Poganizira chotchinga chomwe chikuyandikira pakupanga chip, chomwe ndi chosatheka kutsitsanso njira zaukadaulo, kuyika ma kristalo amitundu yambiri kukubwera patsogolo. Kuchita kwa mapurosesa amtsogolo kudzayesedwa ndi zovuta, kapena bwino, zovuta za mayankho. Ntchito zambiri zimaperekedwa ku chip purosesa yaying'ono, nsanja yonseyo imakhala yamphamvu komanso yogwira mtima. Pankhaniyi, pulosesa yokha idzakhala nsanja ya makhiristo ochuluka omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi basi yothamanga kwambiri, yomwe siidzakhala yoipitsitsa (mwa liwiro ndi kugwiritsira ntchito) kusiyana ndi ngati kristalo imodzi ya monolithic. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, purosesa idzakhala mavabodi ndi makadi owonjezera, kuphatikizapo kukumbukira, zotumphukira, ndi zina zotero.
Intel yawonetsa kale kukhazikitsidwa kwa matekinoloje awiri omwe ali ndi eni ake pakuyika malo a makhiristo osiyana mu phukusi limodzi. Izi ndi EMIB ndi . Yoyamba ndi zolumikizira mlatho zomangidwira mugawo "lokwera" kuti makonzedwe opingasa a makhiristo, ndipo yachiwiri ndi mawonekedwe amitundu itatu kapena osunthika a makhiristo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito, mwa zina, kudzera munjira zowongoka zazitsulo za TSV. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa EMIB, kampaniyo imapanga Stratix X generation FPGAs ndi Kaby Lake G hybrid processors, ndipo ukadaulo wa Foveros udzakhazikitsidwa muzinthu zamalonda mu theka lachiwiri la chaka chino. Mwachitsanzo, idzagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ma processor a laputopu a Lakefield.
Zachidziwikire, Intel siyiyima pamenepo ndipo ipitiliza kupanga ukadaulo wopangira ma chip opita patsogolo. Ochita nawo mpikisano akuchita zomwezo. Bwanji , ndipo Samsung ikupanga matekinoloje okonzekera malo a makhiristo (chiplets) ndipo akufuna kupitiriza kukoka bulangeti la mwayi watsopano pa iwo okha.
Posachedwapa, pamsonkhano wa SEMICON West, Intel kachiwiri kuti matekinoloje ake oyika ma chip ambiri akukula bwino. Chochitikacho chinapereka matekinoloje atatu, kukhazikitsidwa kwake komwe kudzachitika posachedwa. Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti matekinoloje onse atatu sadzakhala miyezo yamakampani. Intel imadzisungira zonse zomwe zikuchitika ndipo imangopereka kwa makasitomala kuti apange makontrakitala.
Ukadaulo woyamba mwa atatu atsopano pakuyika ma chipset ndi Co-EMIB. Uku ndikuphatikiza ukadaulo wotsika mtengo wa EMIB mlatho wokhala ndi ma chipset a Foveros. Mapangidwe a Foveros multi-chip stack amatha kulumikizidwa ndi maulalo opingasa a EMIB m'makina ovuta osapereka ntchito kapena magwiridwe antchito. Intel imati kuchedwa ndi kutulutsa kwamitundu yonse yamitundu yambiri sikudzakhala koyipa kwambiri kuposa ku monolithic chip. M'malo mwake, chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa makhiristo osasinthika, magwiridwe antchito onse komanso mphamvu zothanirana ndi yankho ndi zolumikizira zidzakhala zapamwamba kuposa momwe zilili ndi yankho la monolithic.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, ukadaulo wa Co-EMIB utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ma Intel hybrid processors a Aurora supercomputer, omwe akuyembekezeka kutumiza kumapeto kwa 2021 (pulojekiti yolumikizana pakati pa Intel ndi Cray). Purosesa ya prototype idawonetsedwa ku SEMICON West ngati mulu wa ang'onoang'ono 18 amafa pafa imodzi yayikulu (Foveros), awiri omwe adalumikizidwa mopingasa ndi cholumikizira cha EMIB.
Yachiwiri mwa matekinoloje atatu atsopano opangira ma chip a Intel amatchedwa Omni-Directional Interconnect (ODI). Ukadaulowu ndiwongogwiritsa ntchito EMIB ndi Foveros polumikizira magetsi opingasa komanso oyima a makristasi. Chomwe chinapangitsa ODI kukhala chinthu chosiyana ndi chakuti kampaniyo idagwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangira ma chipset mu stack pogwiritsa ntchito ma TSVs oyimirira. Njirayi idzapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kugawa chakudya moyenera. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukana kwa 70-ΞΌm TSVs njira zopangira magetsi kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zidzachepetse chiwerengero cha njira zomwe zimafunikira popereka mphamvu ndikumasula malo pa chip kwa transistors (mwachitsanzo).
Pomaliza, Intel adatcha mawonekedwe a chip-to-chip MDIO ukadaulo wachitatu wolongedza malo. Iyi ndi Advanced Interface Bus (AIB) mu mawonekedwe osanjikiza pakusinthana kwa ma inter-chip. Kunena zowona, uwu ndi m'badwo wachiwiri wa basi ya AIB, yomwe Intel ikupanga DARPA. Mbadwo woyamba wa AIB unayambitsidwa mu 2017 ndikutha kutumiza deta pamtundu uliwonse pa liwiro la 2 Gbit / s. Basi ya MDIO idzapereka kusinthana pa liwiro la 5,4 Gbit / s. Ulalo uwu ukhala mpikisano ku basi ya TSMC LIPINCON. Kuthamanga kwa LIPINCON ndikokwera kwambiri - 8 Gbit/s, koma Intel MDIO ili ndi kuchuluka kwa GB/s pa millimeter: 200 motsutsana ndi 67, kotero Intel imati chitukuko sichili choyipa kuposa cha mpikisano wake.
Source: 3dnews.ru