Zikuwoneka kuti Homer ndi ndakatulo zake ndi chinthu chakutali, chachikale, chovuta kuwerenga komanso chosadziwa. Koma si zoona. Tonsefe timadzazidwa ndi Homer, chikhalidwe chakale chachi Greek kumene ku Ulaya konse kunachokera: chinenero chathu chimakhala ndi mawu ndi mawu ochokera m'mabuku akale achi Greek: tenga, mwachitsanzo, mawu monga "Homeric laughter", "nkhondo ya milungu" , "Chidendene cha Achilles", "apulo wa kusagwirizana" ndi mbadwa yathu: "Trojan horse". Izi ndi njira imodzi kapena ina kuchokera kwa Homer. Ndipo palibe chifukwa choyankhula za chikoka cha chikhalidwe cha Agiriki, chinenero cha Agiriki (Agiriki sankadziwa mawu akuti "Greece" ndipo sanadzitchule okha; ethnonym iyi inabwera kwa ife kuchokera kwa Aroma). Sukulu, academy, gymnasium, filosofi, physics (metaphysics) ndi masamu, teknoloji ... kwaya, siteji, gitala, mkhalapakati - simungathe kulemba zonse - zonsezi ndi mawu achigiriki akale. Kodi simunadziwe?
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Zimanenedwanso kuti Agiriki anali oyamba kupanga ndalama mu mawonekedwe a makobidi opangidwa ... Zilembo monga tikudziwira. Ndalama yoyamba idapangidwa kuchokera ku aloyi yachilengedwe ya siliva ndi golidi, yomwe adayitcha electr (moni ku ndalama zamagetsi kuyambira kale). Zilembo zimakhala ndi mavawelo, ndi zina zotero. kufotokoza mawu onse polemba mosakayikira n’kupangidwa kwa Agiriki, ngakhale kuti ambiri amaona makolo a Afoinike ochita chidwi kwambiri (anthu amtundu wa Asimite amene ankakhala m’dera la Siriya ndi Isiraeli wamakono), amene analibe mavawelo. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti zilembo za Chilatini zinachokera ku Chigiriki mwachindunji, mofanana ndi Chisilavo. Koma zilembo zapambuyo pake za maiko aku Western Europe ndizochokera kale ku Chilatini. M'lingaliro ili, zilembo zathu za Cyrillic zili m'malo omwewo monga zilembo za Chilatini ... Ndipo ndi Chigriki chochuluka bwanji mu sayansi ndi zolemba? Iambic, trochee, muse, lyre, ndakatulo, stanza, Pegasus ndi Parnassus. Mawu omwewo "ndakatulo", "ndakatulo", potsiriza - onsewa tsopano akuwonekera kumene amachokera. Simungathe kuwalemba onse! Koma mutu wa lemba langa umapereka pathos (mawu achigiriki akale) a “kutulukira” kwanga. Chifukwa chake, ndigwira akavalo anga ndikupita ku Imeneyo, ndikutsutsa kuti gwero loyamba (zikhale choncho, ndikuwonjezera) ndi git adawonekera kale kwambiri: ku Greece wakale (makamaka mu Greece wakale) ndi woyimilira wodziwika kwambiri Chochitika ichi ndi chodziwika bwino cha Homer.
Chabwino, mawu oyamba atha, tsopano tiyeni tikambirane za chirichonse mu dongosolo. Chodzikanira: Ndipereka matanthauzo apachiyambi a mawu achi Greek omwe ali pamwambawa kumapeto kwa lembalo (ndizosayembekezereka m'malo) - izi ndi za iwo omwe amawerenga lemba ili mpaka kumapeto. Choncho, tiyeni!
Homer.
