Kukula kwa matekinoloje pagawo la mapulogalamu ndi ma hardware, kuwonekera kwa njira zatsopano zoyankhulirana zapangitsa kuti intaneti ya Zinthu (IoT) ikule. Chiwerengero cha zida chikukula tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo zikupanga kuchuluka kwa data. Chifukwa chake, pakufunika dongosolo lokonzekera bwino lomwe limatha kukonza, kusunga ndi kutumiza deta iyi.
Tsopano mautumiki amtambo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu izi. Komabe, chifunga chodziwika bwino cha computing paradigm (Fog) imatha kuthandizira mayankho amtambo pokulitsa ndi kukhathamiritsa zida za IoT.
Mitambo imatha kuyankha zopempha zambiri za IoT. Mwachitsanzo, kupereka kuwunika kwa mautumiki, kukonza mwachangu deta iliyonse yopangidwa ndi zida, komanso mawonekedwe awo. Fog computing imakhala yothandiza kwambiri pakuthana ndi zovuta zenizeni. Amapereka kuyankha mwachangu pazopempha komanso latency yochepa pakukonza deta. Ndiko kuti, Chifunga chimakwaniritsa "mitambo" ndikukulitsa mphamvu zake.
Komabe, funso lalikulu ndilosiyana: kodi zonsezi ziyenera kuyanjana bwanji ndi IoT? Ndi njira ziti zoyankhulirana zomwe zingakhale zogwira mtima kwambiri mukamagwira ntchito limodzi ndi IoT-Fog-Cloud system?
Ngakhale kuti HTTP ikuwoneka kuti ikulamulira, pali mayankho ena ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu IoT, Fog ndi Cloud systems. Izi ndichifukwa choti IoT iyenera kuphatikiza magwiridwe antchito amitundu yosiyanasiyana yazida ndi chitetezo, kuyanjana, ndi zofunikira zina za ogwiritsa ntchito.
Koma palibe lingaliro limodzi lokha pazomangamanga ndi kulumikizana mulingo. Chifukwa chake, kupanga protocol yatsopano kapena kusintha yomwe ilipo kuti igwire ntchito za IoT ndi imodzi mwantchito zofunika kwambiri zomwe gulu la IT likukumana nalo.
Ndi ma protocol ati omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano ndipo angapereke chiyani? Tiyeni tiganizire. Koma choyamba, tiyeni tikambirane mfundo za chilengedwe mmene mitambo, chifunga ndi Intaneti zinthu zimagwirizana.
IoT Fog-to-Cloud (F2C) Zomangamanga
Mwina mwawona kulimbikira komwe kukuchitika pakuwunika zabwino ndi zabwino zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi kasamalidwe kanzeru komanso kogwirizana kwa IoT, mtambo ndi chifunga. Ngati sichoncho, apa pali njira zitatu zoyendetsera: , ΠΈ .
Ngati m'mbuyomu milingo iwiri yokha idaganiziridwa, mitambo ndi zida zomaliza, ndiye kuti zomangamanga zomwe zikufunsidwa zimabweretsa gawo latsopano - fog computing. Pankhaniyi, mulingo wa chifunga ukhoza kugawidwa m'magawo angapo, kutengera zomwe zida kapena ndondomeko zomwe zimatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana m'magawo awa.
Kodi kumasulira uku kungawoneke bwanji? Nayi chilengedwe cha IoT-Fog-Cloud. Zida za IoT zimatumiza deta kumaseva othamanga kwambiri ndi zida zamakompyuta kuti athetse mavuto omwe amafunikira kuchedwa kochepa. Mu dongosolo lomwelo, mitambo ili ndi udindo wothetsa mavuto omwe amafunikira ndalama zambiri zamakompyuta kapena malo osungiramo deta.
