M'mbuyomu mu blog tidalemba za momwe mawonekedwe a e-book adawonekera ΠΈ .
Mutu wankhani ya lero ndi EPUB.
Chithunzi: / CC BY
Mbiri ya mawonekedwe
M'zaka za m'ma 90, msika wa e-book unali woyendetsedwa ndi mayankho a eni ake. Ndipo ambiri opanga ma e-reader anali ndi mawonekedwe awoawo. Mwachitsanzo, NuvoMedia adagwiritsa ntchito mafayilo okhala ndi .rb extension. Izi zinali zotengera zomwe zili ndi fayilo ya HTML ndi fayilo ya .info yokhala ndi metadata. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ntchito ya osindikiza ikhale yovuta - adayenera kusanja mabuku amtundu uliwonse padera. Gulu la mainjiniya ochokera ku Microsoft, NuvoMedia ndi SoftBook Press omwe atchulidwa kale adayesetsa kukonza vutoli.
Panthawiyo, Microsoft inali yoti idzagonjetse msika wa e-book ndipo ikupanga pulogalamu ya e-reader ya Windows 95. Tikhoza kunena kuti kupanga mawonekedwe atsopano kunali mbali ya ndondomeko ya bizinesi ya IT giant.
Ngati tilankhula za NuvoMedia, kampani iyi imatengedwa kuti ndi amene amapanga woyamba misa owerenga pakompyuta . Kukumbukira mkati mwa chipangizocho kunali ma megabytes asanu ndi atatu okha, ndipo moyo wa batri sunapitirire maola 40. Ponena za SoftBook Press, adapanganso owerenga zamagetsi. Koma zida zawo zinali ndi mawonekedwe apadera - modemu yomangidwa - idakulolani kutsitsa mabuku a digito mwachindunji kuchokera ku SoftBookstore.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, makampani onse awiri - NuvoMedia ndi SoftBook - adagulidwa ndi kampani ya TV Gemstar ndikuphatikizidwa mu Gemstar eBook Group. Bungweli lidapitilira kugulitsa owerenga kwa zaka zingapo (mwachitsanzo, ) ndi mabuku a digito, komabe mu 2003 .
Koma tiyeni tibwerere ku chitukuko cha muyezo umodzi. Mu 1999, Microsoft, NuvoMedia ndi SoftBook Press adayambitsa Open eBook Forum, yomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito pazolemba zomwe zidawonetsa chiyambi cha EPUB. Poyamba muyezo OEBPS (imayimira Open EBook Publication Structure). Zinapangitsa kuti zitheke kugawa zofalitsa za digito mu fayilo imodzi (ZIP archive) ndikupangitsa kuti kusamutsa mabuku kukhale kosavuta pakati pa nsanja zosiyanasiyana za Hardware.
Pambuyo pake, makampani a IT Adobe, IBM, HP, Nokia, Xerox ndi ofalitsa McGraw Hill ndi Time Warner adalowa nawo Open eBook Forum. Onse pamodzi adapitiliza kupanga OEBPS ndikupanga chilengedwe chonse cha digito. Mu 2005, bungweli linatchedwa International Forum for Digital Publishing, kapena .
Mu 2007, IDPF idasintha dzina la mtundu wa OEBPS kukhala EPUB ndikuyamba kupanga mtundu wake wachiwiri. Idaperekedwa kwa anthu wamba mu 2010. Chogulitsa chatsopanocho sichinali chosiyana ndi chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa, komabe zithunzi za vector ndi mafonti omangidwa.
Pa nthawiyi, EPUB inali ikutenga msika ndipo inakhala muyeso wokhazikika kwa osindikiza ambiri ndi opanga zida zamagetsi. Mitunduyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndi O'Reilly ndi Cisco Press, kuphatikiza idathandizidwa ndi zida za Apple, Sony, Barnes & Noble, ndi ONYX BOOX.
Mu 2009, ntchito ya Google Books za thandizo la EPUB - lagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawira mabuku aulere oposa miliyoni imodzi. Mtunduwu unayamba kutchuka pakati pa olemba. Mu 2011, JK Rowling yambitsani tsamba la Pottermore ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale malo okhawo ogulitsa mabuku a Potter mu mawonekedwe a digito.
EPUB inasankhidwa kukhala muyezo wogawira mabuku, makamaka chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha kukopera (). Mabuku onse omwe ali m'sitolo ya olemba pa intaneti mpaka pano .
Mtundu wachitatu wa mtundu wa EPUB unatulutsidwa mu 2011. Madivelopa awonjezera kuthekera kogwira ntchito ndi mafayilo amawu ndi makanema ndi mawu am'munsi. Masiku ano muyezo ukupitilizabe kusintha - mu 2017 IDPF mbali ya W3C consortium, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito miyezo yaukadaulo pa World Wide Web.
Momwe EPUB imagwirira ntchito
Buku lamtundu wa EPUB ndi zolemba zakale za ZIP. Imasunga zolemba zomwe zasindikizidwa mu mawonekedwe a XHTML kapena HTML masamba kapena mafayilo a PDF. Zosungidwazo zimakhalanso ndi media (zomvera, makanema kapena zithunzi), mafonti ndi metadata. Itha kukhalanso ndi mafayilo owonjezera okhala ndi masitayilo a CSS kapena -zolemba zokhala ndi chidziwitso cha mautumiki otulutsa mawu.
