Zotsatira: Zopambana zazikulu 9 zaukadaulo za 2019

Alexander Chistyakov ndikulumikizana, ndine mlaliki vdsina.ru ndikukuwuzani za zochitika 9 zapamwamba kwambiri zaukadaulo za 2019.

Pakuwunika kwanga, ndidadalira kwambiri kukoma kwanga kuposa malingaliro a akatswiri. Chifukwa chake, mndandandawu, mwachitsanzo, mulibe magalimoto osayendetsa, chifukwa palibe chatsopano kapena chodabwitsa muukadaulo uwu.

Sindinasinthe zochitika zomwe zili pamndandandawo ndi kufunikira kwake kapena zotsatira zake, chifukwa tanthauzo lawo lidzakhala lomveka bwino m'zaka khumi, ndipo zotsatira za wow ndizokhalitsa, ndangoyesera kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yogwirizana.

1. Mapulogalamu onyamula ma seva muchilankhulo cha Rust cha WebAssembly

Ndiyamba kubwereza ndi malipoti awiri:

1. Lipoti Brian Cantrill "Ndi nthawi yoti mulembenso OS ku Rust?", yowerengedwa ndi iye mu 2018.

Panthawi yowerenga lipotilo, Brian Cantrill anali kugwira ntchito ku Joyent ngati CTO ndipo sankadziwa kuti 2019 idzathera bwanji kwa iye ndi Joyent.

2. Lipoti la Steve Klabnik, membala wa gulu lalikulu la chinenero cha Rust ndi mlembi wa buku la "The Rust Programming Language", akugwira ntchito ku Cloudflare, komwe amalankhula za mawonekedwe a Rust language ndi WebAssembly technology, yomwe imakulolani kugwiritsa ntchito asakatuli ngati nsanja zoyendetsera ntchito.

Mu 2019, WebAssembly ndi ake WASI mawonekedwe, yomwe imapereka mwayi wopeza zinthu zamakina ogwiritsira ntchito monga mafayilo ndi sockets, yasunthira kupitirira osatsegula ndipo ikuyang'ana msika wa mapulogalamu a seva.

Chofunikira pakuchita bwinoko ndi chodziwikiratu - anthu ali ndi nthawi yothawiranso imodzi yotha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (kodi pali amene akukumbukira mfundo ya WORA, yopangidwa ndi olemba chilankhulo cha Java?).

Tilinso ndi njira yotetezeka yopangira mapulogalamuwa chifukwa cha chilankhulo cha Rust, chomwe raison d'être ndikuchotsa zolakwika zonse panthawi yophatikiza.

WebAssembly ndiwosintha masewera kotero kuti Solomon Hikes, m'modzi mwa omwe adapanga Docker, adalemba kuti WebAssembly ndi WASI zikadakhalapo mu 2008, Docker sakanabadwa.

Ndizosadabwitsa kuti Rust anali m'modzi mwa omwe adatengera ukadaulo watsopano wonyamula - chilengedwe chake chikukula kwambiri ndipo Rust wakhala chilankhulo chokonda kwambiri kwazaka zingapo, malinga ndi zotsatira zake. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi StackOverflow.

Ichi ndi chithunzi chochokera ku nkhani ya Steve, yomwe imasonyeza bwino chiwerengero cha nsikidzi zachitetezo zomwe zimapewedwa pamene mukugwiritsa ntchito Dzimbiri ku chiwerengero cha nsikidzi zomwe zimapezeka mu MS Windows pazaka khumi ndi theka zapitazi.

Microsoft idayenera kuyankha mwanjira imeneyi, ndipo idatero.

2. Project Verona kuchokera ku Microsoft, yomwe idzapulumutsa Windows ndikutsegula tsamba latsopano la mbiri ya OS iliyonse

Chiwerengero cha nsikidzi mu Microsoft Windows kernel ndi mapulogalamu ambiri ogula chawonjezeka pafupifupi pafupifupi zaka 12 zapitazi.

Mu 2019, Matthew Parkinson wa Microsoft adapereka Project Verona kwa anthu, zomwe zingathetse izi.