Mafoni am'manja, mawotchi anzeru ndi zida zina zitha kukhalanso gawo la IoT. Koma zida zotere, monga lamulo, zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyankhulirana za eni kuchokera kwa opanga akuluakulu. Deta ya IoT yopangidwa imasamutsidwa ku chifunga cha chifunga kudzera pa protocol ya REST HTTP, yomwe imapereka kusinthasintha ndi kugwirizana popanga ntchito za RESTful. Izi ndizofunikira poganizira kufunikira koonetsetsa kuti zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zilipo kale pamakompyuta, ma seva kapena gulu la seva. Zida zam'deralo, zomwe zimatchedwa "fog node," zimasefa zomwe mwalandira ndikuzikonza kwanuko kapena kuzitumiza kumtambo kuti muwerengenso.
Mitambo imathandizira njira zosiyanasiyana zoyankhulirana, zodziwika kwambiri AMQP ndi REST HTTP. Popeza HTTP imadziwika bwino komanso yogwirizana ndi intaneti, funso lingabwere: "kodi sitiyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito kuti tigwire ntchito ndi IoT ndi chifunga?" Komabe, protocol iyi ili ndi zovuta zogwira ntchito. Zambiri pa izi pambuyo pake.
Mwambiri, pali mitundu iwiri ya ma protocol olumikizirana oyenera pamakina omwe tikufuna. Izi ndi zopempha-mayankhidwe ndi kusindikiza-kulembetsa. Chitsanzo choyamba chimadziwika kwambiri, makamaka mu zomangamanga za seva-kasitomala. Wothandizira amapempha zambiri kuchokera kwa seva, ndipo seva imalandira pempho, imayendetsa ndikubwezera uthenga woyankha. Ma protocol a REST HTTP ndi CoAP amagwira ntchito pamtunduwu.
Chitsanzo chachiwiri chinachokera pakufunika kopereka asynchronous, kugawa, kugwirizanitsa kotayirira pakati pa magwero omwe amapanga deta ndi olandira deta iyi.
Chitsanzocho chimatengera anthu atatu: wofalitsa (gwero la deta), broker (dispatcher) ndi wolembetsa (wolandira). Apa, kasitomala akuchita ngati wolembetsa sayenera kupempha zambiri kuchokera kwa seva. M'malo motumiza zopempha, zimalembetsa zochitika zina mu dongosolo kudzera mwa broker, yemwe ali ndi udindo wosefera mauthenga onse omwe akubwera ndikuwayendetsa pakati pa osindikiza ndi olembetsa. Ndipo wosindikizayo, chochitika chikachitika pamutu wina, amachisindikiza kwa broker, chomwe chimatumiza deta pamutu womwe wafunsidwa kwa olembetsa.
Kwenikweni, zomanga izi zimatengera zochitika. Ndipo njira yolumikizirana iyi ndi yosangalatsa pamapulogalamu a IoT, mtambo, chifunga chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupereka scalability ndi kufewetsa kulumikizana pakati pa zida zosiyanasiyana, kuthandizira kulumikizana kwanthawi yayitali komanso kulumikizana kosagwirizana. Zina mwazinthu zodziwika bwino zotumizira mauthenga zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wolembetsa wosindikiza ndi monga MQTT, AMQP, ndi DDS.
Zachidziwikire, mtundu wolembetsa wosindikiza uli ndi zabwino zambiri:
- Ofalitsa ndi olembetsa sayenera kudziwa za kukhalapo kwa wina ndi mzake;
- Wolembetsa m'modzi amatha kulandira zambiri kuchokera ku zofalitsa zosiyanasiyana, ndipo wofalitsa m'modzi amatha kutumiza deta kwa olembetsa ambiri osiyanasiyana (mfundo zambiri mpaka zambiri);
- Wofalitsa ndi wolembetsa sayenera kukhala achangu nthawi yomweyo kuti alankhule, chifukwa broker (akugwira ntchito ngati queuing system) adzatha kusunga uthenga kwa makasitomala omwe sali olumikizidwa pa intaneti.
Komabe, njira yoyankhira pempho ilinso ndi mphamvu zake. Pazochitika zomwe mbali ya seva imatha kuthana ndi zopempha zambiri zamakasitomala sizovuta, ndizomveka kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho otsimikizika, odalirika.
