Ubale pakati pa okondedwa, wodzazidwa ndi chisamaliro, zizindikiro za chidwi ndi chifundo, umatchedwa chikondi ndi olemba ndakatulo, koma akatswiri a zamoyo amachitcha kuti maubwenzi ogonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe cholinga chake ndi kupulumuka ndi kubereka. Mitundu ina imakonda kutenga ziwerengero - kuberekana ndi zibwenzi zambiri momwe zingathere kuti ziwonjezere chiwerengero cha ana, potero zimawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi moyo wa mitundu yonse. Ena amapanga okwatirana okha, omwe amatha kukhalapo pokhapokha atamwalira m'modzi mwa okwatiranawo. Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi ankakhulupirira kuti njira yoyamba inali yopindulitsa kwambiri, koma izi sizowona. Okwatirana amodzi, monga lamulo, amakweza ana awo pamodzi, i.e. mutetezeni kwa adani, pezani chakudya ndikumuphunzitsa maluso ena, pomwe muubwenzi wa mitala zonsezi nthawi zambiri zimagwera pamapewa osalimba a akazi. Inde, pali zosiyana, koma lero sitikunena za iwo. Akatswiri a zamoyo akhala ndi chidwi ndi mfundo ina yosangalatsa - amuna akupitiriza kusonyeza zizindikiro za akazi, ngakhale pamene awiri awo apangidwa kale ndipo akhalapo kwa zaka zingapo. Kodi chimayambitsa khalidweli ndi chiyani, phindu lake ndi lotani, ndipo ndi mbali ziti zachisinthiko zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa nazo? Tidzapeza mayankho a mafunsowa mu lipoti la gulu lofufuza. Pitani.
Maziko ofufuza
Poganizira mutu wa phunziroli, sitidzayang'ana pa mitundu ya mbalame za mitala, koma tiyang'ana kwambiri zachikondi za nthenga zomwe zimagwera m'chikondi kamodzi.
Ponena za kukhala ndi mkazi mmodzi, ndizofunika kudziwa kuti pali mitundu ingapo ya izo kutengera nthawi: nyengo imodzi, zaka zingapo ndi moyo wonse.
Pakati pa mbalame, kukwatiwa ndi mkazi mmodzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofala. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi chingakhale atsekwe akutchire. Anyani aakazi amagwira nawo ntchito yomanga zisa ndi kutsekera mazira, ndipo yaimuna ili ndi udindo woteteza malowo. Patsiku lachiΕ΅iri pambuyo pa kuswa, banjalo limapita ku dziwe lapafupi, kumene mbirazi zimaphunzira kudzipezera okha chakudya. Pakachitika ngozi pamadzi, yaikazi imateteza kwambiri anawo, koma yaimuna, mwachiwonekere imakumbukira zinthu zofunika, nthawi zambiri imathawa. Osati ubale wabwino kwambiri, ziribe kanthu momwe mungayang'anire.
Banja la atsekwe akuthengo.
Ngati tilankhula za maubwenzi, omwe maziko ake ndi osasunthika, ndiye kuti adokowe ndi abwino kwambiri pankhaniyi. Amapanga mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi kwa moyo wawo wonse ndipo sasintha nβkomwe malo okhala pokhapokha ngati nβkoyenera. Chisa chimodzi cha adokowe, chomwe chimatha kulemera makilogalamu 250 ndi kufika mamita 1.5 m'mimba mwake, chimatumikira kwa zaka zambiri ngati masoka achilengedwe kapena kulowererapo kwa anthu sikuwononga. Pali chisa ku Czech Republic chomwe chinapangidwa kale mu 1864.
Maluso omanga a adokowe safunikira kuyamikiridwa mukaona nyumba zoterezi.
Mosiyana ndi atsekwe akutchire, adokowe ali ndi udindo wofanana: onse awiri amaswa mazira, kufunafuna chakudya, kuphunzitsa ana kuuluka ndi kuwateteza ku zoopsa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyambo imakhala ndi gawo lofunikira mu ubale wa adokowe: kuyimba, kuvina, etc. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti miyambo imeneyi imachitika osati pakupanga banja (pa tsiku loyamba), komanso pa moyo wawo wonse pamodzi (ngakhale pamene m'malo mwa mkazi amakulitsidwa, mwamuna amavina pang'ono). Kwa ife, izi zikuwoneka zokongola kwambiri, zachikondi komanso zopanda pake, popeza kuchokera kumalingaliro achilengedwe palibe phindu pamakhalidwe otere. Zili choncho? Ndipo apa tikhoza kuyamba kulingalira phunzirolo lokha, lomwe limayenera kuyankha funsoli.