Ndakatulo za Homer wamkulu nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 3 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX BC, ngakhale kuti malembawa mwachiwonekere anayamba kutuluka mwamsanga pambuyo pa zochitika zomwe zafotokozedwa mwa iwo, ndiko kuti, kwinakwake m'zaka za zana la XNUMX BC. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ali ndi zaka pafupifupi XNUMX. "Iliad" ndi "Odyssey", "Homeric Hymns" ndi ntchito zina zingapo zimaperekedwa mwachindunji ndi Homer, monga ndakatulo "Margit" ndi "Batrachomyomachy" (parody ya "Iliad", yomwe imamasuliridwa kwenikweni. monga "Nkhondo ya mbewa ndi achule" (Machia - kumenyana, kuwomba, mis - mbewa). Malinga ndi asayansi, ntchito ziwiri zoyambirira zokha ndi za Homer, ena onse, monga ena ambiri, amati ndi iye ( chifukwa ine nenani pansipa), malinga ndi ena, Iliad yokhayo ndi ya Homer ... mwachizoloŵezi, mkanganowo ukupitirirabe, koma chinthu chimodzi sichingatsutse - Homer ndithudi anali ndipo zochitika zomwe amafotokoza ndendende zinachitika pa makoma a Troy (dzina lachiwiri la mzinda wa Ilion, ndiye "Iliad")
Kodi tikudziwa bwanji zimenezi? Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, Heinrich Schliemann, wa ku Germany yemwe adapeza chuma chambiri ku Russia, adazindikira maloto ake akale: adapeza ndikufukula Troy m'dera la Turkey yamakono, ndikukweza malingaliro onse am'mbuyomu okhudza nthawizo ndi zolemba pazambiri. mutu uwu. Poyamba, ankakhulupirira kuti zochitika za Trojan, zomwe zinayamba ndi kuthawa kwa Helen wokongola ndi Trojan Prince Paris (Alexander) ku Troy, zinali nthano chabe, chifukwa ngakhale kwa Agiriki akale, zochitika zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ndakatulo zinkaganiziridwa. kukhala akale kwambiri. Komabe, osati makoma a Troy okha omwe anafukulidwa ndipo zodzikongoletsera zakale kwambiri za golide za nthawiyo zinapezeka (zili pagulu la anthu ku Tretyakov Gallery), mapale adongo amtundu wakale wa Ahiti, oyandikana nawo Troy, adapezeka, momwemo. mayina otchuka anapezedwa: Agamemnon, Menelaus, Alexander... Choncho anthu otchulidwa m'malemba anakhala mbiri yakale pamene mapalewa ankasonyeza zenizeni za ndale za dziko la Ahiti lomwe poyamba linali lamphamvu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ngakhale ku Trowa komweko, kapena ku Hella (ndizoseketsa, koma mawu awa sanakhaleko nthawi zakutali) panalibe zolembedwa panthawiyo. Izi ndi zomwe zidalimbikitsa kutukuka kwa mutu wathu, modabwitsa.
Choncho, Homer. Homer anali aed - ndiko kuti, woyimba woyendayenda wa nyimbo zake (Aed - woimba). Kumene anabadwira ndiponso mmene anafera sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Kuphatikizapo chifukwa chakuti m’nthaŵi zakale midzi yosachepera isanu ndi iwiri ya mbali zonse za Nyanja ya Aegean inamenyera ufulu wotchedwa dziko la kwawo la Homer, komanso malo amene anamwalira: Smurna, Chios, Pylos, Samos, Athens ndi ena. Homer si dzina loyenera, koma dzina lotchulidwira. Kuyambira nthawi zakale amatanthauza chinachake chonga "bata". Mwinamwake, dzina limene anapatsidwa pamene anabadwa linali: Melesigen, kutanthauza kubadwa kwa Melesius, koma izi siziri zotsimikizirika. Kale, Homer ankatchedwa kuti: ndakatulo (Poetes). Ndendende ndi chilembo chachikulu, chomwe chinasonyezedwa ndi nkhani yofananayo. Ndipo aliyense anamvetsa zimene tinali kukambirana. Alakatuli - amatanthauza "mlengi" - liwu lina lachi Greek lachigiriki chosonkhanitsa.