Palinso ma protocol omwe amathandizira mitundu yonse iwiri. Mwachitsanzo, XMPP ndi HTTP 2.0, zomwe zimathandizira njira ya "server push". IETF yatulutsanso CoAP. Poyesa kuthetsa vuto la mauthenga, njira zina zingapo zapangidwa, monga WebSockets protocol kapena kugwiritsa ntchito HTTP protocol pa QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections).
Pankhani ya WebSockets, ngakhale imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusamutsa deta mu nthawi yeniyeni kuchokera ku seva kupita ku kasitomala wa intaneti ndipo imapereka kulumikizana kosalekeza ndi kuyankhulana kwapawiri, sikunapangidwe kuti zikhale ndi zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta. QUIC ikuyeneranso kuyang'aniridwa, popeza njira yatsopano yoyendera imapereka mwayi wambiri. Koma popeza QUIC sinakhazikitsidwebe, ndikwanthawi yayitali kulosera momwe ingagwiritsire ntchito komanso momwe ingakhudzire mayankho a IoT. Chifukwa chake timasunga ma WebSockets ndi QUIC m'malingaliro ndi diso lamtsogolo, koma sitiphunzira mwatsatanetsatane pakadali pano.
Ndani wokongola kwambiri padziko lapansi: kufananiza ma protocol
Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane za mphamvu ndi zofooka za ma protocol. Kuyang'ana m'tsogolo, tiyeni nthawi yomweyo titsimikizire kuti palibe mtsogoleri womveka bwino. Protocol iliyonse ili ndi zabwino / zovuta zake.
Nthawi yankho
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zama protocol olankhulirana, makamaka okhudzana ndi intaneti ya Zinthu, ndi nthawi yoyankha. Koma pakati pa ma protocol omwe alipo, palibe wopambana momveka bwino yemwe amasonyeza mlingo wocheperako wa latency pamene akugwira ntchito mosiyana. Koma pali gulu lonse la kafukufuku ndi kufananitsa mphamvu za protocol.
Mwachitsanzo, kuyerekeza kwamphamvu kwa HTTP ndi MQTT pogwira ntchito ndi IoT kunawonetsa kuti nthawi yoyankha zopempha za MQTT ndi yocheperako poyerekeza ndi HTTP. Ndipo liti Nthawi yobwerera (RTT) ya MQTT ndi CoAP idawulula kuti pafupifupi RTT ya CoAP ndi 20% yocheperapo kuposa ya MQTT.
Zina ndi RTT ya ma protocol a MQTT ndi CoAP idachitika muzochitika ziwiri: netiweki yakomweko ndi netiweki ya IoT. Zinapezeka kuti pafupifupi RTT ndi 2-3 nthawi zambiri pa intaneti ya IoT. MQTT yokhala ndi QoS0 inawonetsa zotsatira zochepa poyerekeza ndi CoAP, ndipo MQTT ndi QoS1 inasonyeza RTT yapamwamba chifukwa cha ACKs pazitsulo zogwiritsira ntchito ndi zoyendetsa. Pamagawo osiyanasiyana a QoS, kuchedwa kwa maukonde popanda kusokonekera kunali ma milliseconds a MQTT, ndi mazana a ma microseconds a CoAP. Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti pogwira ntchito pamanetiweki osadalirika, MQTT ikuyenda pamwamba pa TCP iwonetsa zotsatira zosiyana kotheratu.
nthawi yoyankha ma protocol a AMQP ndi MQTT powonjezera malipirowo adawonetsa kuti ndi katundu wopepuka mulingo wa latency uli pafupifupi wofanana. Koma posamutsa deta yambiri, MQTT imasonyeza nthawi zazifupi zoyankha. m'modzinso CoAP inafaniziridwa ndi HTTP muzochitika zoyankhulirana ndi makina ndi makina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa magalimoto omwe ali ndi magetsi a gasi, masensa a nyengo, masensa a malo (GPS) ndi mawonekedwe a intaneti (GPRS). Nthawi yofunikira kuti mutumize uthenga wa CoAP pa netiweki yam'manja inali pafupi kufupikitsa katatu kuposa nthawi yofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a HTTP.