Ethologists* Amakhulupirira kuti kuwonetsera kosalekeza kwa malingaliro awo ndi amuna kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa chikhalidwe cha ubereki mwa akazi.
Ethology* - sayansi yomwe imaphunzira khalidwe lodziwika bwino la majini, i.e. chibadwa.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sizikudziwika bwino chifukwa chake khalidweli limakhalapo osati panthawi ya makwerero oyambirira, koma moyo wonse, chifukwa zingakhale zomveka kuti amuna azigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi mphamvu zambiri mwa ana awo, osati kusonyeza malingaliro a mwana. wamkazi. Pakalipano, ochita kafukufuku ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mphamvu yosonyeza chikondi kwa mkazi imakhudza mwachindunji ubwino wa makwerero, motero, ana (ie chiwerengero cha mazira).
Mbalame yaimuna ya paradaiso ikuvina pamaso pa yaikazi. Monga tikuonera, mwamuna amawoneka wowala kwambiri kuposa wamkazi.
Chiphunzitsochi chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuwunika. Mzimayi yemwe mnzake ndi mwamuna wokongola wosalemba ndipo woyamba kuwuluka m'mudzimo amayesetsa kwambiri mwa ana ake kuposa ngati wamwamuna si nsomba kapena mbalame. Zimamveka zosangalatsa komanso zoseketsa, koma miyambo yomwe amuna amachita pamaso pa akazi ndi cholinga chowonetsera osati kukongola kokha, komanso mphamvu. Zimangochitika kuti nthenga zowala, kuyimba kokongola ndi mawonetseredwe ena a chidwi kuchokera kwa amuna ndi zizindikiro zachidziwitso za akazi, zomwe amazipanga kukhala chidziwitso cha mwamuna.
Asayansi ochokera ku mayunivesite aku North Carolina ndi Chicago, omwe ntchito yawo tikuiganizira lero, amakhulupirira kuti khalidweli la amuna ndi cholinga chokulitsa khalidwe la akazi pokhudzana ndi kubereka ana.
Chitsanzo choperekedwa ndi asayansi chimachokera ku zoyesera zambiri zomwe zasonyeza kuti kulimbikitsa zizindikiro izi kuchokera kwa amuna kumawonjezera zopereka za akazi pa njira yobereka. Zanenedwa kuti gwero la zotsatira zolimbikitsa zoterezi ndi mayankho amaganizo omwe amachokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe, zizindikiro ndi dongosolo lamanjenje lokha. Pakali pano, zitsanzo za 100 za "zopatuka" zamtunduwu zimadziwika (kumva, masomphenya ndi kununkhiza).
Pamene mwamuna awonetsanso ubwino wake kuposa amuna ena, izi zikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwa mwamuna yekha (mkazi adzamusankhadi). Koma kwa akazi izi zingakhale zovuta, chifukwa zidzachepetsa kubereka kwamtsogolo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tili ndi "zopitirira zomwe tikuyembekezera". Mwamuna yemwe ali bwino kwambiri kuposa amuna ena ndipo nthawi zonse amasonyeza chidwi ndi mkazi adzalandira zomwe akufuna - kubereka ndi kubereka, kapena m'malo mwake. Mkazi amene amayembekezera khalidwe lofananalo kwa amuna ena, koma osalandira, angadzipeze ali mumkhalidwe wovuta. Asayansi amatchula nkhani yoteroyo ngati mikangano yapakati pa amuna ndi akazi: kudziwonetsera kwa amuna kukhala kokongola pakati pa anthu, ndipo kukana njira imeneyi kumakula pakati pa akazi.
Mkanganowu udapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera (neural network). Pazitsanzo zomwe zimachokera, chizindikiro (chitsime - chachimuna) chimagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha wolandira (wolandira chizindikiro - chachikazi), chomwe chimapangitsa zizindikirozo kuti ziwononge kuzindikira. Panthawi ina, kusintha kwa malingaliro a zizindikiro mu chiwerengero cha akazi kumachitika (mtundu wa masinthidwe), chifukwa chake mphamvu ya zizindikiro kuchokera ku gwero (mwamuna) idzachepa kwambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kusintha koteroko kudzachititsa kuti mtundu umodzi kapena wina wa chizindikiro udzakhala wopanda mphamvu. Zosintha zoterezi zikachitika, zizindikiro zina zimatha, kutaya mphamvu, koma zatsopano zimatuluka, ndipo ndondomekoyi imayambanso.
