Phale lochokera kwa Kish (c. 3500 BC)
Mfundo yakuti kuwerenga n’kothandiza n’zosakayikitsa. Koma mayankho a mafunso akuti "Kodi kuwerenga zopeka kumathandiza bwanji?" ndiponso “Kodi ndi mabuku ati amene mungakonde kuŵerenga?” zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi magwero. Mawu omwe ali pansipa ndi mayankho anga a mafunso awa.
Ndiloleni ndiyambe ndi mfundo yodziwikiratu kuti si mitundu yonse ya zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa mofanana.
Ndikhoza kuwonetsa mbali zitatu zazikulu zoganizira kuti mabuku akukula: maziko a chidziwitso china (factology), njira zoganizira (njira zoganizira, kuphatikizapo zitsanzo) ndi zochitika zobwereka (kuzindikira zomwe zikuchitika, dziko lapansi, machitidwe a anthu, ndi zina zotero) . Zolemba zotere ndizosiyana kwambiri, ndipo kusintha kuchokera kuukadaulo kupita ku zopeka kungakhale kosavuta. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolemba (kuphatikiza zopeka, pali zofotokozera, zaukadaulo, mbiri yakale ndi zolemba, zokumbukira, zamaphunziro) ndi mitundu yambiri yapakatikati, yomwe nthawi zina imakhala yovuta kuzindikira mosadziwika bwino. M'malingaliro anga, m'lingaliro lenileni, amasiyanitsidwa ndi madera amalingaliro aumunthu omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa amapopa kwambiri: mfundo, njira, zochitika.
Mwachilengedwe, zolemba zamaluso ndi zofotokozera zidzakulitsa kwambiri zowona, zolemba zamaphunziro - njira, zokumbukira ndi zolemba zina zakale - zinachitikira.
Aliyense akhoza kusankha zomwe amafunikira kwambiri, monga zida zochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Koma bwanji zopeka? Amapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuphatikiza zonse ndi chitsanzo chosamveka ndikuchiphunzira. Nthano zopeka zimayamba kulembedwa—anthu, malingaliro, chinenero, ndi nkhani zomwe imakamba zinayamba kusinthika pamodzi. Izi ndi njira zolumikizana. Kuchulukirachulukira kwachidziwitso kumafuna kutulukira kwa mawu ndi malingaliro atsopano; kutha kukumbukira ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa zida zoganiza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chipangizo chovuta kwambiri chamaganizo chimalola munthu kupanga ndi kupanga malingaliro ovuta kwambiri. Ntchito zoyambirira zaluso zinali zomveka komanso zogwira mtima zophunzitsira. Izi mwina zinali nkhani zakusaka.
Vasily Perov "Osaka akupumula". 1871
“Tsiku lina Eurosy anapita kukathyola bowa. Ndinatola dengu lodzaza, ndinamva munthu akuthyola tchire. Taonani, ndi chimbalangondo. Chabwino, ndithudi, anaponya dengu ndikukwera mumtengo. Chimbalangondo chili kumbuyo kwake. ”…
Chotsatira ndi nkhani ya momwe Eurosius adagonjetsa chimbalangondo ndikuthawa.
Pang'onopang'ono, nkhanizi zinayamba kupeza njira zomwe zimasunga chidwi cha omvera, ndipo zinakhala imodzi mwa mitundu yoyamba ya zosangalatsa, ndikusunga ntchito zawo za maphunziro. Nkhani zakusaka zidakula kukhala nthano zachinsinsi, ma ballads ndi sagas. Pang'onopang'ono, mtundu wapadera wa ntchito unawonekera - wolemba nkhani (bard), yemwe adatha kuloweza malemba ambiri pamtima. Pamene kulemba kumayamba, malemba amenewa anayamba kulembedwa. Umu ndi momwe zopeka zidawonekera, kuphatikiza ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kukhalabe njira yamphamvu yophunzitsira.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, mabuku okondweretsa okha adawonekera, omwe, monga momwe angawonekere poyamba, alibe ntchito zothandiza. Koma izi, ndithudi, ndi poyang'ana koyamba. Mukayang'anitsitsa ngakhale buku lopusa kwambiri, limakhalanso ndi mgwirizano wocheperako, ngakhale panjanji, chiwembu, khumi ndi awiri kapena otchulidwa omwe amalumikizana mwanjira ina. Pali mafotokozedwe ena a malo, ziwonetsero, maubwenzi, ndi zina. Zonsezi zimafuna kuyesayesa kwamalingaliro: tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ndani, zomwe otchulidwawo adachita ndi zomwe adanena m'mitu yapitayi, tidzayesa kufotokozera momwe chiwembucho chidzakhalira, ndi njira ziti zomwe otchulidwa amagwiritsa ntchito kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo. Izi ndi zina zambiri pang'onopang'ono zimaphunzitsa ndikusintha ubongo kugwira ntchito. Mukamawerenga ngakhale nthano zotere, mawu anu amakula, munthu amayamba kukumbukira bwino ndikufanizira zochita za anthu otchulidwawo, zolakwika zowona ndi kusagwirizana kwachiwembu, njira zodziwika kale ndi kupotoza chiwembu kumayamba kuoneka ngati kopanda chidwi, ndipo chifukwa chake pamafunika zambiri. zapamwamba kwambiri (zovuta mu mawonekedwe ndi tanthauzo) ntchito.
Monga mayeso/chitsanzo, yesani kudziwa chifukwa chake ofufuza ena opusa komanso oyipa ali oyipa komanso chifukwa chake ndendende.
Pamene kuchuluka kwa kuwerenga kumakula, wowerenga amayamba kuzindikira maumboni a mabuku ena ndi matanthauzo obisika omwe alimo. Kutsatira izi, zokonda zamitundu zimasinthanso. Buku lofunikira kapena mbiri yakale silikuwoneka ngati lotopetsa komanso lotopetsa, limawerengedwa mosangalatsa, ndipo chifukwa chake, dzina lolowera nthawi zina (makamaka ochepa) amatha kukumbukira china chake kapena kuchichita.
Mphamvu yopeka ndi yakuti ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Ndipo muyenera kuwerenga zomwe zimakusangalatsani inuyo panokha. Musayese kulumpha pamutu panu ndikuwerenga mabuku omwe tanthauzo lawo silikumvekani. Izi sizingatheke kukwaniritsa chilichonse. Ndikoyenera kuonjezera vutolo pang'onopang'ono, monga momwe ana amachitira. Kuchokera ku nthano kupita ku nkhani yaulendo. Kuchokera paulendo mpaka wapolisi wofufuza, kuyambira wapolisi mpaka zongopeka kapena zopeka za sayansi, ndi zina zambiri. Njirayi imatenga nthawi yochuluka (moyo wanu wonse), koma, osachepera, imakulolani kuti ubongo wanu ukhale wabwino mpaka ukalamba.
Source: www.habr.com