Nthawi yomaliza , momwe zoyesera zosinthira njira yophunzirira zidapangitsa kuti ziwonekere mu 60s ya dongosolo la PLATO, lomwe linali lotsogola kwambiri panthawiyo. Maphunziro ambiri apangidwa kwa iye m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana. Komabe, PLATO inali ndi vuto - ophunzira aku yunivesite okha omwe anali ndi ma terminals apadera anali ndi mwayi wophunzira.
Zinthu zinasintha pakubwera makompyuta. Chifukwa chake, mapulogalamu amaphunziro abwera ku mayunivesite onse, masukulu ndi nyumba. Timapitiriza nkhaniyi pansi pa kudula.
Chithunzi: / CC BY
Kusintha kwa makompyuta
Chipangizo chomwe chinayambitsa kusintha kwa makompyuta aumwini chinali kutengera microprocessor ya Intel 8080. Basi yopangidwira kompyuta iyi idakhala mulingo wapakompyuta wotsatira. Altair idapangidwa ndi injiniya Henry Edward Roberts mu 1975 kwa MITS. Ngakhale pali zolakwika zingapo - makinawo analibe kiyibodi kapena chiwonetsero - kampaniyo idagulitsa zida zikwi zingapo mwezi woyamba. Kupambana kwa Altair 8800 kunatsegulira njira ma PC ena.
Mu 1977, Commodore adalowa mumsika ndi Commodore PET 2001. Kompyutayi mu pepala lachitsulo lolemera ma kilogalamu 11 linali kale ndi polojekiti yokhala ndi zilembo za 40x25 ndi chipangizo cholowetsa. Chaka chomwecho, Apple Computer inayambitsa Apple II yake. Inali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu, womasulira wa chinenero cha BASIC, ndipo amatha kutulutsa mawu. Apple II inakhala PC kwa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba, kotero osati akatswiri aukadaulo aukadaulo m'mayunivesite, komanso aphunzitsi m'masukulu adagwira nawo ntchito. Izi zalimbikitsa chitukuko cha mapulogalamu ophunzirira otsika mtengo.
Nthaŵi ina, mphunzitsi wa ku United States, Ann McCormick, anada nkhaŵa kuti achinyamata ena amaŵerenga mosatsimikizirika kwambiri ndiponso mwapang’onopang’ono. Choncho, adaganiza zopanga njira yatsopano yophunzitsira ana. Mu 1979, McCormick adapambana thandizo ndipo adalandira Apple II kuchokera ku Apple Education Foundation. Pogwirizana ndi dokotala wa maganizo a Stanford Teri Perl ndi wolemba mapulogalamu a Atari Joseph Warren, adayambitsa kampaniyo . Onse pamodzi anayamba kupanga mapulogalamu a maphunziro a ana asukulu.
Pofika 1984, The Learning Company inali itasindikiza masewera khumi ndi asanu a ana. Mwachitsanzo, Rocky's Boots, momwe ana asukulu amathetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana amalingaliro. Idapambana malo oyamba pagulu lazamalonda la Software Publishers. Panalinso Kalulu Wowerenga, yemwe ankaphunzitsa kuwerenga ndi kulemba. M’zaka khumi anagulitsa makope 14 miliyoni.
Pofika mchaka cha 1995, ndalama zomwe kampaniyo idapeza zidafika $53,2 miliyoni Mkonzi Warren Buckleitner The Learning Company "The Holy Grail of Learning." Malinga ndi iye, inali ntchito ya gulu la Anne McCormick lomwe linathandiza aphunzitsi kumvetsetsa momwe makompyuta angakhalire chida chophunzitsira champhamvu.
Ndani winanso anachita izi?
Mu theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 80, The Learning Company sinali yokhayo yoyambitsa mapulogalamu a maphunziro. Masewera a maphunziro Optimum Resource, Daystar Learning Corporation, Sierra On-Line ndi makampani ena ang'onoang'ono. Koma kupambana kwa The Learning Company kunabwerezedwa kokha ndi Brøderbund - inakhazikitsidwa ndi abale Doug ndi Gary Carlston.
