Kodi Wolverine, Deadpool ndi Jellyfish akufanana chiyani? Onse a iwo ali ndi chinthu chodabwitsa - kubadwanso. Zoonadi, m'makanema ndi mafilimu, luso limeneli, lodziwika pakati pa chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha zamoyo zenizeni, ndizokokomeza pang'ono (ndipo nthawi zina kwambiri), koma zimakhala zenizeni. Ndipo zomwe ziri zenizeni zikhoza kufotokozedwa, zomwe asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Tohoku (Japan) adasankha kuchita mu phunziro lawo latsopano. Kodi ndi njira ziti zama cell m'thupi la jellyfish zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi kubadwanso, kodi izi zimachitika bwanji, ndipo ndi mphamvu zina ziti zomwe zolengedwa zonga jelly zili nazo? Lipoti la gulu lofufuza litiuza za izi. Pitani.
Maziko ofufuza
Choyamba, asayansi akufotokoza chifukwa chake anaganiza zoika maganizo awo pa jellyfish. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kafukufuku wambiri wa biology amachitidwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa zamoyo zachitsanzo: mbewa, ntchentche za zipatso, nyongolotsi, nsomba, ndi zina zotero. Koma dziko lapansili lili ndi mitundu yambirimbiri ya zamoyo, ndipo chilichonse chili ndi luso lapadera. Chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka kuwunika bwino momwe ma cell amasinthira pophunzira mtundu umodzi wokha, ndikuganiza kuti njira yophunzirira idzakhala yofanana ndi zolengedwa zonse padziko lapansi.
Ponena za jellyfish, zolengedwa izi, mwa maonekedwe awo, zimalankhula za zosiyana, zomwe sizingathe kukopa chidwi cha asayansi. Choncho, ndisanayambe kugawanika kwa kafukufuku wokha, ndinakumana ndi munthu wake wamkulu.
Mawu oti "jellyfish," omwe timawatchula kuti cholengedwacho, amangotanthauza gawo la moyo wa cnidarian subtype. meduzo. Cnidarians adalandira dzina losazolowereka chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa maselo oluma (cnidocytes) m'matupi awo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka ndi kudziteteza. Mwachidule, mukalumidwa ndi jellyfish, mutha kuthokoza ma cellwa chifukwa cha ululu ndi kuvutika.
Ma Cnidocyte ali ndi cnidocysts, organelle intracellular yomwe imayambitsa "kuluma". Malinga ndi maonekedwe awo ndipo motero, njira yogwiritsira ntchito, mitundu ingapo ya cnidocytes imasiyanitsidwa, yomwe ili:
- olowera - ulusi wokhala ndi nsonga zomwe zimapyoza thupi la wozunzidwa kapena wolakwira ngati mikondo, kubaya neurotoxin;
- glutinants - ulusi womata komanso wautali womwe umaphimba wozunzidwa (osati kukumbatira kosangalatsa);
- volvents ndi ulusi waufupi womwe wovulalayo amatha kukodwa nawo mosavuta.
Zida zosagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino zotere zimafotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti nsomba za jellyfish, ngakhale zokongola, sizikhala zolengedwa zowonongeka. Neurotoxin yomwe imalowa m'thupi la nyamayo imapuwala nthawi yomweyo, zomwe zimapatsa jellyfish nthawi yambiri yopuma masana.
Jellyfish pambuyo kusaka bwino.
Kuphatikiza pa njira yawo yachilendo yosaka ndi chitetezo, jellyfish ili ndi kuberekana kwachilendo kwambiri. Amuna amapanga umuna, ndipo akazi amabala mazira, pambuyo pa kuphatikizika kwake komwe ma planulae (mphutsi) amapangidwa, kukhazikika pansi. Patapita kanthawi, mphutsi imakula kuchokera ku larva, yomwe, ikafika msinkhu, nsomba zazing'ono za jellyfish zimachoka (kwenikweni, kuphukira kumachitika). Choncho, pali magawo angapo a moyo, imodzi mwa izo ndi jellyfish kapena medusoid generation.
Cyanea waubweya, wotchedwanso lion's mane.
Ngati cyanea yaubweya idafunsidwa momwe ingakulitsire kusaka bwino, ingayankhe - ma tentacles ambiri. Pali pafupifupi 60 aiwo onse (magulu a ma tentacles 15 pakona iliyonse ya dome). Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu uwu wa jellyfish umatengedwa kuti ndi waukulu kwambiri, chifukwa m'mimba mwake wa dome amatha kufika mamita 2, ndipo mahema amatha kutambasula mpaka mamita 20 pakusaka. Mwamwayi, mtundu uwu si "poizoni" makamaka chifukwa chake siwowopsa kwa anthu.
