Chitsanzo cha kuwerengera kuthekera kwa kutentha kwa maukonde mumsewu ku Nizhny Novgorod
Dera la mzindawo ndi dongosolo lovuta, losiyana kwambiri lomwe likusintha nthawi zonse. Mutha kufotokozera gawo ndikuwunika malo akutawuni pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamalo (zinthu). Zomwe zimafotokozera gawolo zimasiyana ndi momwe amakoka (zabwino, zoipa) ndi kasinthidwe ka geometric (mfundo, mizere, ma polygon).
Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwa chikoka cha chinthu chilichonse pamlingo wa chitukuko cha gawo lonse kapena mbali ina yake. Masiku ano, vuto la kufotokozera ndi kufotokoza mfundo monga "chikhalidwe", "malo a anthu", "kusagwirizana kwa anthu", "moyo wabwino", "chitukuko chachuma", "thanzi la anthu" likukula kwambiri. Kusamveka bwino kwa malingalirowa kumawonjezeka ngati tikufuna kuwagwiritsa ntchito kumagulu osiyanasiyana a anthu, anthu azaka zosiyanasiyana komanso amuna ndi akazi.
Komanso, tisaiwale kuti malire a mzindawo mu lingaliro lamakono ndi zosasintha. Kusamuka kwa anthu tsiku ndi tsiku, kupezeka kwa zoyendera kumadera akutali "kumasokoneza malire" a mzindawo. Lingaliro lomwe tsopano lagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri la agglomeration nthawi zambiri limawonetsa malire a mzindawo, koma nthawi yomweyo limapangitsa lingaliro la malire amzinda kukhala losamveka bwino.
Ngakhale pali zovuta zomwe tafotokozazi, kusanthula ndi kuwunika kwa madera masiku ano ndi ena mwa madera omwe akuyembekeza kwambiri komanso osangalatsa omwe amalola kuthetsa mavuto ambiri am'mizinda.
Nkhaniyi ikufuna kulingalira njira yowunikira gawolo pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha "thermal". Njirayi imachokera pakuphunzira za kuthekera kopangidwa ndi zinthu (zinthu) zamitundu yosiyanasiyana (mfundo, mzere ndi dera). Kuwunika kwa gawo pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kuchoka pamagulu azinthu (zinthu) zomwe zikufotokozera gawolo kupita ku chiwerengero cholondola cha chiwerengero (chiwerengero) pa mfundo iliyonse ya gawolo.
Zomwe zimaphunziridwa ngati gawo la kusanthula kwagawo zimatanthauzira mwakuthupi - kufalikira kwa kutentha m'malo osiyanasiyana (2D, 3D). Chodabwitsa ichi chikhoza kuimiridwa mu mawonekedwe a zithunzi "zotentha" (mapu "kutentha" a gawolo), kupereka lingaliro la kukula kwa gawolo malinga ndi kukula kwa chithunzicho.
Zomwe zili m'gawo
Kusanthula kwa madera kumaphatikizapo kufufuza ndi kukonza zidziwitso za zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa gawolo ndi zizindikiro zawo. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza gawo lozungulira ndipo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi makonzedwe a malo. Zitsanzo za zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa ndi monga masitolo, mafakitale, misewu, nkhalango, ndi mabwalo amadzi.
Zizindikiro za chikoka ndi zinthu wonyezimira Chikoka cha zinthu komanso kukhala ndi mikhalidwe ndi makonzedwe a malo. Zitsanzo za zizindikiro za chikoka: ma ATM, zikwangwani, zipilala.
Muchiwonetsero chotsatira tidzagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la zinthu zomwe zimakhudza, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa mawu onse - zinthu ndi zizindikiro za chikoka.
Pansipa pali chitsanzo cha data ya malo omwe amakhala ngati zinthu zokopa.
Imodzi mwamagawo ofunikira pogwira ntchito yosanthula magawo ndi gawo la kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zidziwitso zoyambira. Masiku ano pali zambiri zokhudza zinthu zomwe zimakhudza gawo la magawo osiyanasiyana atsatanetsatane.
Zambiri zitha kupezeka kuchokera kuzinthu zotseguka kapena zoletsedwa. Nthawi zambiri, chidziwitso chotseguka chimakhala chokwanira kuti chiwunikidwe, ngakhale, monga lamulo, chimafunikira kukonzanso kovutirapo.