Kafukufuku wachitika omwe sanafanizire ma protocol awiri, koma atatu. Mwachitsanzo, Kuchita kwa ma protocol a IoT MQTT, DDS ndi CoAP muzochitika zachipatala pogwiritsa ntchito emulator ya netiweki. DDS inapambana MQTT potengera kuyesedwa kwa telemetry latency pansi pa zovuta zosiyanasiyana za intaneti. UDP-based CoAP idagwira ntchito bwino pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira nthawi yoyankha mwachangu, komabe, chifukwa chokhala ndi UDP, panali kutayika kwakukulu kosayembekezereka kwa paketi.
Bandwidth
MQTT ndi CoAP potengera mphamvu ya bandwidth idachitika ngati kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa data yomwe imatumizidwa pa uthenga uliwonse. CoAP yawonetsa kutsika kochepa kuposa MQTT potumiza mauthenga ang'onoang'ono. Koma poyerekeza magwiridwe antchito a ma protocol potengera kuchuluka kwa ma byte ofunikira ku kuchuluka kwa ma byte omwe atumizidwa, CoAP idakhala yothandiza kwambiri.
pa pogwiritsa ntchito MQTT, DDS (ndi TCP monga protocol yoyendera) ndi bandwidth ya CoAP, zidapezeka kuti CoAP nthawi zambiri imawonetsa kutsika kwa bandiwifi, komwe sikunachuluke ndi kutayika kwa paketi ya netiweki kapena kuchulukitsidwa kwa intaneti, mosiyana ndi MQTT ndi DDS, komwe kunali kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa bandwidth muzochitika zomwe zatchulidwa. Chinthu chinanso chinali ndi zida zambiri zomwe zimatumiza deta nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimachitika m'malo a IoT. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito CoAP.
Pansi pa katundu wopepuka, CoAP idagwiritsa ntchito bandwidth yaying'ono, yotsatiridwa ndi MQTT ndi REST HTTP. Komabe, kukula kwa malipirowo kuchulukira, REST HTTP inali ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu
Nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu nthawi zonse imakhala yofunika kwambiri, makamaka pamakina a IoT. Ngati Ngakhale MQTT ndi HTTP zimagwiritsa ntchito magetsi, HTTP imawononga zambiri. Ndipo CoAP ndiyowonjezera poyerekeza ndi MQTT, kulola kuyendetsa mphamvu. Komabe, muzochitika zosavuta, MQTT ndiyoyenera kugawana zambiri pa intaneti ya Zinthu, makamaka ngati palibe zoletsa mphamvu.
Kuyesera komwe kunafanizira mphamvu za AMQP ndi MQTT pa testbed ya foni yam'manja kapena yosakhazikika yopanda zingwe inapeza kuti AMQP imapereka mphamvu zambiri zotetezera pamene MQTT imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri.
Chitetezo
Chitetezo ndi nkhani ina yovuta yomwe imadzutsidwa powerenga mutu wa intaneti wa Zinthu ndi fog/cloud computing. Makina achitetezo nthawi zambiri amachokera ku TLS mu HTTP, MQTT, AMQP ndi XMPP, kapena DTLS mu CoAP, ndipo imathandizira mitundu yonse ya DDS.
TLS ndi DTLS zimayamba ndi njira yokhazikitsira kulumikizana pakati pa kasitomala ndi mbali za seva kuti asinthane ndi ma cipher suites ndi makiyi. Onse awiri amakambirana ma seti kuti awonetsetse kuti kulumikizana kwina kumachitika panjira yotetezeka. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa awiriwa kuli muzosintha zazing'ono zomwe zimalola kuti DTLS yochokera ku UDP igwire ntchito pa kugwirizana kosadalirika.
pa Kukhazikitsa kosiyanasiyana kwa TLS ndi DTLS kudapeza kuti TLS idachita bwino. Kuwukira kwa DTLS kunali kopambana kwambiri chifukwa cha kulekerera kwake zolakwika.