Ichi ndi ntchito ya Microsoft kuti apange chinenero chokhazikika chokonzekera chinenero chotsatira malingaliro a chinenero cha Dzimbiri: ogwira nawo ntchito ochokera ku Microsoft Research apeza kuti mavuto ambiri a chitetezo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi cholowa cholemera cha chinenero cha C, chomwe ambiri a Windows amalembedwa. Chilankhulo chofanana ndi Rust cha Verona chimayang'anira kukumbukira komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito nthawi imodzi mfundo yochotsera zero mtengo. Ngati mukufuna kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane momwe zimagwirira ntchito, yang'anani Lipoti la Parkinson lomwe.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti Microsoft imadziwika kuti ndi ufumu woyipa komanso wotsutsana ndi chilichonse chatsopano, ngakhale zili choncho. Simon Peyton-Jones, wopanga wamkulu wa Glasgow Haskell Compiler, amagwira ntchito ku Microsoft.

Funso la Brian Cantrill kuchokera m'ndime yoyamba: "Kodi ino si nthawi yoti mulembenso kernel ya Rust?" adalandira yankho losayembekezeka - zikuwonekeratu kuti sikutheka kulembanso makina ogwiritsira ntchito, koma mapulogalamu omwe akuyenda mumalo ogwiritsira ntchito akulembedwa kale. Njira yosayimitsa yayamba, ndipo izi zidzatsegula tsamba latsopano lamtsogolo la machitidwe onse ogwiritsira ntchito.

3. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutchuka kwa chinenero cha pulogalamu ya Dart chifukwa cha Flutter framework

Ndikukhulupirira kuti nkhani zotsatirazi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri osati kwa ife komanso anthu onse, komanso kwa ambiri omwe akutenga nawo mbali mwachindunji pakupanga mapangidwe ake. Chilankhulo cha pulogalamu ya Dart, chomwe chinawonekera ku Google zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, chawona kukula kofulumira kwa kutchuka chaka chino.

Ndimagwiritsa ntchito njira yanga yowunika kutchuka kwa zilankhulo zamapulogalamu posanthula zosungira pa Github, kamodzi pamwezi. kukonzanso deta mu tebulo. Ngati kumayambiriro kwa chaka panali malo 100 okha otchuka pa Dart, lero pali 313 kale.

Dart yadutsa Erlang, PowerShell, R, Perl, Elixir, Haskell, Lua ndi CoffeeScript kutchuka. Palibe chinenero china cha mapulogalamu chomwe chikuwoneka kuti chakula mofulumira chaka chino. Chifukwa chiyani zidachitika?

Lipoti limodzi lodziwika bwino la chaka chino malinga ndi omvera a HackerNews idawerengedwa ndi Richard Feldman ndipo adaitanidwa "N'chifukwa chiyani kupanga mapulogalamu sikuli kozolowereka?" Gawo lalikulu la lipotili limaperekedwa pakuwunika momwe zilankhulo zamapulogalamu zimakhalira zotchuka. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu, malinga ndi Richard, ndi kukhalapo kwa ntchito yotchuka kapena chimango, mwa kuyankhula kwina pulogalamu yakupha.

Kwa chilankhulo cha Dart, chifukwa chake kutchuka kwake ndi njira yopangira mafoni Flutter, kukwera kwa kutchuka komwe, malinga ndi Google Trends, kunachitika kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino.

Sitikudziwa kalikonse za Dart popeza sitipanga chitukuko cha mafoni, koma timalandira ndi manja awiri chilankhulo china cholemba mapulogalamu.