Pakati pa malo otseguka, mtsogoleri, m'malingaliro athu, ndi OpenStreetMap (OSM). Zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera patsamba lino zimasinthidwa tsiku lililonse padziko lonse lapansi.
Zambiri za OpenStreetMap (OSM) zimaperekedwa m'njira zotsatirazi:
- Mtundu wa OSM. Mawonekedwe akuluakulu omwe ali ndi zowonjezera ".osm" amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera zithunzi zojambula za XML - nodes, njira, maubwenzi.
- "mtundu waku Poland". Malemba omwe ali ndi ".mp" yowonjezera amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwira ntchito ndi zithunzi.
- Mtundu wa PBF. Kusungirako deta ndi kuwonjezera ".osm.pbf".
Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazi monga magwero a chidziwitso:
- 2 GIS
Chidacho chili ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba, chomwe chimasinthidwa pamwezi, chokhala ndi magulu atatu apamwamba kwambiri amakampani ndi mabungwe.
- Mafayilo a KML (Keyhole Markup Language).
Mafayilo a KML (Keyhole Markup Language) ndi mtundu wamafayilo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa zambiri za malo mu Google Earth, Google Maps, ndi Google Maps pazida zam'manja.
Ndi mafayilo a KML mutha:
- khazikitsani zithunzi zosiyanasiyana ndikupanga siginecha zowonetsa malo padziko lapansi
- pangani ngodya zosiyanasiyana za zinthu zomwe mwasankha posintha momwe kamera ilili
- gwiritsani ntchito zithunzi zokutira zosiyanasiyana
- fotokozerani masitayilo kuti musinthe mawonekedwe a chinthu, gwiritsani ntchito nambala ya HTML kuti mupange ma hyperlink ndi zithunzi zamkati
- gwiritsani ntchito zikwatu pakuyika m'magulu azinthu
- Landirani mwamphamvu ndikusintha mafayilo a KML kuchokera ku node zakutali kapena zakomweko
- Landirani zidziwitso za KML malinga ndi kusintha kwa wowonera XNUMXD
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre ndi Cartography "Rosreestr"
Zomwe zili pa portal ya Rosreestr ndizofunika pazomwe zili komanso zofunikira zake, koma, mwatsoka, sizimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupeza zithunzi zamapulojekiti omangamanga ndi malo opangira malo kwaulere. Rosreestr portal ilinso ndi chidziwitso chochuluka choletsedwa.
- Mabungwe owerengera
Deta yachiwerengero ndi gwero lovomerezeka lachidziwitso cha dera, komabe, kuyambira lero, deta yochokera ku mabungwe owerengera imapezeka kokha pa zizindikiro zingapo, makamaka mu malipoti a mabungwe owerengera ndi malipoti a akuluakulu a zigawo.
- Machitidwe azidziwitso akuluakulu aboma
Chidziwitso chapamwamba kwambiri chili m'machitidwe a mauthenga a boma, koma gawo laling'ono chabe limasindikizidwa m'magulu a anthu ndipo limapezeka kuti lifufuzidwe.
Kusanthula madera sikukhazikitsa zofunikira pakupanga zidziwitso; M'malo mwake, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chilichonse chomwe chapezeka; chidziwitso chochokera kumalo otseguka nthawi zambiri chimatha kusinthana. Komabe, ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti ngakhale chidziwitso chopezedwa kuchokera ku gwero la OSM chokha ndichokwanira kupanga kusanthula kwa gawo losadziwika.
Kusanthula dera pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha "thermal". Kutanthauzira kwakuthupi kwa kuthekera
Monga tanena kale, kusanthula madera masiku ano ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri komanso chida champhamvu chokopa chidwi chandalama pakupanga zomangamanga m'matauni osiyanasiyana.
Mavuto osiyanasiyana omwe amathetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula madera amatha kuphatikizidwa m'magawo akulu angapo:
- Kupeza kuwunika kotanthauzira komanso mwatsatanetsatane kwagawo pamfundo iliyonse.
Pothetsa vutoli, mutha kupeza mfundo zingapo pagawo lililonse lagawo, kupereka lingaliro la kukula kwa gawo lonse, komanso gawo linalake. Nkhani yotereyi ikhoza kukhala, mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe, mafakitale, malonda, ndi zina zotero.
- Kusankha malo opindulitsa kwambiri poyika zinthu zamtundu wina (mwachitsanzo, mabanki, masitolo apadera, malo ogulitsa ndi zosangalatsa, etc.) m'gawo losankhidwa.