Nawonso mavu a m’nyanja ankawonjezera ubwino wake. Mtundu woterewu wa jellyfish ulinso ndi ma tentacles 15 (utali wa mamita 3) pa ngodya inayi ya dome, koma utsi wawo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa wachibale wake wamkulu. Amakhulupirira kuti mavu am'nyanja ali ndi neurotoxin yokwanira kupha anthu 60 m'mphindi zitatu. Mphepo yamkuntho iyi ya m'nyanja imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Australia ndi New Zealand. Malingana ndi deta kuchokera ku 3 mpaka 1884, anthu 1996 anamwalira ku Australia, koma izi zikhoza kukhala zolakwika, ndipo chiwerengero cha kukumana koopsa pakati pa anthu ndi mavu a m'nyanja chikhoza kukhala chokwera kwambiri. Komabe, malinga ndi deta ya 63-1991, pakati pa milandu 2004, 225% yokha ya ozunzidwa adagonekedwa m'chipatala, kuphatikizapo imfa imodzi (mwana wazaka zitatu).
mavu am'nyanja
Tsopano tiyeni tibwerere ku phunziro lomwe tikuyang'ana lero.
Kuchokera kumagulu a maselo, njira yofunikira kwambiri m'moyo wonse wa chamoyo chilichonse ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo - njira ya kukula kwa minofu ya thupi kupyolera mu kuberekana kwa maselo ndi kugawikana. Panthawi ya kukula kwa thupi, njirayi imayendetsa kukula kwa thupi. Ndipo thupi likapangidwa mokwanira, maselo ochuluka amawongolera kusinthana kwa thupi ndi maselo owonongeka ndi atsopano.
Cnidarians, monga gulu la alongo a bilateralian ndi metazoans oyambirira, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zachisinthiko kwa zaka zambiri. Chifukwa chake, cnidarians sizosiyana ndi kuchulukana. Mwachitsanzo, pa chitukuko cha embryonic cha anemone ya m'nyanja Nematostella vectensis Kuchulukitsa kwa ma cell kumalumikizidwa ndi dongosolo la epithelial ndipo kumakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko cha tentacle.
Nematostella vectensis
Mwa zina, cnidarians, monga tikudziwira kale, amadziwika ndi luso lawo lokonzanso. Hydra polyps (mtundu wa sessile coelenterates wamadzi amchere kuchokera ku gulu la hydroid) adawonedwa kuti ndi otchuka kwambiri pakati pa ofufuza kwazaka mazana ambiri. Kuchulukana, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi maselo akufa, kumayambitsa kusinthika kwa mutu wa basal wa hydra. Dzina la cholengedwa ichi amatchula cholengedwa nthano kudziwika kubadwanso - Lernaean Hydra, amene Hercules anatha kugonjetsa.
Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zowonongeka zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kuchulukana, sizikudziwika bwino momwe ma cell a ma cell amachitikira pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko cha zamoyo.
Nsomba zotchedwa Jellyfish, zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo wovuta kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi magawo awiri a kubereka (zomera ndi kugonana), zimakhala chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri pophunzira za kuchulukana.
Mu ntchitoyi, gawo la munthu wamkulu yemwe adaphunzira adaseweredwa ndi jellyfish yamtundu wa Cladonema pacificum. Mtundu uwu umakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Japan. Poyamba, jellyfish iyi imakhala ndi ma tentacles 9, omwe amayamba kuphuka ndikukula kukula (monga thupi lonse) pakukula mpaka wamkulu. Mbali imeneyi imatithandiza kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane njira zonse zomwe zikukhudzidwa ndi ntchitoyi.
Kuphatikiza pa Cladonema pacificum Kafukufukuyu adayang'ananso mitundu ina ya jellyfish: Cytae ndi chitsanzo и Rathkea octopunctata.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku
Kuti amvetsetse momwe ma cell akuchulukirachulukira mu Cladonema medusa, asayansi adagwiritsa ntchito madontho a 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), omwe amalemba ma cell mkati. S-gawo* kapena maselo omwe adadutsa kale.
S-gawo* - gawo la kuzungulira kwa maselo momwe DNA imachitika.
Poganizira izi Cladonema imawonjezeka kwambiri mu kukula ndikuwonetsa nthambi za mahema panthawi ya chitukuko (1A-1C), kugawidwa kwa maselo ochulukirapo kumatha kusintha nthawi yonse yakukhwima.