Komabe, vuto lalikulu ndi ma protocol awa ndikuti sanapangidwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ku IoT ndipo sanapangidwe kuti azigwira ntchito mumtambo kapena mumtambo. Kudzera mukugwirana chanza, amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamalumikizidwe aliwonse, omwe amawononga zida zamakompyuta. Pa avareji, pali chiwonjezeko cha 6,5% cha TLS ndi 11% cha DTLS pamutu poyerekeza ndi mauthenga opanda chitetezo. M'malo olemera kwambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhalapo mlingo, izi sizikhala vuto, koma polumikizana pakati pa IoT ndi mulingo wa chifunga, izi zimakhala zolepheretsa.
Chosankha? Palibe yankho lomveka bwino. MQTT ndi HTTP akuwoneka ngati ma protocol odalirika kwambiri chifukwa amawonedwa ngati okhwima komanso okhazikika a IoT mayankho poyerekeza ndi ma protocol ena.
Mayankho otengera njira yolumikizirana yolumikizana
Mchitidwe wa njira imodzi-protocol uli ndi zovuta zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ndondomeko yomwe ikugwirizana ndi malo oletsedwa mwina singagwire ntchito mu domeni yomwe ili ndi zofunikira zachitetezo. Poganizira izi, tatsala kuti titaye pafupifupi njira zonse zomwe zingatheke panjira imodzi mu Fog-to-Cloud ecosystem ku IoT, kupatula MQTT ndi REST HTTP.
REST HTTP ngati njira imodzi yokha
Pali chitsanzo chabwino chamomwe zopempha ndi mayankho a REST HTTP amalumikizirana mu IoT-to-Fog space: . Nyamazo zimakhala ndi masensa ovala (makasitomala a IoT, C) ndipo amawongoleredwa kudzera pakompyuta yamtambo ndi njira yanzeru yaulimi (Fog server, S).
Mutu wa njira ya POST umatchula gwero lothandizira kusintha (/famu/zinyama) komanso mtundu wa HTTP ndi mtundu wazinthu, zomwe pakadali pano ndi chinthu cha JSON choyimira famu ya nyama yomwe dongosololi liyenera kuyang'anira (Dulcinea / ng'ombe) . Yankho lochokera kwa seva likuwonetsa kuti pempholo linapambana potumiza HTTPS code code 201 (chinthu chinapangidwa). Njira ya GET ikuyenera kutchula chinthu chomwe mwapempha mu URI (mwachitsanzo, /farm/animals/1), chomwe chimabweretsa chifaniziro cha JSON cha nyama ndi ID imeneyo kuchokera pa seva.
Njira ya PUT imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolemba zina zapadera ziyenera kusinthidwa. Pamenepa, gwero limatchula URI kuti chizindikirocho chisinthidwe ndi mtengo wamakono (mwachitsanzo, kusonyeza kuti ng'ombe ikuyenda, /farm/animals/1? state=walking). Pomaliza, njira ya DELETE imagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi njira ya GET, koma imangochotsa gwero chifukwa cha ntchitoyo.
MQTT ngati njira imodzi yokha
Tiyeni titenge famu yanzeru yomweyo, koma m'malo mwa REST HTTP timagwiritsa ntchito protocol ya MQTT. Seva yakomweko yokhala ndi laibulale ya Mosquitto yoyikapo imakhala ngati broker. Muchitsanzo ichi, kompyuta yosavuta (yotchedwa seva ya famu) Raspberry Pi imakhala ngati kasitomala wa MQTT, yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyika laibulale ya Paho MQTT, yomwe imagwirizana kwathunthu ndi broker wa Mosquitto.
Makasitomalawa amafanana ndi gawo la IoT abstraction lomwe limayimira chipangizo chokhala ndi luso lotha kumva komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta. Mkhalapakati, kumbali ina, amafanana ndi mlingo wapamwamba wochotseratu, womwe umayimira node ya fog computing yomwe imadziwika ndi kukonzanso kwakukulu ndi kusungirako.
