndi nthawi ya masekondi 130. Funso: kodi ndife okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito masekondi 60 owonjezera a nthawi ya wosunga sitolo kusuntha katundu kuti tisunge 500 dm3 ya voliyumu yaulere? Kutengera zotsatira za kafukufuku wa ogwira ntchito yosungiramo katundu, chithunzi chotsatirachi chinapangidwa.
Mpunga. 5. Chithunzi cha kudalira ndalama zochepa zololeka za voliyumu pakuwonjezeka kwa kusiyana kwa nthawi yogwira ntchito.
Ndiko kuti, ngati ndalama zowonjezera nthawi ndi masekondi 40, ndiye kuti ndife okonzeka kuzigwiritsa ntchito pokhapokha phindu la voliyumu ndi 500 dm3. Ngakhale kuti pali kusagwirizana pang'ono pa kudalira, chifukwa cha kuphweka kwa kuwerengera kwina tidzaganiza kuti kudalira pakati pa chiwerengerocho ndi mzere ndipo kumafotokozedwa ndi kusagwirizana.
Pachithunzichi, tikuwona njira zotsatirazi zoyika katundu m'mitsuko.
Mpunga. 6. Njira (a): zitsulo za 2, voliyumu yonse 400 dm3, nthawi yonse 150 sec.
Mpunga. 6. Njira (b): zitsulo za 2, voliyumu yonse 600 dm3, nthawi yonse 190 sec.
Mpunga. 6. Njira (c): 1 chidebe, voliyumu yonse 400 dm3, nthawi yonse 200 sec.
Njira (a) posankha zotengera ndi yabwino kuposa njira yoyambirira, popeza kusalingana kuli: (800-400)/10>=150-120, zomwe zikutanthauza 40>= 30. Njira (b) ndiyabwino kuposa yoyambayo. kusankha , popeza kusalingana sikumagwira: (800-600)/10>=190-150 zomwe zikutanthawuza 20>= 40. Koma kusankha (c) sikukugwirizana ndi malingaliro otere! Tiyeni tilingalire njira iyi mwatsatanetsatane. Kumbali imodzi, kusalinganika (800-400) / 10> = 200-120, kutanthauza kuti kusalingana 40> = 80 sikukhutitsidwa, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti kupindula kwa voliyumu sikuyenera kutayika kwakukulu panthawiyi.
Koma Komano, mu njira iyi (c) ife osati kuchepetsa okwana wotanganidwa voliyumu, komanso kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha otanganidwa maselo, amene ali woyamba wa zofunika ziwiri zofunika kuti computable zothetsera mavuto tatchulazi. Mwachiwonekere, kuti chofunikira ichi chiyambe kukwaniritsidwa, m'pofunika kuwonjezera zokhazikika kumanzere kwa kusalingana. , ndipo chokhazikika choterocho chiyenera kuwonjezeredwa kokha pamene chiwerengero cha zitsulo chikuchepa. Tiye tikukumbutseni zimenezo ndi kusintha kofanana ndi 1 pamene chidebecho osankhidwa, ndi 0 pamene chidebe osasankhidwa. Tiyeni tifotokoze - zotengera zambiri mu yankho loyamba ndi - nkhokwe zambiri mu yankho latsopano. Nthawi zambiri, kusalingana kwatsopano kudzawoneka motere:
Kusintha kusalingana pamwamba, timapeza
Kutengera izi, tili ndi njira yowerengera mtengo wonse njira zothetsera vuto:
Koma tsopano funso likubuka: mtengo wotere uyenera kukhala wanji? ? Mwachiwonekere, mtengo wake uyenera kukhala waukulu mokwanira kotero kuti chofunika choyamba cha njira zothetsera vutoli chikwaniritsidwe nthawi zonse. Mukhoza, ndithudi, kutenga mtengo wa nthawi zonse wofanana ndi 103 kapena 106, koma ndikufuna kupewa "chiwerengero chamatsenga". Ngati tilingalira za momwe ntchito yosungiramo zinthu zimachitikira, titha kuwerengera mawerengero angapo odziwika bwino a mtengo wanthawi zonse.