Dongosolo lopotokali ndilosavuta kuchita. Tangoganizani kuti mwamuna akuwoneka ndi nthenga yowala (imodzi yokha), amasiyana ndi ena, ndipo akazi amamukonda. Kenako mwamuna amawonekera ndi nthenga ziwiri zowala, kenako ndi zitatu, ndi zina. Koma mphamvu ya chizindikiro choterocho, chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi kufalikira, imayamba kugwa mofanana. Ndiyeno mwadzidzidzi kunatulukira yaimuna yomwe imatha kuimba mokoma ndi kumanga zisa. Zotsatira zake, nthenga zokongola monga chizindikiro zimasiya kugwira ntchito ndipo zimayamba kuwonongeka.
Komabe, nthawi zonse pali zosiyana ndi lamuloli - mikangano ina yapakati pa amuna ndi akazi imatha kukhala mgwirizano wokwanira komanso wothandiza kwambiri.
Dongosolo la kuyambika kwa mikangano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso mgwirizano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.
Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti mwamuna yemwe ali ndi chizindikiro chodziwika bwino amakakamiza mkazi kuti asayikire mazira atatu, koma anayi. Izi ndi zabwino kwa mwamuna - adzakhala ndi ana ambiri ndi majini ake. Kwa mkazi, osati mochuluka, chifukwa adzayenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti ana onse apulumuke ndikufika pa msinkhu wodziimira. Chifukwa chake, akazi amayamba kukhala ofanana ndi amuna kuti azitha kugonjetsedwa ndi zizindikiro zawo. Zotsatira zake zingakhale njira ziwiri: mikangano kapena mgwirizano.
Pankhani ya mgwirizano, akazi amasintha kuti ayike mazira atatu, monga asanawonekere chizindikiro champhamvu kuchokera kwa amuna, koma pitirizani kuyankha zizindikirozi. Mochuluka zamatsenga akazi mu chilengedwe. Mwanjira imeneyi, osati awiri okha omwe amapangidwa, koma okwatirana omwe amathandizana wina ndi mzake pamlingo wokwanira kuti abereke kuchokera kumalo okhudzana ndi kuyanjana kwa zizindikiro.
Amuna sangathe kusinthika mmbuyo, kunena pang'ono. Zizindikiro zawo zowonjezera kwa akazi zimatulutsa mazira atatu, i.e. osati monga kuyembekezera. Komabe, kuchepetsa chizindikiro pamlingo wam'mbuyomu sikudzakhalanso kothandiza, chifukwa kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa mazira mu clutch kukhala awiri. Zimakhala ngati bwalo loyipa - amuna sangathe kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chizindikiro ndipo sangathe kuonjezera, popeza akazi poyamba adzabala ana ochepa, ndipo kachiwiri sangayankhe.
Mwachibadwa, palibe mwamuna kapena mkazi amene ali ndi zolinga zoipa kapena kufuna kukhala akapolo. Ndondomeko yonseyi imachitika pa mlingo wa majini ndipo cholinga chake ndi kupindula kwa ana a banja limodzi ndi ubwino wa zamoyo zonse.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku
Pogwiritsa ntchito masamu a masamu, asayansi adawunika momwe mgwirizano wapakati pa amuna ndi akazi ungachitikire. Kachulukidwe ndi mtengo wapakati zf limafotokoza zimene mkazi amachita kwambiri pa ana ake. Poyambirira, mtengo wapakati umaloledwa kukula mpaka mtengo wake wokwanira zopt, zomwe zimadalira mitundu iwiri: phindu la ndalama (chiwerengero cha ana opulumuka) ndi mtengo wa ndalama za akazi (cf). Mitundu yotsirizirayi imawunikidwa pambuyo pa kuswana, kutanthauza kuti zazikazi zina zimakhalabe ndi moyo ndipo zikhoza kuberekanso chaka chotsatira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mibadwo yambiri ichuluke.