M'mawonekedwe afamu anzeru, Raspberry Pi imalumikizana ndi accelerometer, GPS, ndi masensa a kutentha ndikusindikiza deta kuchokera ku masensa awa kupita kumalo a chifunga. Monga mukudziwa, MQTT imatenga mitu ngati utsogoleri. Wosindikiza wa MQTT m'modzi akhoza kufalitsa mauthenga ku mitu ina yake. Kwa ife pali atatu a iwo. Kwa sensa yomwe imayesa kutentha mu khola la zinyama, kasitomala amasankha mutu (famu ya zinyama / kukhetsa / kutentha). Pa masensa omwe amayezera malo a GPS ndi kuyenda kwa nyama kudzera mu accelerometer, kasitomala amasindikiza zosintha ku (famu ya zinyama/zinyama/GPS) ndi (famu yazinyama/zinyama/mayendedwe).
Izi zidzaperekedwa kwa broker, yemwe angasunge kwakanthawi mu nkhokwe yapafupi ngati wolembetsa wina wachidwi abwera pambuyo pake.
Kuwonjezera pa seva yapafupi, yomwe imakhala ngati MQTT broker mu chifunga ndi komwe Raspberry Pis, akuchita ngati makasitomala a MQTT, kutumiza deta ya sensa, pakhoza kukhala MQTT broker wina pamtambo. Pamenepa, zomwe zimatumizidwa kwa broker wakomweko zitha kusungidwa kwakanthawi mu nkhokwe yapafupi ndi/kapena kutumizidwa kumtambo. The chifunga MQTT broker mu nthawi imeneyi ntchito kugwirizanitsa deta onse ndi mtambo MQTT broker. Ndi kamangidwe kameneka, wogwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja akhoza kulembetsa kwa onse ogulitsa.
Ngati kugwirizana kwa m'modzi mwa ogulitsa (mwachitsanzo, mtambo) kulephera, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adzalandira chidziwitso kuchokera kwa wina (chifunga). Ichi ndi mawonekedwe ophatikizika a fog ndi cloud computing systems. Mwachikhazikitso, pulogalamu yam'manja imatha kukhazikitsidwa kuti igwirizane ndi chifunga MQTT broker poyamba, ndipo ngati izi zitalephera, kulumikizana ndi mtambo MQTT broker. Yankho ili ndi limodzi mwa ambiri mu machitidwe a IoT-F2C.
Multi-protocol solutions
Mayankho a protocol amodzi ndiwotchuka chifukwa chosavuta kukhazikitsa. Koma zikuwonekeratu kuti mu machitidwe a IoT-F2C ndizomveka kuphatikiza ma protocol osiyanasiyana. Lingaliro ndilakuti ma protocol osiyanasiyana amatha kugwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Tengani, mwachitsanzo, zotsalira zitatu: zigawo za IoT, fog ndi cloud computing. Zida zomwe zili pamlingo wa IoT nthawi zambiri zimatengedwa kuti ndizochepa. Pakuwunikaku, tiyeni tiwone magawo a IoT ngati omwe ali okakamizidwa kwambiri, osasunthika pang'ono, komanso ma computing a fog ngati "penapake pakati." Zinapezeka kuti pakati pa IoT ndi kuchotsedwa kwa chifunga, mayankho apano a protocol akuphatikizapo MQTT, CoAP ndi XMPP. Pakati pa chifunga ndi mtambo, kumbali ina, AMQP ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamodzi ndi REST HTTP, yomwe chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pakati pa IoT ndi zigawo za chifunga.
Vuto lalikulu apa ndi kugwirizana kwa ma protocol komanso kumasuka kwa kutumiza mauthenga kuchokera ku protocol imodzi kupita ku ina. Momwemo, m'tsogolomu, kamangidwe ka intaneti ya Zinthu zokhala ndi mitambo yamtambo ndi chifunga zidzakhala zosagwirizana ndi ndondomeko yoyankhulirana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo idzaonetsetsa kuti mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa ma protocol osiyanasiyana.