Tiyeni - mtunda wautali pakati pa maselo osungiramo katundu wa gawo limodzi la ABC, lofanana ndi ife mpaka mamita 100. - kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa cell ya chidebe m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu, yofanana ndi ife ndi 1000 dm3.
Njira yoyamba yowerengera mtengo . Tiyeni tiganizire momwe zinthu zilili 2 pa gawo loyamba, momwe katunduyo ali kale mwakuthupi, ndiye kuti, iwowo ndi maselo opereka, ndipo mtengo wosunthira katundu ku maselo omwewo ndi wofanana ndi 0. Iwo ndikofunikira kupeza mtengo wotere wanthawi zonse , momwe zingakhale zopindulitsa nthawi zonse kusuntha zotsalira kuchokera ku chidebe 1 kupita ku chidebe 2. Kulowetsa zikhalidwe ΠΈ Mu kusalingana komwe kwaperekedwa pamwambapa timapeza:
kumene kumatsatira
Kulowetsa zikhalidwe za nthawi yapakati pazochita zoyambira mu fomula yomwe ili pamwambapa yomwe timapeza
Njira yachiwiri yowerengera mtengo . Tiyeni tione mmene zinthu zilili Ma cell opereka omwe akukonzekera kusuntha katundu mu chidebe 1. Tiyeni tiwonetsere - mtunda kuchokera ku cell yopereka ku chidebe 1. Palinso chidebe 2, chomwe chili ndi katundu, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumakulolani kuti mutenge zotsalira zonse. maselo. Kuti zikhale zosavuta, titha kuganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimasunthidwa kuchokera ku ma cell opereka kupita ku zotengera ndizofanana komanso zofanana . Zimafunika kupeza mtengo wotere wa nthawi zonse , momwe kuyika kwa zotsalira zonse kuchokera ma cell mu chidebe 2 nthawi zonse amakhala opindulitsa kuposa kuwayika m'mitsuko yosiyanasiyana:
Kusintha kusalingana komwe timapeza
Pofuna "kulimbikitsa" mtengo wa kuchuluka , tiyerekeze kuti = 0. Avereji ya ma cell omwe nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi njira yopondereza masikelo a nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi 10. M'malo mwa zikhalidwe zodziwika za kuchuluka, tili ndi mtengo wotsatirawu wanthawi zonse.
Timatenga mtengo waukulu kwambiri wowerengedwa pa chisankho chilichonse, izi zidzakhala mtengo wa kuchuluka kwake kwa magawo omwe adapatsidwa. Tsopano, kuti tikwaniritse, tiyeni tilembe njira yowerengera ndalama zonse kuti mupeze yankho lina lotheka :
Tsopano, pambuyo pa zonse ntchito za titanic Posintha zomwe zalowetsedwa, titha kunena kuti zolowa zonse zasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe omwe tikufuna ndipo zakonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu algorithm yokhathamiritsa.
Pomaliza
Monga momwe machitidwe amasonyezera, zovuta ndi kufunikira kwa siteji yokonzekera ndikusintha deta yolowera pa algorithm nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa. M'nkhaniyi, ife makamaka tinapereka chidwi kwambiri pa siteji iyi kuti tisonyeze kuti deta yolowera yapamwamba komanso yokonzekera mwanzeru ingathe kupanga zisankho zowerengedwa ndi algorithm yofunikira kwambiri kwa kasitomala. Inde, panali zambiri zotengera ma formula, koma tidakuchenjezani ngakhale katata isanachitike :)
M'nkhani yotsatira tidzafika pazomwe 2 zofalitsa zam'mbuyomu zidapangidwira - algorithm yokhathamira.
Anakonza nkhaniyo
Roman Shangin, wopanga mapulogalamu a dipatimenti ya polojekiti,
Choyamba Bit kampani, Chelyabinsk
Source: www.habr.com