4. Mwayi wokhala ndi moyo wa Linux kernel ndi dera lake chifukwa cha makina enieni a eBPF

Ife ku VDSina timakonda misonkhano: chaka chino ndinapita ku msonkhano wa DevOops ku St. Mu 2019, malingaliro otsogola pazokambirana zotere anali:

• Docker wamwalira chifukwa ndizotopetsa
• Kubernetes ali moyo ndipo atha pafupifupi chaka - zidzakambidwabe pamisonkhano mu 2020.
• Pakadali pano, palibe munthu wamoyo yemwe adayang'ana mu Linux kernel kwa nthawi yayitali

Sindikugawana mfundo yomaliza; kuchokera kumalingaliro anga, osati zosangalatsa zokha, koma zinthu zosintha zikuchitika tsopano pakukulitsa kernel ya Linux. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi makina enieni a eBPF, omwe adapangidwa kuti athetse ntchito yotopetsa yosefa mapaketi a netiweki, kenako adakula kukhala makina amtundu wa kernel-level.

Kukula kwa Linux kernel: inde

Kukula kwa Linux kernel: tsopano

Chifukwa cha eBPF, kernel tsopano ikuwonetsa kuchitika kwa zochitika zomwe zitha kusinthidwa pang'ono kunja kwa kernel - mawonekedwewa amapangitsa kuti zitheke kuyanjana bwino ndi kernel kuchokera kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito ndikukulitsa ndikuthandizira magwiridwe antchito a Linux kernel, kudutsa zonse. -kuona diso la Linus Torvalds.

EBPF isanachitike, kupanga mapulogalamu omwe ntchito zake zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kulumikizana ndi Linux kernel inali nkhani yovuta - kupanga zinthu ngati madalaivala a zida zoyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso zolumikizirana zamafayilo mumalo ogwiritsira ntchito zomwe zimafunikira kuwunikiranso njira yowunikira ndi odziwa ma Linux kernel.

Maonekedwe a mawonekedwe a eBPF athandizira kwambiri njira yolembera mapulogalamu otere - malo olowera atsitsidwa, padzakhala omanga ambiri ndipo anthu ammudzi adzakhalanso ndi moyo.

Sindili ndekha mchisangalalo changa: Wopanga kernel wanthawi yayitali David Miller imalengeza kufunikira kwa eBPF pakukhalabe ndi moyo (!) kwa chilengedwe cha kernel development. Wina, wodziwika bwino kwambiri Brendan Gregg (Ndine wokonda kwambiri) amatcha eBPF kukhala opambana, zomwe sizinafanane kwa zaka 50.

Pakadali pano, Linus Torvalds nthawi zambiri samamutamanda poyera pazifukwa zotere, ndipo ndikumumvetsetsa - ndani akufuna kudziwonetsa poyera ngati chitsiru? 🙂

5. Linux anayika pafupifupi msomali womaliza mu bokosi la FreeBSD chifukwa cha mawonekedwe asynchronous io_uring mu Linux kernel.

Tili pamutu wa Linux kernel, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kusintha kwina komwe kunachitika chaka chino: kuphatikiza kwatsopano. magwiridwe antchito apamwamba asynchronous I/O API io_uring ndi Jens Axbow wa Facebook.

Kwa zaka zambiri, oyang'anira machitidwe ndi opanga FreeBSD adatengera kusankha kwawo chifukwa FreeBSD idachita bwino kwambiri I/O kuposa Linux. Mwachitsanzo mkangano uwu adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu lipoti lake la 2014 Gleb Smirnov wochokera ku Nginx.

Tsopano masewerawa atembenukira pansi. Makina ogawa a Ceph asintha kale kugwiritsa ntchito io_uring ndipo zotsatira za benchmark zogwirira ntchito zimakhala zochititsa chidwi, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa IOPS kuyambira 14% mpaka 102% kutengera kukula kwa chipika. Pali fanizo logwiritsa ntchito asynchronous I/O mu PostgreSQL (osachepera kwa wolemba mbiri), ntchito ina yokonzedwa pakusintha PostgreSQL kukhala asynchronous I/O. Koma potengera kusamala kwa anthu otukula, sitiwona zosinthazi mu 2020.

6. Kubwerera kwachipambano kwa AMD ndi mzere wa purosesa wa Ryzen

Palibe chachilendo, kungoti AMD, yomwe yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, ikuphwanya mbiri pambuyo pake.