Pali mawu angapo omwe azigwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi muphunziroli omwe ndi oyenera kufotokozedwa pang'ono:
- zizindikiro - kuwonetsera chidwi kwa amuna kwa akazi okwatirana (kuimba, kuvina ndi miyambo ina) yomwe imachitika mwa awiriawiri;
- chopereka / Kulipira - kuyankha kwa akazi kuzizindikirozi, kuwonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a mazira ochulukirapo mu clutch, nthawi yochulukirapo yosamalira ana amtsogolo, ndi zina zotero;
- woyankha - wamkazi kuyankha zizindikiro kuchokera kwa mwamuna;
- ndalama - mtengo wa zopereka zaakazi kwa ana (nthawi mu chisa, nthawi yofunafuna chakudya, thanzi labwino chifukwa cha mazira okulirapo / ochepa mu clutch, etc.).
Zizindikiro zachimuna zachimuna ndi mayankho achikazi kwa iwo zidasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosinthira ma diallelic single-locus modifiers, potero kuphatikiza njira zochulukira komanso zamtundu wa anthu. MU malo*, yomwe imayang'anira kuyankha kwa mkazi (A), poyamba mafupipafupi a allele amawonedwa -woyankha* (A2), yogwirizana ndi malingaliro omwe analipo kale
Locus* - malo a jini yeniyeni pamapu amtundu wa chromosome.
Zonse* - mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya jini yomwe ili m'malo amodzi a ma chromosomes a homologous. Alleles amatsimikizira njira ya chitukuko cha khalidwe linalake.
jini yoyankha * (Rsp) ndi jini yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi segregation disorder factor (SD gene), allele yogwira yomwe (Rsp +) imatha kupondereza mawu a SD.
Chizindikiro cha locus (B) chimayikidwa poyambira ku non-signal allele (B1). Kenako B2 allele imayambitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizindikilo zachimuna ziwonekere.
Kuwonetsa zizindikiro za amuna kulinso ndi mtengo wake (sm), koma kumawonjezera chopereka cha bwenzi lachikazi (A2) ndi mtengo Ξ±. Mwachitsanzo, Ξ± ikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati dzira lowonjezera mu clutch. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuwonjezeka kwa zopereka za mkazi kungadziwonetserenso mwa mawonekedwe a zotsatira zabwino zomwe ali nazo pa ana ake.
Choncho, awiri omwe mwamuna amanyamula chizindikiro cha allele ndipo wamkazi amanyamula allele woyankha (ie A2B2 awiriawiri) ali ndi chowonjezera chochokera kwa akazi ndipo motero apamwamba kuposa ma 3 osakaniza.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya amuna ndi akazi molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma sigino ndi mayankho kwa iwo.
Chiwerengero cha ana omwe apulumuka kuti abereke chaka chotsatira chimakhudzidwa kudalira density * mkati mwa ana ndi kudalira kachulukidwe ka ana pambuyo pothawa.
Kudalira kachulukidwe * Njira zodalira kachulukidwe zimachitika pamene kuchuluka kwa anthu kumayendetsedwa ndi kuchulukana kwa anthuwo.
Gulu lina la zosinthika limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufa kwa akazi ndi amuna pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa ana. Zosintha izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zopereka kwa ana (cm - zopereka za amuna, cf - zopereka za akazi), mtengo wa zizindikiro za amuna (sm) ndi kufa kosasankha (dm - amuna ndi df - akazi).
Amasiye, akazi amasiye, ana aang'ono ndi aliyense amene anali mbeta amalumikizana kupanga awiriawiri atsopano ndipo dongosolo lapachaka limatha. Muchitsanzo chomwe chikuphunziridwa, kugogomezera kwambiri ndi kukwatiwa ndi chibadwa, choncho mitundu yonse ya kusankha kugonana (ie mpikisano pakati pa anthu pa bwenzi) sichimawerengeredwa.
Mgwirizano pakati pa kusinthika kwa zizindikiro, oyankha ndi zopereka.
Chitsanzo chinasonyeza kuti kukhazikika kokhazikika kumatheka pamene amuna amapereka zizindikiro ndipo akazi amawayankha. Pakufanana, zopereka zonse kwa ana zimabwezeretsedwanso momwe zinalili zisanawonekere zizindikiro zowonjezera zachimuna.
Pa tchati Π Zomwe zili pamwambazi zikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha kusinthika kwachisinthiko kumene zopereka zachikazi kwa ana zimabwereranso pamlingo wabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala zotsatira za kusinthika kwa chiwerengero cha zopereka (mzere wobiriwira wobiriwira ndiwothandizira kwenikweni, ndi mzere wobiriwira wolimba. ndi chopereka chomwe sichinachitike chifukwa chosowa kuyankha kwachikazi kuzizindikiro zowonjezera zachimuna). Pa tchati Π Chitsanzo china chikuwonetsedwa pamene mikangano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi imabweretsa imfa ya woyankha.