- Kusanthula kwa ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya gawolo.
Utsogoleriwu umalola kuti tifufuze mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a gawolo, msika womwe wachitika m'gawo lomwe likuphunziridwa, ndikuzindikiritsa zosankha zotchuka.
- Kutsimikiza kwa chopereka cha chinthu chimodzi ku mtengo wamtengo wapatali, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha kutuluka kwa misewu yatsopano ndi njira zatsopano.
- Kusanthula kwa magawo osiyanasiyana a gawo limodzi ndikuwunika madera osiyanasiyana (kuyerekeza madera).
Chiyambi cha njira yowunikira gawo lomwe laperekedwa m'nkhaniyo pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha "kutentha" kwagona pakugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za chitukuko cha gawo - zomwe zingatheke, zomwe zimaperekedwa m'mawerengero ndikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa chikoka cha chinthu (chikoka) pagawo.
Kuti mumvetse tanthauzo la phunziroli, m'pofunika kunena mawu ochepa ponena za mphamvu ya kutentha yokha ndikupereka kutanthauzira kwake kwakuthupi.
Mu physics pali mfundo monga kukakamiza munda ΠΈ mphamvu ntchito. Munda wa mphamvu uli ndi gawo la mphamvu, ntchito ya mphamvu imakhala ndi gawo la mphamvu.
Kwa lamulo la mphamvu yokoka padziko lonse lapansi, gawo la mphamvu limatanthauzidwa ndi formula:
F=k/r2, kuti
k - nthawi zonse;
r - mtunda pakati pa zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana.
Ntchito ya mphamvu Ο imatsimikiziridwa ndi mawu akuti:
dΟ=-F*dr, kuti
Ο - mphamvu yamunda;
dΟ, dr - zosiyana;
r ndi mtunda pakati pa zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana,
chifukwa chake Ο=k/r.
Tanthauzo lakuthupi la mphamvu ya mphamvu Ο ndi ntchito E yochitidwa ndi gawo la mphamvu pamene akudutsa njira inayake. Pankhani ya lamulo la mphamvu yokoka ya chilengedwe chonse, pamene mtunda wopita ku chinthu ukusintha kuchoka pa r2 kufika pa r1, mphamvu ya ntchito imatsimikiziridwa ndi ndondomekoyi.
E=k*(1/r1-1/r2), kuti
E ndi ntchito yochitidwa ndi gawo lamphamvu podutsa njira inayake;
r1, r2 - malo oyamba ndi omaliza a chinthucho.
Pantchito yosanthula gawo, chikoka cha zinthu (zinthu) pagawo zitha kuwonedwa ngati mphamvu (mphamvu ntchito), ndi msinkhu wa chitukuko cha gawolo monga mphamvu yonse yotentha (kukakamiza munda) kuchokera kuzinthu zonse (zinthu). M'mavuto afizikiki, mphamvu yamafuta ndi kutentha, ndipo m'mavuto akuwunika kwagawo pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha "kutentha", kuthekera kumayimira chiwopsezo chonse chazinthu zonse zomwe zimathandizira pamfundo yomwe ili m'gawolo.
Deta ya malo imakhala ndi mfundo, mizere, ndi ma polygon. Kuti muwerenge zomwe zingatheke, deta yotalikirapo imagawidwa m'zidutswa zing'onozing'ono. Pachidutswa chilichonse, kuthekera kuchokera pamfundoyo kumawerengedwa ndi kuchulukitsa kofanana ndi kukula kwa chidutswa cha chinthu (chinthu).
Deta imagawidwa m'magulu a semantic potengera mfundo yofanana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zamalonda zimaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala. Pali magulu a zinthu za m'nkhalango, mabwalo amadzi, malo okhala, malo oyimitsa magalimoto, etc. Magulu ogwirizana ndi tanthauzo amaimira chinthu. Titadutsa muzinthu zonse (zinthu), timapeza mphamvu zotentha zomwe ziyenera kukonzedwanso.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zingatheke ("mapu otentha") amakulolani kuti musunthe kuchokera kumalo osungiramo malo kupita ku zithunzi "zotentha" za zinthu (zinthu) zomwe zimakhudza gawolo (kuwona zomwe zingatheke). Kusintha kotereku kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kudziwa kuchuluka kwa kupezeka kwa chinthucho pamalo aliwonse agawo ndikuwunikanso, i.e. wonetsani mayendedwe osiyanasiyana akukula kwa mzinda mumitundu. Chifukwa chake, timapeza kuwala kwamphamvu kosiyanasiyana pagawo lililonse la gawolo.
