Kusuntha kuti muphatikizepo firmware yaumwini pakugawa kwa Debian

Steve McIntyre, yemwe adakhala mtsogoleri wa projekiti ya Debian kwa zaka zingapo, adachitapo kanthu kuti aganizirenso njira ya Debian yotumizira firmware eni eni, yomwe pakadali pano sinaphatikizidwe pazithunzi zokhazikitsidwa ndi boma ndipo imaperekedwa m'malo ena opanda ufulu. Malinga ndi Steve, kuyesa kukwaniritsa zabwino zoperekera pulogalamu yotseguka yokha kumabweretsa zovuta zosafunikira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, omwe nthawi zambiri amafunikira kukhazikitsa firmware yaumwini ngati akufuna kupeza magwiridwe antchito onse a zida zawo.

Firmware ya Proprietary imayikidwa m'malo ena opanda ufulu, pamodzi ndi mapaketi ena omwe sanagawidwe pansi pa zilolezo zaulere komanso zotseguka. Malo osakhala aulere sakhala a projekiti ya Debian ndipo mapaketi ake sangaphatikizidwe pakukhazikitsa ndikumanga amoyo. Chifukwa cha izi, zithunzi zoyikapo ndi firmware eni eni zimasonkhanitsidwa padera ndikuyikidwa ngati zosavomerezeka, ngakhale kuti zimapangidwa ndikusungidwa ndi projekiti ya Debian.

Chifukwa chake, mkhalidwe wina wakwaniritsidwa m'deralo, womwe umaphatikiza chikhumbo chopereka mapulogalamu otseguka okha pakugawa komanso kufunikira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito firmware. Palinso kagulu kakang'ono ka firmware yaulere, yomwe imaphatikizidwa m'misonkhano yovomerezeka ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zazikulu, koma ndi ochepa kwambiri otere ndipo sizokwanira nthawi zambiri.

Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Debian imabweretsa mavuto ambiri, kuphatikiza zosokoneza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito komanso kuwononga zinthu pakumanga, kuyesa ndi kuchititsa zomanga zosavomerezeka ndi firmware yotsekedwa. Pulojekitiyi imapereka zithunzi zovomerezeka monga zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa zimamanga, koma izi zimangosokoneza ogwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa panthawi yoyika amakumana ndi mavuto ndi chithandizo cha hardware. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa misonkhano yosavomerezeka mosadziletsa kumabweretsa kutchuka kwa mapulogalamu a eni, popeza wogwiritsa ntchito, pamodzi ndi firmware, amalandiranso malo osungira opanda ufulu ndi mapulogalamu ena opanda ufulu, pamene firmware ikanaperekedwa mosiyana, zingatheke. kuchita popanda kuphatikizira malo opanda ufulu.

Posachedwapa, opanga ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito firmware yakunja yodzaza ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito, m'malo mopereka firmware mu kukumbukira kosatha pazida zokha. Firmware yakunja yotere ndiyofunikira pazithunzi zambiri zamakono, zomveka komanso ma adapter a network. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, funsoli ndi losamvetsetseka kuti firmware ingatengedwe bwanji ndi zofunikira zoperekera mapulogalamu aulere okha, chifukwa kwenikweni firmware imachitidwa pazida za hardware, osati mu dongosolo, ndipo ikugwirizana ndi zipangizo. Ndi kupambana komweko, makompyuta amakono, okonzeka ngakhale ndi magawo aulere, amayendetsa firmware yomangidwa mu zipangizo. Kusiyanitsa kokha ndikuti firmware ina imayikidwa ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito, pamene ena ayamba kale kuwunikira mu ROM kapena Flash memory.

Steve adabweretsa kukambirana njira zisanu zazikulu zopangira kutumiza kwa firmware mu Debian, zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zikhazikitsidwe kuti mavoti onse azitha:

Siyani zonse monga momwe zilili, perekani firmware yotsekedwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana osavomerezeka.

Lekani kupereka zomanga zosavomerezeka ndi firmware yopanda ufulu ndikubweretsa kugawa mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a polojekiti kuti mupereke mapulogalamu aulere okha.

Sinthani misonkhano yosavomerezeka yokhala ndi firmware kukhala yovomerezeka ndikuyipereka mofananira komanso pamalo amodzi ndi misonkhano yomwe imaphatikizapo mapulogalamu aulere okha, zomwe zipangitsa kuti wosuta asafufuze pulogalamu yofunikira.

Phatikizani firmware ya eni ake pamisonkhano yovomerezeka ndikukana kupereka misonkhano yosavomerezeka. Choyipa cha njira iyi ndikuphatikizidwa kwa malo osungira opanda ufulu mwachisawawa.

Phatikizani firmware yaumwini kuchokera kunkhokwe yopanda ufulu kupita ku gawo lina losakhala laulere la firmware ndikulipereka kumalo ena osungira omwe safuna kutsegula kwa malo opanda ufulu. Onjezani zosiyana ndi malamulo a polojekiti omwe amalola kuphatikizidwa kwa gawo lopanda pulogalamu yaulere pamagawo okhazikika oyika. Chifukwa chake, kudzakhala kotheka kukana kupanga misonkhano yosiyana yosavomerezeka, kuphatikiza firmware pamisonkhano yokhazikika komanso osatsegula malo opanda ufulu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

Steve mwiniwake amalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo yachisanu, yomwe idzalola kuti polojekitiyi isapatuke kwambiri pakulimbikitsa mapulogalamu aulere, koma nthawi yomweyo kupanga mankhwalawo kukhala othandiza komanso othandiza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Woyikirayo amapereka kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa firmware yaulere ndi yosakhala yaulere, kulola wogwiritsa ntchito kusankha mwanzeru ndikudziwitsa wogwiritsa ntchito ngati firmware yaulere imathandizira zida zamakono komanso ngati pali mapulojekiti opangira firmware yaulere pazida zomwe zilipo. Pa boot stage, ikukonzekeranso kuwonjezera makonda kuti mulepheretse phukusi ndi firmware yopanda ufulu.

Source: opennet.ru