Ndipo pa graph Π‘ Magawo awiri amazindikiridwa omwe amakhudza zotsatirazi: kuwonjezeka kwa zopereka zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zowonjezera (Ξ±), ndi mtengo wa akazi pazogulitsa izi (cf). M'dera lofiira pa tchati, zizindikiro sizikuwonjezeka, chifukwa mtengo wawo udzapitirira phindu. M'madera achikasu ndi akuda, kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zamtengo wapatali kwa akazi. M'dera lachikasu, kuyankha kwa izi kumachitika mwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimapangidwira, zomwe zimatsogolera kukonzanso kosatha kwa alleles za zizindikiro zonse ndi oyankha. M'dera lakuda, kumene akazi omwe amayankha amakhala ndi ndalama zambiri, zomwe zimayankha zimatayika mwamsanga, zotsatiridwa ndi zizindikiro, monga momwe zimakhalira mkangano wapakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (graph Π).
Malire oyima pakati pa madera ofiira ndi achikasu amaimira pamene amuna amapeza ndalama zowonjezera mu ana chifukwa cha akazi kugwirizanitsa mtengo wa chizindikiro chawo. Malire opingasa olekanitsa madera achikasu ndi akuda kuchokera ku zofiira amapezeka mofanana, koma chifukwa chosadziwika bwino. Pamene mtengo wa ndalama za akazi (cf) ndizochepa, ndiye mtengo wokwanira wa zopereka (zopt) adzakhala ochuluka, motero zopereka za amayi zidzakhala zazikulu kwambiri m'mikhalidwe yoyambirira. Zotsatira za izi ndikuti zizindikiro zimapatsa mwamuna phindu lochepa kuchokera ku ndalama zomwe amapeza, zomwe zimachotsedwanso ndi ndalama zake.
Malo a parameter, momwe zizindikiro ndi mayankho amakhazikika (achikasu), amasiyana malinga ndi mphamvu yosankhidwa ndi kusiyana kwa majini a allele ya woyankhayo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuyankha koyambirira kwa mafupipafupi a allele ndi 0.9 m'malo mwa 0.99 yosonyezedwa pa chithunzi #2, kuyambika kwa zizindikiro kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusankha kothandiza kwambiri kwa oyankha (kusiyana koyambirira kwa chibadwa ndikwapamwamba) ndipo dera lakuda likukulirakulira kumanzere.
Zizindikiro zachimuna zitha kuchitika ngakhale zitabwera ndi mtengo womwe umachepetsa zopereka zamwamuna ku ana apano (parameterized sfec), potero zimakhudza mwachindunji kulimbitsa thupi* onse aamuna ndi aakazi, mβmalo mochepetsa mwaΕ΅i wa kukhala ndi moyo wa mwamuna.
Kulimbitsa thupi* - kuthekera kobereka anthu omwe ali ndi mtundu wina wake.
Ubale pakati pa mtengo wa fecundity ndi ma siginecha (kumanzere) ndi ubale pakati pa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi ma sign.
Pankhani ya kubereka, zizindikiro za amuna zikakhazikika (malo achikasu), amuna onse amaika ndalama zochepa mwa ana kusiyana ndi asanapereke chizindikiro. Pachifukwa ichi, chopereka cha akazi chidzakhala chachikulu kuposa momwe zinalili zisanachitike zizindikiro za amuna.
Kuchuluka kwa ndalama kwa akazi, pamene ndalama za amuna zimayendetsedwa ndi ubereki (m'malo mokhala ndi moyo), zimachulukitsa chiwerengero cha ana pa awiriawiri, koma sizimalipiritsa. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kuthandizira kwakukulu kwa amayi kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha ana omwe akutha msinkhu koma kumachepetsa mphamvu ya amayi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano watsopano pakati pa mphamvu ziwirizi, pomwe chiwerengero cha ana chimakhala chochepa kusiyana ndi momwe zimakhalira bwino kapena muzochitika zoyamba (zisanachitike kuwonetserako).
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a masamu, zikuwoneka ngati izi: ngati zizindikiro za amuna zimachulukitsa chonde ndi 1% (koma sizikuwonjezera mphamvu), ndiye kuti ndalama za amayi kwa ana zimawonjezeka ndi 1.3%, koma nthawi yomweyo imfa yawo imawonjezeka ndi 0.5 %, ndipo chiwerengero cha ana pa awiri amachepetsa ndi 0.16%.