Zitsanzo za zithunzi "zotentha" za gawo la Nizhny Novgorod pazifukwa zingapo zili pansipa.
"Kutentha" mapu a Nizhny Novgorod, kusonyeza "Pharmacy unyolo" factor
"Kutentha" mapu a Nizhny Novgorod, kusonyeza chinthu "Polyclinics akuluakulu"
"Kutentha" mapu a Nizhny Novgorod, kusonyeza "Children's clinics" factor
Mapu a "Thermal" a Nizhny Novgorod, omwe akuwonetsa "gawo la mafakitale"
Zithunzi "zotentha" za gawolo zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zomwe zingatheke kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kenako, m'pofunika kuphatikiza zomwe mwapeza kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimalola kuwunika kwagawo kutengera zinthu zambiri. Izi zimafuna njira yomwe imakulolani kusanthula zambiri, kuzindikira zinthu, komanso kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha deta, kutaya chidziwitso chochepa. Imodzi mwa njirazi ndi principal component analysis (PCA). Zambiri za njirayi zitha kupezeka mu .
Chofunikira cha njirayi ndikupeza kuphatikiza kofananira kwa magawo oyambira omwe amasintha kwambiri pakuwunika. Kwa deta yapakati - yomwe imasintha kwambiri m'derali.
Njira yayikulu imazindikiritsa zinthu (zinthu) zomwe zimasintha kwambiri pagawo. Chifukwa cha njirayi, zosintha zatsopano zimawonekera - zigawo zikuluzikulu, zomwe zimakhala zodziwitsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi deta yoyambirira, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzisanthula, kufotokoza ndikuwona gawo, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kupanga zitsanzo. .
Zigawo zazikuluzikulu ndizofotokozera zowunikira - kuchuluka kwa kuthekera kwa zinthu zoyambira ndi ma coefficients ena. Komabe, ngati chinthu china chili ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pagawo, koma sichikusintha m'gawo lonse lomwe lawunikidwa, njira yayikulu sidzaphatikizanso izi popanga zigawo zazikuluzikulu.
Zigawo zazikuluzikulu zimalamulidwa mu dongosolo lotsika la chidziwitso - i.e. kufalikira m'gawo lonse. Zigawo zazikuluzikulu zoyamba zimakhala ndi chidziwitso chochulukirapo kuposa momwe zimakhalira komanso zimafotokozera gawo bwino. Monga lamulo, pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu pafupifupi zana, gawo loyamba limanyamula pafupifupi 50% ya chidziwitso chonse (kusiyana) kwa gawolo. Zigawo zazikuluzikulu sizimalumikizana ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo za gawo lililonse.
chigawo chachikulu, monga ena abstractly masamu chisonyezero cha gawo, alibe dzina lomveka ndi gulu. Komabe, zinthu zingapo zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi gawo lalikulu zimatilola kutanthauzira zigawo zikuluzikulu. Monga lamulo, zinthu zotsatirazi zimagwirizana ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu:
- mlingo wa chitukuko cha zomangamanga;
- zoyendera gawo la gawo;
- madera nyengo;
- mlingo wa chitukuko cha ulimi;
- kuthekera kwachuma kwa gawolo.
Kusanthula kwina, kuphatikiza kusanja, kumapitilira ndi zigawo zazikulu zingapo zoyambirira.
M'ziwerengero mungathe kuona chithunzithunzi cha zigawo zikuluzikulu zoyamba m'dera la mizinda ingapo ya Russian Federation.
Chigawo choyamba chodziwika bwino cha chitukuko cha zomangamanga zamatauni ku Nizhny Novgorod
Gawo loyamba lomwe likuwonetsa kukula kwa zomangamanga zamatawuni ku Yekaterinburg
Gawo loyamba lomwe likuwonetsa kukula kwa zomangamanga zamatawuni ku Kazan
Gawo loyamba lomwe likuwonetsa kukula kwa zomangamanga zamatawuni ku Perm
Chigawo choyamba chachikulu chomwe chikuwonetsa kukula kwa zomangamanga zamatawuni ku Samara
Gawo loyamba lodziwika bwino la chitukuko cha zomangamanga zamatawuni ku Khabarovsk
Makhalidwe ophatikizika: kuphatikiza
Gawo linanso la ntchito yowunikira magawo ndikufufuza madera am'matauni omwe ali abwino kwambiri. Kusaka uku kumatengera kuwunika kwazinthu zazikuluzikulu pagawo lililonse m'gawolo. Vuto lofufuza madera osakanikirana awa litha kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito masango - njira yogawa madera potengera mfundo ya kuyandikira kwa mawonekedwe.