Panthawi ina kampaniyo idapanga masewera, mwina ntchito yawo yotchuka kwambiri ndi Kalonga wa Perisiya. Koma posakhalitsa abale anaika maganizo awo pa zinthu zophunzitsa. Mbiri yawo ikuphatikizanso James Discovers Math and Math Workshop pophunzitsa masamu oyambira, Makina Odabwitsa Olemba pophunzitsa kuwerenga ndi galamala, ndi Mieko: Nkhani ya Chikhalidwe cha Chijapani, maphunziro a mbiri yakale ya ku Japan mwanjira ya nkhani zosangalatsa za ana.
Aphunzitsi adatenga nawo gawo pakukonza mapulogalamuwa, ndipo adapanganso mapulani amaphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyi. Kampaniyo nthawi zonse inkachita masemina m’masukulu pofuna kulimbikitsa maphunziro a pakompyuta, kufalitsa mabuku ofotokoza mapepala kwa anthu amene akugwiritsa ntchito, komanso madongosolo otsika mtengo a mabungwe a maphunziro. Mwachitsanzo, pamtengo wanthawi zonse wa Mieko: A Story of Japanese Culture pa $179,95, Baibulo la kusukulu linagula pafupifupi theka la ndalama zokwana $89,95.
Pofika chaka cha 1991, Brøderbund adalanda gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a msika wamapulogalamu aku America. Kupambana kwa kampaniyi kudakopa chidwi cha The Learning Company, yomwe idagula mpikisano wake ndi $420 miliyoni.
Mapulogalamu a ophunzira
Maphunziro a yunivesite sanasiyidwe pakusintha kwa makompyuta. Mu 1982, MIT idagula ma PC angapo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'kalasi ndi ophunzira a engineering. Chaka chotsatira, pamaziko a yunivesite mothandizidwa ndi IBM, adayambitsa . Bungweli lidapatsa yunivesiteyo makompyuta okwana madola mamiliyoni angapo komanso opanga mapulogalamu ake kuti apange mapulogalamu amaphunziro. Ophunzira a majors onse adapeza mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano, ndipo makina apakompyuta adakhazikitsidwa pasukulupo.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80, malo ophunzirira ozikidwa pa UNIX adawonekera ku MIT, ndipo akatswiri aku yunivesite adapanga mapulogalamu a mayunivesite ena. Dongosolo lathunthu lophunzitsira maphunziro a sayansi yachilengedwe adadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa opambana kwambiri - ogwira ntchito ku yunivesite sanangolemba maphunziro apakompyuta, komanso adayambitsa njira yoyesera chidziwitso cha ophunzira.
Athena anali woyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa makompyuta ndi mapulogalamu ku yunivesite komanso chitsanzo cha ntchito zofanana m'mabungwe ena a maphunziro.
Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro achilengedwe
Amalonda nawonso adayamba kuwonetsa chidwi ndi mapulogalamu a maphunziro kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80. Atachoka ku Microsoft mu 1983 chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ndi Bill Gates, Paul Allen adayambitsa Asymetrix Learning Systems. Kumeneko adakhazikitsa malo ophunzirira a ToolBook. Dongosololi lidapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zama media media: maphunziro, ntchito zoyesa chidziwitso ndi luso, mafotokozedwe ndi zida zofotokozera. Mu 2001, ToolBook idadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa zida zabwino kwambiri zophunzirira pakompyuta.
Njira yophunzirira kutali yayambanso kutukuka. Mpainiyayo anali pulogalamu ya FirstClass, yomwe inapangidwa ndi anthu ochokera ku Bell Northern Research - Steve Asbury, Jon Asbury ndi Scott Welch. Phukusili linali ndi zida zogwirira ntchito ndi imelo, kugawana mafayilo, macheza, misonkhano ya aphunzitsi, ophunzira ndi makolo. Dongosololi likugwiritsidwabe ntchito ndikusinthidwa (ndi gawo la OpenTex portfolio) - mabungwe zikwi zitatu zamaphunziro ndi ogwiritsa ntchito miliyoni XNUMX padziko lonse lapansi alumikizidwa kwa izo.
Chithunzi: / CC BY-SA
Kufalikira kwa intaneti m'zaka za m'ma 90 kunayambitsa kusintha kwa maphunziro. Kupititsa patsogolo mapulogalamu a maphunziro kunapitilira ndikulandira zatsopano: mu 1997, lingaliro la "malo ophunzirira ochezera" (Interactive Learning Network) linabadwa.
Tidzakambirananso nthawi ina.
Tili ndi Habré:
Source: www.habr.com