Chithunzi 1: mawonekedwe a kuchuluka kwa maselo mu Cladonema wamng'ono.
Chifukwa cha izi, zinali zotheka kuphunzira momwe kuchuluka kwa maselo kumachulukira mwa achichepere (tsiku 1) komanso okhwima pakugonana (tsiku la 45) jellyfish.
Mu jellyfish achichepere, ma cell a EdU-positive adapezeka m'thupi lonse, kuphatikiza umbel, manubrium (chiwalo chothandizira chapakamwa mu jellyfish), ndi ma tentacles, mosasamala kanthu za nthawi ya EdU.1D-1K и 1N-1O, EdU: 20 µM (micromolar) pambuyo pa maola 24).
Ma cell ochepa a EdU-positive adapezeka mu manubrium (1F и 1G), koma mu ambulera kugawidwa kwawo kunali kofanana kwambiri, makamaka mu chipolopolo chakunja cha ambulera (exumbrella, 1H-1K). M'mahema, ma cell a EdU-positive anali ophatikizana kwambiri (1N). Kugwiritsa ntchito mitotic marker (PH3 antibody) kunapangitsa kuti zitsimikizire kuti ma cell a EdU-positive akuchulukirachulukira. Ma cell a PH3-positive adapezeka mu ambulera ndi bulb ya tentacle (1L и 1P).
M'mahema, ma cell a mitotic amapezeka makamaka mu ectoderm (1P), pamene mu ambulera maselo ochulukira amakhala pamwamba pamtunda (1M).
Chithunzi Nambala 2: mawonekedwe a kuchuluka kwa maselo mu Cladonema okhwima.
Mwa achichepere komanso okhwima, ma cell a EdU-positive adapezeka ambiri m'thupi lonse. Mu umbel, ma cell a EdU-positive amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'malo osanjikiza kuposa omwe ali m'munsi, omwe amafanana ndi kuwonera kwa ana.2A-2D).
Koma m’mahema zinthu zinali zosiyana. Ma cell a EdU-positive anaunjikana m'munsi mwa tentacle (bulb), pomwe masango awiri adapezeka mbali zonse za babu (2E и 2F). Mwa anthu achichepere, kudzikundikira kofananako kunawonedwanso (1N), ndi. mababu a tentacle amatha kukhala gawo lalikulu la kuchulukana mu gawo lonse la medusoid. Ndizodabwitsa kuti m'mabuku a anthu akuluakulu chiwerengero cha maselo a EdU-positive chinali chachikulu kwambiri kuposa achichepere (2G и 2H).
Chotsatira chapakati ndikuti kuchuluka kwa maselo kumatha kuchitika mofanana mu ambulera ya jellyfish, koma m'matendawa njirayi imapezeka kwambiri. Choncho, tingaganize kuti kuchulukana kwa maselo amtundu umodzi kungathe kulamulira kukula kwa thupi ndi homeostasis ya minofu, koma magulu a maselo ochuluka omwe ali pafupi ndi mababu a tentacle amakhudzidwa ndi ma tentacle morphogenesis.
Ponena za kukula kwa thupi palokha, kufalikira kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa thupi.
Chithunzi #3: Kufunika kochulukirachulukira mukukula kwa thupi la jellyfish.
Kuti ayese izi pochita, asayansi adawunika momwe thupi la jellyfish likukulira, kuyambira ndi achinyamata. Ndikosavuta kudziwa kukula kwa thupi la jellyfish pogwiritsa ntchito dome lake, chifukwa imakula mofanana komanso molingana ndi thupi lonse.
Ndi chakudya chabwinobwino m'malo a labotale, kukula kwa dome kumawonjezeka kwambiri ndi 54.8% m'maola 24 oyambirira - kuchokera ku 0.62 ± 0.02 mm2 mpaka 0.96 ± 0.02 mm2. M'masiku 5 otsatirawa, kukula kwake kunakula pang'onopang'ono mpaka 0.98 ± 0.03 mm2 (3A-3С).
Jellyfish yochokera ku gulu lina, yomwe idalandidwa chakudya, sinakulire, koma idafota (mzere wofiira pa graph 3С). Kusanthula kwa ma cell a nsomba zanjala kunawonetsa kukhalapo kwa ma cell ochepa kwambiri a EdU: 1240.6 ± 214.3 mu jellyfish kuchokera ku gulu lolamulira ndi 433.6 ± 133 mwa omwe ali ndi njala.3D-3H). Kuwonetsetsa uku kungakhale umboni wachindunji wosonyeza kuti zakudya zomwe zimakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kufalikira.