Popeza izi siziri choncho, ndizomveka kuphatikiza ma protocol omwe alibe kusiyana kwakukulu. Kuti izi zitheke, yankho limodzi lomwe lingathe kutsatiridwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa ma protocol awiri omwe amatsata kalembedwe komweko, REST HTTP ndi CoAP. Njira ina yomwe yaperekedwa ikuchokera pakuphatikiza kwa ma protocol awiri omwe amapereka mauthenga osindikiza, MQTT ndi AMQP. Kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ofanana (onse a MQTT ndi AMQP amagwiritsa ntchito ma broker, CoAP ndi HTTP amagwiritsa ntchito REST) ββββkumapangitsa kuti zophatikizira izi kukhala zosavuta kuzikwaniritsa ndipo zimafuna kuphatikizika kochepa.
Chithunzi (a) chikuwonetsa mitundu iwiri yotengera kuyankha, HTTP ndi CoAP, komanso kuyika kwawo mu njira ya IoT-F2C. Popeza HTTP ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino komanso zovomerezeka pamanetiweki amakono, sizingatheke kuti zisinthidwe kwathunthu ndi ma protocol ena a mauthenga. Pakati pa ma node omwe akuyimira zida zamphamvu zomwe zimakhala pakati pa mtambo ndi chifunga, REST HTTP ndi yankho lanzeru.
Kumbali ina, pazida zomwe zili ndi zida zochepa zamakompyuta zomwe zimalumikizana pakati pa zigawo za Fog ndi IoT, ndizothandiza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito CoAP. Chimodzi mwazabwino zazikulu za CoAP ndikulumikizana kwake ndi HTTP, popeza ma protocol onsewa amachokera pa mfundo za REST.
Chithunzi (b) chikuwonetsa mitundu iwiri yolankhulirana yosindikiza muzochitika zomwezo, kuphatikiza MQTT ndi AMQP. Ngakhale ma protocol onsewa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pakati pa ma node pagawo lililonse lachidule, malo awo ayenera kutsimikiziridwa potengera momwe amagwirira ntchito. MQTT idapangidwa ngati protocol yopepuka yazida zomwe zili ndi zida zochepa zamakompyuta, kotero zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi IoT-Fog. AMQP ndiyoyenera kwambiri pazida zamphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zingayike pakati pa chifunga ndi ma mtambo. M'malo mwa MQTT, protocol ya XMPP itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku IoT chifukwa imawonedwa ngati yopepuka. Koma sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazochitika zoterezi.
anapezazo
Sizokayikitsa kuti imodzi mwama protocol omwe akukambidwa adzakhala okwanira kuphimba mauthenga onse mu dongosolo, kuchokera ku zipangizo zomwe zili ndi zipangizo zochepa zamakompyuta mpaka ma seva amtambo. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti njira ziwiri zodalirika zomwe opanga amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi MQTT ndi RESTful HTTP. Ma protocol awiriwa sikuti ndi okhwima komanso okhazikika, komanso amaphatikizanso zambiri zolembedwa bwino komanso zopambana komanso zothandizira pa intaneti.
Chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake komanso kusinthika kosavuta, MQTT ndi ndondomeko yomwe yatsimikizira ntchito yake yapamwamba pakapita nthawi ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mlingo wa IoT ndi zipangizo zochepa. M'magawo adongosolo pomwe kulumikizana kochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito batri sizovuta, monga madera ena a chifunga komanso makompyuta ambiri amtambo, RESTful HTTP ndi chisankho chosavuta. CoAP iyeneranso kuganiziridwa chifukwa ikusinthanso mwachangu ngati mulingo wa mauthenga a IoT ndipo zikutheka kuti idzafika pamlingo wokhazikika komanso wokhwima wofanana ndi MQTT ndi HTTP posachedwa. Koma mulingo ukuyenda bwino, womwe umabwera ndi zovuta zomwe zimagwirizana kwakanthawi kochepa.
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Source: www.habr.com