Ambiri amavomereza kuti Homer (Omir mu Chirasha Chakale) anali wakhungu ndi wokalamba, koma palibe umboni wa izi. Homer mwiniyo sanadzifotokoze m’njira iliyonse m’nyimbo zake, ndiponso sanalongosoledwe ndi anthu a m’nthaŵi yake (mwachitsanzo, wolemba ndakatulo Hesiod). Munjira zambiri, lingaliro ili limachokera ku kufotokoza kwa Aeds mu "Odyssey" yake: akuluakulu achikulire, akhungu, a imvi m'zaka zawo zakutha, komanso kuchoka kwakukulu kwa anthu akhungu a nthawi imeneyo kukhala oimba oyendayenda. popeza munthu wakhungu sangagwire ntchito, ndipo kupuma pantchito kunalibe chinthu chakale.
Monga tanenera kale, Agiriki analibe zolembedwa m'masiku amenewo, ndipo ngati tilingalira kuti ambiri mwa Aeds anali akhungu kapena osawona pang'ono (magalasi anali asanapangidwenso), ndiye kuti sakanakhala ndi ntchito, choncho, Aed ankaimba nyimbo zake pamtima .
Izo zinkawoneka monga chonchi. Mkulu woyendayenda, yekha kapena wophunzira (wotsogolera), anasamuka mumzinda wina kupita ku wina, kumene analandiridwa mwachikondi ndi anthu a m'deralo: nthawi zambiri mfumuyo (basileus) kapena wolemekezeka wolemera m'nyumba zawo. Madzulo, pa chakudya chamadzulo kapena pamwambo wapadera - nkhani yosiyirana (zosiyirana - phwando, kumwa, phwando), aed anayamba kuimba nyimbo zake ndipo anachita izi mpaka usiku. Iye anaimba motsagana ndi formingo ya zingwe zinayi (woyambitsa zeze ndi malemu cithara), ankaimba za milungu ndi moyo wawo, za ngwazi ndi ntchito, za mafumu akale ndi zochitika zokhudza mwachindunji omvera, chifukwa iwo onse ndithudi. ankadziona kukhala mbadwa za anthu otchulidwa m’nyimbo zimenezi. Ndipo panali nyimbo zambiri zoterozo. Zonse za "Iliad" ndi "Odyssey" zafika kwa ife, koma zimadziwika kuti pazochitika za Troy panali zochitika zonse zamatsenga (kuzungulira m'malingaliro athu, Agiriki analibe chilembo "c", koma ife ali ndi mawu ambiri Achigiriki akuti cyclops, cyclops, Cynics anabwera m’njira ya Chilatini: cycle, cyclops, cynic) kuchokera mu ndakatulo zoposa 12. Mutha kudabwa, owerenga, koma mu Iliad mulibe malongosoledwe a "Trojan horse"; ndakatuloyo imatha pang'ono kugwa kwa Ilion. Timaphunzira za kavalo kuchokera ku "Odyssey" ndi ndakatulo zina za cyclic cycle, makamaka mu ndakatulo "Imfa ya Ilion" yolembedwa ndi Arctin. Zonsezi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri, koma ziribe kanthu kochita ndi mutuwo ndipo zimachotsa pamutuwu, kotero ndikungoyankhula modutsa.
Inde, timatcha Iliad ndakatulo, koma inali nyimbo (mitu yake ikupitiriza kutchedwa nyimbo mpaka lero). Aed sanawerenge, koma adayimba mokweza mawu a zingwe za mtsempha wa ng'ombe, pogwiritsa ntchito fupa lakuthwa - plectrum - monga mkhalapakati (lonje lina lakale), ndi omvera omvera, podziwa bwino ndondomeko ya zochitika zomwe zafotokozedwa, adakonda zambiri.
Iliad ndi Odyssey ndi ndakatulo zazikulu kwambiri. Kuposa 15 zikwi ndi mizere oposa 12 zikwi, motero. Ndipo kotero iwo ankayimbidwa kwa madzulo ambiri. Zinali zofanana kwambiri ndi mndandanda wamakono wapa TV. Madzulo, omverawo adasonkhananso mozungulira aed ndikupuma, ndipo m'malo ena ndi misozi ndi kuseka, adamvetsera kupitiriza kwa nkhani zomwe zidaimbidwa dzulo. Nkhanizi zikatalika komanso zochititsa chidwi, anthu amazikonda kwambiri. Chotero Aed anakhala ndi kudyetsa ndi omvera awo pamene iwo ankamvetsera nyimbo zawo zazitali.