Ngati mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa chithandizo chazimayi poyamba umakhala wotsika kusiyana ndi mlingo woyenera (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha zochitika zachilengedwe), ndiye pamene zizindikiro zolimbikitsa kukula kwa ndalama zikuwonekera, dongosolo loyenera limakhalapo, i.e. mgwirizano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Zikatero, zizindikiro za amuna sizimangowonjezera zopereka za akazi kwa ana, komanso kulimbitsa thupi kwawo.
Makhalidwe otere a amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amapezeka chifukwa cha kusintha kwakunja (nyengo, malo okhala, kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chilipo, etc.). Poona zimenezi, asayansi akusonyeza kuti kupangika kwa zamoyo zamtundu wina wamakono, pamene makolo awo anali ndi mitala, nβchifukwa cha kusamuka ndipo, motero, kusintha kwa chilengedwe.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za ma nuances a phunziroli, ndikupangira kuyang'ana ΠΈ kwa iye.
Epilogue
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa mitala ndi mitala kuchokera kumalingaliro achisinthiko. Muufumu wa mbalame, amuna nthawi zonse amayesera kupitilira wina ndi mzake kuti akope chidwi cha akazi: ndi nthenga zowala, kuvina kokongola, kapena kuwonetsa luso lawo lomanga. Khalidweli limabwera chifukwa cha mpikisano pakati pa amuna, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala amtundu wa mitala. Kuchokera pamalingaliro aakazi, zizindikiro zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuyesa makhalidwe amphongo omwe ana awo adzalandira. Komabe, mβkupita kwa nthaΕ΅i, amuna anayamba kusinthika mβnjira yakuti zizindikiro zawo zikhale zowala kuposa za opikisana nawo. Azimayi nawonso asintha kuti asakane zizindikiro zotere. Ndipotu, payenera kukhala nthawi zonse kulinganiza. Ngati ndalama za akazi zoberekera ana sizikufanana ndi phindu, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa choonjezera ndalama. Ndi bwino kuikira mazira atatu ndikukhalabe ndi moyo pa nthawi yofuulira ndi kulera ana kusiyana ndi kuikira asanu ndi kufa pofuna kuwateteza.
Kusagwirizana kotereku kungayambitse kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu, koma chisinthiko chinatenga njira yomveka bwino - panjira ya mgwirizano. M'mabanja a mwamuna mmodzi, amuna amapitiriza kufotokoza maganizo awo mu ulemerero wawo wonse, ndipo akazi amavomereza izi ndi chithandizo chabwino kwambiri kwa ana.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti dziko la nyama zakutchire silikulemedwa ndi mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino, malamulo ndi zikhalidwe, ndipo zochita zonse zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chisinthiko, majini ndi ludzu la kubereka.
Mwina kwa okondana, kufotokoza kwasayansi kwa chikondi cha mapiko kudzawoneka ngati prosaic, koma asayansi amaganiza mosiyana. Pambuyo pake, ndi chiyani chomwe chingakhale chokongola kwambiri kusiyana ndi kusinthika kotero kuti pali mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano weniweni pakati pa mkazi ndi mwamuna, poganizira zofuna za onse awiri ndi cholinga chopindulitsa mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Lachisanu Lachisanu:
Ngakhale mbalamezi zilibe dzina lokongola kwambiri (Grebes), kuvina kwawo komwe kumabweranso kumakhala kokongola.
Pamwamba pa 2.0:
Mbalame za paradaiso ndi chitsanzo chabwino (kwenikweni) cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazizindikiro zomwe abambo amatumiza kwa zazikazi nthawi yachisa (BBC Earth, voice-over by David Attenborough).
Zikomo powerenga, khalani ndi chidwi komanso khalani ndi sabata yabwino anyamata! π
Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe. Kodi mumakonda zolemba zathu? Mukufuna kuwona zambiri zosangalatsa? Tithandizeni potipatsa oda kapena kulimbikitsa anzathu, 30% kuchotsera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a Habr pa analogi yapadera yamaseva olowera, omwe tinapangira inu: (ikupezeka ndi RAID1 ndi RAID10, mpaka 24 cores mpaka 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd 2 nthawi zotsika mtengo? Pokhapokha ku Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - kuchokera $99! Werengani za
Source: www.habr.com