XML Markup ili ndi udindo wowonetsa zomwe zili. Chigawo cha buku lokhala ndi mawu ophatikizidwa ndi chithunzi :
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html
epub_prefix="media: http://idpf.org/epub/vocab/media/#">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/shared-culture.css" />
</head>
<body>
<section class="base">
<h1>the entire transcript</h1>
<audio id="bgsound" epub_type="media:soundtrack media:background"
src="../audio/asharedculture_soundtrack.mp3" autoplay="" loop="">
<div class="errmsg">
<p>Your Reading System does not support (this) audio</p>
</div>
</audio>
<p>What does it mean to be human if we don't have a shared culture? What
does a shared culture mean if we can't share it? It's only in the last
100, or 150 years or so, that we started tightly restricting how that
culture gets used.</p>
<img class="left" src="../images/326261902_3fa36f548d.jpg"
alt="child against a wall" />
</section>
</body>
</html>
Kuphatikiza pa mafayilo omwe ali nawo, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ali ndi chikalata chapadera cha navigation (Navigation Document). Imalongosola dongosolo la zolemba ndi zithunzi m'buku. Mapulogalamu owerenga amachipeza ngati wowerenga akufuna "kudumpha" pamasamba angapo.
Fayilo ina yofunikira muzosungirako ndi phukusi. Zimaphatikizapo metadata - zambiri za wolemba, wosindikiza, chinenero, mutu, ndi zina zotero. Ilinso ndi mndandanda (msana) wa zigawo za bukhuli. Chitsanzo cha chikalata cha phukusi chikhoza kuwonedwa .
ulemu
Ubwino wa mawonekedwe ndi kusinthasintha kwake. EPUB imakupatsani mwayi wopanga zolemba zosunthika zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kukula kwachipangizo chanu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zomwe mawonekedwewa amathandizidwa ndi owerenga ambiri (ndi zida zina zamagetsi). Mwachitsanzo, owerenga onse a ONYX BOOX amagwira ntchito ndi EPUB kuchokera m'bokosi: kuyambira zoyambira ndi 6-inch mpaka premium ndi 9,7-inch .
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Popeza mtunduwo umachokera pamiyezo yotchuka (XML), ndikosavuta kutembenuza kuti muwerenge pa intaneti. EPUB imathandiziranso zinthu zina. Inde, zinthu zofananira zilipo mu PDF, koma mutha kuziwonjezera pa chikalata cha PDF pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya eni. Pankhani ya EPUB, amawonjezedwa ku bukhuli pogwiritsa ntchito ma tag ndi ma XML muzolemba zilizonse.
Ubwino wina wa EPUB ndi mawonekedwe ake kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la masomphenya kapena dyslexia. Muyezo umakulolani kuti musinthe mawonedwe a zolemba pazenera - mwachitsanzo, onetsani kuphatikiza kwa zilembo zina.
EPUB, monga tawonera kale, imapatsa wofalitsa mwayi woyika chitetezo cha makope. Ogulitsa e-book ngati angafune njira zawo zolepheretsa kupeza chikalatacho. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kusintha fayilo ya rights.xml munkhokwe.
zolakwa
Kuti mupange chofalitsa cha EPUB, muyenera kumvetsetsa mawu a XML, XHTML, ndi CSS. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kugwira ntchito ndi zizindikiritso zambiri. Kufananiza, chimodzimodzi zikuphatikizanso ma tag ochepera ofunikira - okwanira pamasanjidwe azopeka. Ndi kulenga Palibe chidziwitso chapadera chomwe chimafunikira konse - mapulogalamu apadera ali ndi udindo pa chilichonse.
EPUB imatsutsidwanso chifukwa cha zovuta za mapangidwe azithunzithunzi ndi mabuku ena okhala ndi zithunzi zambiri. Pankhaniyi, wosindikizayo amayenera kupanga mawonekedwe osasunthika okhala ndi makonzedwe okhazikika a chithunzi chilichonse - izi zitha kutenga khama komanso nthawi.
Chotsatira
IDPF pakali pano ikugwira ntchito zatsopano za mtunduwo. Mwachitsanzo, imodzi mwa izo idzakuthandizani kupanga maphunziro okhudzana . Buku lomwelo lidzawoneka mosiyana kwa mphunzitsi ndi wophunzira - muzochitika zachiwiri, mwachitsanzo, mayankho a mayesero kapena mafunso olamulira adzabisika.
Chithunzi: / CC BY-SA
Zikuyembekezeka kuti ntchito yatsopanoyi ithandiza kukonzanso maphunziro. Masiku ano, EPUB imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu ndi mayunivesite akulu, mwachitsanzo University of Oxford. Zaka zingapo zapitazo iwo Chithandizo cha EPUB 3.0 mu laibulale yanu ya digito.
IDPF ikupanganso ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito Open Annotation footnote mu EPUB. Muyezo uwu udapangidwa ndi W3C mu 2013 - umathandizira kugwira ntchito ndi mitundu yovuta ya zolemba. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kuyigwiritsa ntchito powonjezera cholemba kugawo linalake la chithunzi cha JPEG. Mulingo wosankha kulunzanitsa zosintha zamawu pakati pa makope a chikalata chomwecho cha EPUB. Tsegulani Zolemba Zamtundu wa Annotation m'mafayilo a EPUB ngakhale pano, koma mawonekedwe awo okhazikika sanatengedwebe.
Ntchito ikuchitikanso pa mtundu watsopano wa muyezo - EPUB 3.2. Zidzakhala ndi akamagwiritsa ΠΈ , omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukakamiza mafonti (nthawi zina amatha kuchepetsa kukula kwa mafayilo ndi 30%). Madivelopa adzalowanso m'malo mwa ma HTML akale. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo mwa choyambitsa china choyambitsa mafayilo amawu ndi makanema, mulingo watsopano udzakhala ndi ma audio amtundu wa HTML ndi makanema.
Kukonzekera ΠΈ zilipo kale munkhokwe ya W3C GitHub.
Ndemanga za ONYX-BOOX e-readers:
Source: www.habr.com