"Wosonkhanitsa mtambo Zeus Kronid, mbuye wa zonse, adawotcha ntchafu zake;
Ndipo anakhala pansi kuphwando lolemera…ndipo anasangalala nalo.
Woimba waumulungu adayimba pansi pa kupanga, Demodocus, wolemekezeka ndi anthu onse. "
Homer. "Odyssey"
Kotero, ndi nthawi yoti mupite molunjika pa mfundo. Tili ndi luso la Aeds, ma Aed okha, ndakatulo ndi nyimbo zazitali kwambiri komanso kusalemba. Kodi ndakatulo zimenezi zinatifikira bwanji kuyambira zaka za m’ma XNUMX BC?
Koma choyamba pali mfundo ina yofunika kwambiri. Timati “ndakatulo” chifukwa mawu awo anali andakatulo, vesi (ndime ndi liwu lina lakale lachigiriki lotanthauza “kapangidwe”)
Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri yakale, academician wa Russian Academy of Sciences Igor Evgenievich Surikov: ndakatulo amakumbukiridwa bwino ndipo amapatsira mibadwomibadwo. "Yesetsani kuloweza prose, makamaka chidutswa chachikulu, koma ndakatulo - nditha kubwereza ndakatulo zingapo zomwe ndidaphunzira kusukulu," adatero. Ndipo ndi zoona. Aliyense wa ife amakumbukira mizere ingapo ya ndakatulo (kapena ndakatulo), ndipo anthu ochepa amakumbukira ndime yonse yotengedwa kuchokera ku prose.
Agiriki akale sankagwiritsa ntchito kanyimbo, ngakhale ankadziwa. Maziko a ndakatulo anali rhythm, amene alternate ena aatali ndi yaitali syllables anapanga mamita ndakatulo: iabm, trochee, dactyl, amphibrachium ndi ena (ichi ndi pafupifupi mndandanda wathunthu wa mamita ndakatulo ndakatulo ano). Agiriki anali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makulidwe awa. Iwo ankadziwa nyimboyo koma sanaigwiritse ntchito. Koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya rhythmic idaperekedwanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: trochae, spondee, vesi la sapphic, stanza ya Alcaean ndipo, ndithudi, hexameter yotchuka. Mamita omwe ndimakonda kwambiri ndi iambic trimeter. (nthabwala) Meta kutanthauza muyeso. Mawu enanso kugulu lathu.
Hexameter inali mita ya ndakatulo ya nyimbo (khimnos - pemphero kwa milungu) ndi ndakatulo zamphamvu ngati Homer. Tikhoza kulankhula za izo kwa nthawi yaitali, ine basi kunena kuti ambiri, ndipo patapita nthawi, kuphatikizapo ndakatulo Roma, analemba mu hexameter, mwachitsanzo Virgil mu "Aeneid" - ndakatulo kutsanzira "Odyssey", imene munthu wamkulu Aeneas akuthawa Troy wowonongedwa kupita kwawo kwatsopano - Italy.
"Analankhula - ndipo zinawawa kwa Pelid: mtima wamphamvu
M'chifuwa chatsitsi cha ngwaziyo, malingaliro adasokonezeka pakati pa awiriwa:
Kapena, nthawi yomweyo kung'amba lupanga lakuthwa kumaliseche;
Abalalitsa amene akomana naye ndi kupha Ambuye Atridi;
Kapena kugonjetsera ukali, kuletsa mzimu wovutika ... "
Homer. "The Iliad" (yotembenuzidwa ndi Gnedich)
Monga ndikuganiza ndanena kale, Aeds okha anayamba kulemekeza zochitika za Trojan War pafupifupi atangomaliza. Kotero mu "The Odyssey" mutu wa mutu, pokhala kutali ndi kwawo, m'chaka chakhumi cha kuyendayenda kwake, amamva nyimbo ya Aeda ponena za iye mwini ndikuyamba kulira, kubisa misozi yake kwa aliyense pansi pa chovala chake.