Kuti ayese lingaliro ili, asayansi adachita kafukufuku wamankhwala momwe adaletsa kupita patsogolo kwa cell cycle pogwiritsa ntchito hydroxyurea (CH4N2O2), cell cycle inhibitor yomwe imayambitsa G1 kumangidwa. Chifukwa cha izi, maselo a S-gawo omwe adadziwika kale pogwiritsa ntchito EdU adasowa (3I-3L). Chifukwa chake, jellyfish yomwe idawonetsedwa ndi CH4N2O2 sinawonetse kukula kwa thupi, mosiyana ndi gulu lowongolera (3M).
Gawo lotsatira la phunziroli linali kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za mahema a nthambi za jellyfish pofuna kutsimikizira lingaliro lakuti kuchulukana kwa maselo m'matendawa kumathandizira kuti morphogenesis yawo iwonongeke.
Chithunzi Nambala 4: zotsatira za kuchulukana komweko pakukula ndi nthambi za jellyfish tentacles.
Mahema a jellyfish wamng'ono amakhala ndi nthambi imodzi, koma pakapita nthawi chiwerengero chawo chimawonjezeka. M'malo a labotale, nthambi idakula katatu patsiku lachisanu ndi chinayi (4A и 4С).
Apanso, pamene CH4N2O2 idagwiritsidwa ntchito, palibe nthambi za ma tentacles zomwe zidawonedwa, koma nthambi imodzi yokha (4B и 4C). Ndizodabwitsa kuti kuchotsedwa kwa CH4N2O2 m'thupi la jellyfish kunabwezeretsanso njira ya nthambi za ma tentacles, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusinthika kwa mankhwalawo. Zomwe taziwonazi zikuwonetsa momveka bwino kufunikira kwa kuchuluka kwa ma tentacles.
Cnidarians sakanakhala cnidarians popanda nematocytes (cnidocytes, i.e., cnidarians). Mu mitundu ya jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica, maselo atsinde mu mababu a tentacle amapereka nematocysts ku nsonga za tentacles ndendende chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa maselo. Mwachibadwa, asayansi anaganiza zoyesanso mawu awa.
Kuti azindikire kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa nematocysts ndi kufalikira, utoto wodetsa wa nyukiliya womwe ukhoza kuzindikiritsa poly-γ-glutamate wopangidwa mu khoma la nematocyst (DAPI, i.e. 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) anagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kudetsa kwa Poly-γ-glutamate kunatilola kuyerekeza kukula kwa nematocyte, kuyambira 2 mpaka 110 μm2 (4D-4G). Ma nematocysts angapo opanda kanthu adadziwikanso, ndiye kuti, ma nematocyte otere adatha.4D-4G).
Kuchulukirachulukira mu ma tentacles a jellyfish kudayesedwa pophunzira ma voids mu nematocytes pambuyo pa kutsekeka kwa ma cell ndi CH4N2O2. Chigawo cha nematocyte opanda kanthu mu jellyfish pambuyo polowererapo mankhwala chinali chapamwamba kuposa gulu lolamulira: 11.4% ± 2.0% mu jellyfish kuchokera ku gulu lolamulira ndi 19.7% ± 2.0% mu jellyfish ndi CH4N2O2 (4D-4G и 4H). Chifukwa chake, ngakhale atatopa, ma nematocyte akupitiliza kuperekedwa mwachangu ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo a progenitor, omwe amatsimikizira kukhudzidwa kwa njirayi osati pakukula kwa ma tentacles, komanso nematogenesis mwa iwo.
Gawo losangalatsa kwambiri linali kuphunzira za luso lobwezeretsanso jellyfish. Poganizira kuchuluka kwa ma cell ochulukitsa mu bulb ya tentacle ya jellyfish okhwima Cladonema, asayansi adaganiza zophunzira za kusinthika kwa ma tentacles.
Chithunzi Nambala 5: zotsatira za kufalikira pa kusinthika kwa mahema.
Pambuyo pakuphwanyidwa kwa ma tentacles pamunsi, njira yosinthika idawonedwa (5A-5D). M'maola 24 oyambirira, kuchira kunachitika pamalo odulidwa (5B). Patsiku lachiwiri lowonera, nsonga idayamba kutalika ndipo nthambi zidawonekera (5С). Patsiku lachisanu, tentacle idadulidwa kwathunthu (5D), motero, kusinthika kwa tentacle kumatha kutsata ma tentacle morphogenesis yachibadwa pambuyo pa kutalika.