Territory clustering ili ndi zolinga ziwiri:
- kupanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a gawolo;
- kugawikana kwa madera ophatikiza mitundu yawoyawo.
Magawo amaphatikizidwa motsatira zomwe zasankhidwa kuti ziwunikidwe. Zinthu izi zitha kukhala zomwe zimakhudza mitengo kapena zinthu zofotokozera mbali zina za chitukuko cha gawo, mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Pali njira ziwiri zophatikizira zakale: njira ya K-njira ndi njira ya dendrogram. Pogwira ntchito ndi madera, njira ya K-njira yadziwonetsera bwino, yomwe ndi "kukula" kwa gulu powonjezera zinthu zatsopano ku mfundo za kukula. Ubwino wa njira ya K-njira uli mu kufanana kwa ntchito yake ndi njira yachilengedwe yopangira gawo: kuphatikizana kofanana, m'malo mwa kulekanitsa kosiyana.
Njira ya K-njira idagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera Nizhny Novgorod (chithunzi pansipa).
Kutsatira masango ndi kukula kwa gawolo pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha Nizhny Novgorod
Ndi njira yomwe yaperekedwayo, nβzotheka kupeza chidule cha gawolo pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Mitu yomwe tingasangalale nayo ingakhale, mwachitsanzo, kukula kwa chitukuko cha mizinda, mlingo wa "eliteness" wa gawo, msinkhu wa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, gawo lachitukuko cha gawo. Mitu iyi ndi mfundo zosagwirizana, ndipo zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zogwirizana.
Pogwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu posankha magawo owunikira (kuphatikiza ndi kutengapo gawo kwa akatswiri), tipeza mamapu ammutu omwe amapereka lingaliro la gawo limodzi la chitukuko cha gawolo.
Makhalidwe ophatikizika amamveka ngati zigawo zazikuluzikulu zoyambira, zomwe zimadziwitsa kwambiri gawo loyamba, ndikuphatikiza gawolo molingana ndi magawo osankhidwa.
Mapu am'mutu a zigawo zazikulu zoyamba zazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachitukuko akuwonetsedwa muzithunzi pansipa.
Mapu ammutu "Zinthu Zachikhalidwe" pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha Nizhny Novgorod
Thematic mapu "Social sphere" pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha Nizhny Novgorod
Makhalidwe ophatikizika amapangitsa kuti timvetsetse mawonekedwe a gawo pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zomwe sizimatayika pang'ono.
Pomaliza, ndiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti masiku ano kusanthula kwa madera ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuthana ndi zovuta zakukula kwamatawuni, kusankha malo oti mugwiritse ntchito pomanga, kupeza malo abwino kwambiri opangira zida zatsopano ndi ntchito zina.
Njira yowunikira magawo yomwe yaperekedwa m'nkhaniyo pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha "kutentha" kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyana siyana sizofunikira pazifukwa zina, i.e. sizimaika zoletsa kapena zofunikira pazidziwitso zoyambirira.
Kusiyanasiyana ndi kuperewera kwa chidziwitso cha gwero, komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito deta yotseguka, imapereka chiyembekezo chopanda malire cha kusanthula gawo lililonse mtendere.
M'mabuku otsatirawa okhudzana ndi zovuta za kusanthula kwamadera, tikukonzekera kuwulula mawonekedwe akupanga mitundu pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zazikulu ndi njira zoyendetsera ntchito monga:
- kusankha malo abwino kwambiri poyika chinthu chatsopano;
- Kumanga malo amtengo pagulu linalake la zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wamsika;
- kuwunika phindu la mtundu wina wa ntchito kutengera malo azinthuzo.
Palinso ndondomeko zowonetsera njira zosinthira kuchokera kuzinthu zazikulu kupita kuzinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupeza chitsanzo kuchokera kuzinthu za gawo linalake.
Source: www.habr.com