Choncho, zikuoneka kuti nyimbo anaonekera m'zaka za m'ma 200, Homer anaimba ake "Iliad" m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Zolemba zake zovomerezeka zinalembedwa zaka XNUMX pambuyo pake, m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC ku Athens pansi pa Peisistratus wankhanza. Kodi malembawa anatuluka bwanji ndi kutifikira ife? Ndipo yankho liri motere: AED aliyense wotsatira adasintha magwero a olemba akale, ndipo nthawi zambiri "amafooketsa" nyimbo za anthu ena ndipo anachita izi monga momwe zilili, popeza izi zinkaonedwa ngati zachizolowezi. Ufulu m'masiku amenewo sikunangokhalako, nthawi zambiri komanso pambuyo pake, ndikulemba, "copyright in reverse" inali yogwira ntchito: pamene wolemba wodziwika pang'ono adasaina zolemba zake ndi dzina lalikulu, chifukwa, popanda chifukwa. , ankakhulupirira kuti zimenezi zikathandiza kuti ntchito yake ipite patsogolo.
Git, pogawa ma code sources, adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ophunzira ndi omvera a Aeds, omwe pambuyo pake adakhala oimba, komanso mpikisano wa Aeds, womwe unakonzedwa nthawi ndi nthawi komanso momwe amamvera. Mwachitsanzo, panali lingaliro lakuti Homer ndi Hesiod nthaŵi ina anafika kumapeto kwa olemba ndakatulo ndi kuti, modabwitsa, Hesiod analandira malo oyamba m’lingaliro la oweruza ambiri. (chifukwa chiyani ndisiyire apa)
Chilichonse cha Aed cha nyimbo yake sichinali chochita chabe, komanso chinali chopanga: nthawi iliyonse amalemba nyimbo yake ngati mwatsopano kuchokera mndandanda wonse wa midadada ndi ziganizo zokonzeka - mafotokozedwe, ndi kusinthika kwina. kubwereka, kupukuta ndi kusintha zidutswa za "code" ""pa ntchentche." Panthawi imodzimodziyo, popeza zochitika ndi anthu ankadziwika bwino kwa omvera, iye anachita izi pogwiritsa ntchito "pachimake" ndipo, osati mopanda tanthauzo, pa chilankhulo cha ndakatulo chapadera - chinenero cha pulogalamu, monga momwe tinganenere tsopano. Tangoganizani momwe izi zikufananira ndi ma code amakono: zosinthika zolowetsa, mipiringidzo yokhazikika ndi malupu, zochitika, mawonekedwe, ndi zonsezi muchilankhulo chapadera chomwe ndi chosiyana ndi chilankhulo cholankhulidwa! Kutsatira chilankhulocho kunali kovuta kwambiri ndipo patapita zaka mazana ambiri, ntchito zosiyanasiyana zandakatulo zinalembedwa m'zinenero zawo zapadera (Ionian, Aeolian, Dorian), mosasamala kanthu za kumene wolembayo anachokera! Kungotsatira zofunikira za "code"!
Motero, malemba ovomerezeka anabadwa kuchokera kubwereketsa wina ndi mzake. Mwachiwonekere, Homer mwiniwakeyo adabwereka, koma mosiyana ndi omwe adayiwala (letha ndi imodzi mwa mitsinje ya pansi pa Hade, yomwe inawopseza kuiwalika), adachita bwino kwambiri, akulemba nyimbo imodzi kuchokera kwa ambiri, kupanga cholimba, chowala; zongoganiza komanso zosapambana mu mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili. Apo ayi, dzina lake linakhalabe losadziwika ndipo likadasinthidwa ndi olemba ena. Inali luso la “malemba” ake, loloweza pamtima ndi mibadwo ya oimba pambuyo pake (mosakayikira linakonzedwanso, koma mocheperapo), limene linatetezera malo ake m’mbiri. Pachifukwa ichi, Homer anakhala nsonga yosatheka, muyezo, mophiphiritsa, monolithic "pachimake" za chilengedwe chonse cha nyimbo kuti, malinga ndi asayansi, iye anafika olembedwa ake ovomerezeka mu Baibulo pafupi choyambirira. Ndipo izi zikuwoneka ngati zoona. Ndizodabwitsa momwe malemba ake alili okongola! Ndi momwe zimazindikirika ndi wowerenga wokonzeka. Sizopanda pake kuti Pushkin ndi Tolstoy amasilira Homer, nanga bwanji Tolstoy, Alexander Wamkulu sanalekanitse ndi mpukutu wa Iliad kwa tsiku lonse la moyo wake - zinali chabe mbiri yolembedwa.