Kuti aphunzire bwino gawo loyamba la kubadwanso, asayansi adasanthula kagawidwe ka maselo ochulukitsa pogwiritsa ntchito madontho a PH3 kuti awonetse ma cell a mitotic.
Ngakhale ma cell ogawikana nthawi zambiri amawonedwa pafupi ndi malo odulidwa, ma cell a mitotic amamwazikana mu mababu osasunthika owongolera (5E и 5F).
Kuchulukitsidwa kwa maselo abwino a PH3 omwe amapezeka mu mababu a tentacle kunawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa maselo abwino a PH3 m'mababu a ma tentacle a odulidwa poyerekeza ndi zowongolera (5G). Pomaliza, njira zoyamba zosinthika zimatsagana ndi kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwa kuchuluka kwa ma cell mu mababu a tentacle.
Zotsatira za kufalikira pa kubadwanso zinayesedwa ndi kutsekereza maselo ndi CH4N2O2 pambuyo podula tentacle. Mu gulu lolamulira, kutalika kwa tentacle pambuyo pa kudulidwa kunachitika mwachizolowezi, monga momwe amayembekezera. Koma m'gulu lomwe CH4N2O2 idagwiritsidwa ntchito, kutalika sikunachitike, ngakhale kuchira kwabwinoko.5H). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, machiritso adzachitika mulimonsemo, koma kufalikira ndikofunikira kuti kubwezeretsedwa kwa tentacle moyenera.
Potsirizira pake, asayansi anaganiza zophunzira za kuchulukana kwa mitundu ina ya nsomba za jellyfish, ndiko kuti Cytaeis и Rathkea.
Chithunzi #6: Kuyerekeza kufalikira kwa Cytaeis (kumanzere) ndi Rathkea (kumanja) jellyfish.
У Cytaeis Ma cell a medusa EdU-positive adawonedwa mu manubrium, mababu a tentacle ndi kumtunda kwa ambulera (6A и 6B). Malo omwe azindikiridwa kuti ali ndi PH3-positive cell Cytaeis zofanana kwambiri ndi Cladonema, komabe pali zosiyana (6C и 6D). Koma pa Rathkea Maselo a EdU-positive ndi PH3-positive anapezeka pafupifupi m'chigawo cha manubrium ndi mababu a tentacle (6E-6H).
Ndizosangalatsanso kuti maselo ochulukirapo nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu impso za jellyfish Rathkea (6E-6G), zomwe zimasonyeza mtundu wa asexual wa kubereka kwa mitundu iyi.
Poganizira zomwe apeza, tingaganize kuti kuchulukana kwa maselo kumachitika mu mababu a tentacle osati mumtundu umodzi wa jellyfish, ngakhale pali kusiyana chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa physiology ndi morphology.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za ma nuances a phunziroli, ndikupangira kuyang'ana .
Epilogue
Mmodzi mwa anthu omwe ndimawakonda kwambiri ndi Hercule Poirot. Wapolisi wofufuza zinthu wanzeru nthawi zonse ankaika chidwi kwambiri pa zinthu zing’onozing’ono zomwe ena ankaona kuti n’zosafunika. Asayansi ali ngati ofufuza, akusonkhanitsa umboni wonse womwe angapeze kuti ayankhe mafunso onse a kafukufukuyo ndikupeza "wolakwa."
Ziribe kanthu momwe zingamvekere, kusinthika kwa maselo a jellyfish kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchulukana - njira yofunikira pakukula kwa maselo, minyewa komanso, motero, chamoyo chonse. Kuphunzira mozama za ndondomekoyi kudzatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino mamolekyu omwe ali pansi pake, zomwe zidzakulitsa osati kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chathu, komanso zimakhudza moyo wathu mwachindunji.
Lachisanu Lachisanu:
Marichi a jellyfish amtundu wa Aurelia, wosokonezedwa ndi chilombo chokhala ndi dzina lachilendo "jellyfish yokazinga yokazinga", i.e. dzira yokazinga jellyfish (Planet Earth, voice over by David Attenborough).
Si nsomba ya jellyfish, koma cholengedwa chakuya cha m'nyanja (pelican-like largemouth) sichimajambulidwa nthawi zambiri (zochita za ofufuza zimangokhudza).
Zikomo powerenga, khalani ndi chidwi komanso khalani ndi sabata yabwino anyamata! 🙂
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Source: www.habr.com