Ndatchula pamwamba pa Trojan cycle, yomwe inali ndi ntchito zingapo zosonyeza gawo limodzi la Trojan War. Mwa zina, izi zinali "mafoloko" apadera a "Iliad" a Homer, olembedwa mu hexameter ndi kudzaza zigawo zomwe sizinawonetsedwe mu "Iliad". Pafupifupi onsewo sanatifikire nkomwe, kapena kutifikira m’zidutswa. Ichi ndi chiweruzo cha mbiriyakale - mwachiwonekere, iwo anali otsika kwambiri kwa Homer ndipo sanafalikire kwambiri pakati pa anthu.
Ndiloleni ndifotokoze mwachidule. Chilankhulo china cholimba cha nyimbo, njira zomwe adapangidwira, ufulu wogawa komanso, chofunika kwambiri, kutseguka kwawo kuti asinthe nthawi zonse ndi ena - izi ndi zomwe timazitcha gwero lotseguka - zinayambira kumayambiriro kwa chikhalidwe chathu. M'munda wolemba komanso nthawi yomweyo zopanga pamodzi. Ndi zoona. Nthawi zambiri, zambiri zomwe timaziona kukhala zapamwamba zimapezeka zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. Ndipo zimene timaona kuti zatsopano n’zimene zinalipo kale. Pankhani imeneyi, tikukumbukira mawu a m’Baibulo, a m’buku la Mlaliki (lomwe amati ndi Mfumu Solomo):
“Pachitika chinachake chimene amati: “Taonani, ichi n’chatsopano,” koma chinali kale m’zaka mazana ambiri tisanakhaleko. Palibe kukumbukira zakale; ndipo sipadzakhalanso kukumbukira zimene zidzachitikire amene akudza m’mbuyo.”
kumapeto kwa Gawo 1
Sukulu (sukulu) - zosangalatsa, nthawi yaulere.
Academy - nkhalango pafupi ndi Atene, malo a sukulu ya filosofi ya Plato
Gymnasium (zolimbitsa thupi - zamaliseche) - malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi anali malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi. M’menemo, anyamatawo ankachita maliseche. Chifukwa chake mawu omwe ali ndi muzu womwewo: masewera olimbitsa thupi, masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Philosophy (phil - chikondi, sophia - nzeru) ndi mfumukazi ya sayansi.
Physics (fizikiki - chilengedwe) - kuphunzira zinthu zakuthupi, chilengedwe
Metaphysics - kwenikweni "Kunja kwa Chirengedwe." Aristotle sankadziwa kumene angatchule zaumulungu ndipo anatcha ntchitoyo kuti: “Osati chilengedwe.”
Masamu (masamu - phunziro) - maphunziro
Technology (tehne - craft) mu Greece - ojambula zithunzi ndi osema, monga opanga mitsuko dongo, anali amisiri ndi amisiri. Chifukwa chake "luso la akatswiri"
Korasi ikuyamba kuvina. (chifukwa chake choreography). Pambuyo pake, popeza kuvina kunachitika ndi kuyimba kwa ambiri, kwayayo idayimba mosiyanasiyana.
Stage (skena) - chihema chosinthira zovala za ojambula. Iye anayima pakati pa bwalo lamasewera.
Gitala - kuchokera ku Greek Greek "kithara", chida choimbira cha zingwe.
Source: www.habr.com