Mzere watsopano wa mapurosesa a Ryzen adawonetsa mtengo wodabwitsa / magwiridwe antchito: iwo lamulirani mndandanda wa mapurosesa ogulitsa kwambiri pa Amazon, ndi m'madera ena Kugulitsa kwa purosesa ya AMD kumaposa malonda a Intel. Pampikisano, Intel amakakamizidwa kuchita zinthu zosavomerezeka kwambiri: Imachititsa kuti mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi makina awoawo aziyenda bwino pa purosesa ya omwe akupikisana nawo. Ngakhale njira zonyansa za Intel zomenyera nkhondo, Mtengo wamsika wa AMD uli pafupi kwambiri ndi mbiri ya 2000.

7. Kutsatira AMD, Apple ikufuna kutenga chidutswa cha Intel pie ndi iPadOS ndi njira zakale za Gates.

Aliyense amene amatha kukhala ndi chida m'manja nthawi zambiri amayesa kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo za zimphona, osati AMD yokha yomwe ikumenyera chakudya cha Intel. Apple anachita ngati ng'ombe yakale mu nthabwala.

tidzatsika phirilo pang'onopang'onong’ombe yamphongo yokalamba ndi yaing’ono yaimirira pamwamba pa phiri, ndipo m’munsi mwake muli gulu la ng’ombe.
Ng'ombe yamphongo imapereka yachikulire:
- Tamverani, tiyeni mwachangu, titsike mwachangu ndikugogoda ng'ombeyo
ndipo mwachangu, mwachangu, tibwerera mmwamba!
- Ayi!
- Chabwino, ndiye, tiyeni, titsike mwachangu, tiyitane ng'ombe ziwiri iliyonse mwachangu-
Tiyeni tibwerere msanga!
- Ayi!
- Chabwino, mukuganiza chiyani ndiye?
- Tidzatsika phirilo pang'onopang'ono, tidzapha ng'ombe yonse ndi
Tiyeni tibwerere pang'onopang'ono kumalo athu!

Potulutsa iPadOS yatsopano, Apple idagwiritsa ntchito njira yolimbana ndi Intel yotchedwa "zosokoneza zatsopano."

Kutanthauzira kwa Wikipedia

"Zosokoneza" ndi njira yatsopano yomwe imasintha mayendedwe amsika. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zakale zimakhala zopanda mpikisano chifukwa chakuti magawo omwe mpikisano udakhazikitsidwa kale amataya tanthauzo.

Zitsanzo za "zosokoneza zatsopano" ndi telefoni (zosinthidwa telegalafu), sitima zapamadzi (zoyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zomwe zasinthidwa), ma semiconductors (zida zosinthidwa m'malo mwa vacuum), makamera a digito (makamera amafilimu osinthidwa), ndi imelo (kusokoneza makalata achikhalidwe).

Apple imagwiritsa ntchito mapurosesa ake omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa za ARM, ndipo izi zatsimikizira kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuposa momwe Intel's x86 ikucheperachepera.

Apple ikutha kulanda gawo la msika, kutembenuza iPad kuchokera kumalo osangalatsa kukhala chida chogwira ntchito - choyamba kwa iwo omwe amapanga zomwe zili, ndipo tsopano kwa omanga. Zachidziwikire, sitidzawona MacBook yochokera ku ARM posachedwa, koma mavuto ang'onoang'ono ndi mapangidwe a MacBook Pro kiyibodi akulimbikitsa kusaka njira zina, ndipo imodzi mwaiwo imalonjeza kukhala iPad Pro yokhala ndi iPadOS.

Kodi Gates ndi Microsoft ali nazo chiyani?

Nthawi ina, Gates adasiya chinyengo chomwecho ndi IBM.

M'zaka za m'ma 1970, IBM inkalamulira msika wa seva, ndi chidaliro cha chimphona chonyalanyaza makompyuta a munthu wamba. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, Gates adapanga IBM ndi ndalama ndikupatsidwa chilolezo cha MS-DOS, ndikusiya ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe ake. Atalandira ndalamazo, Microsoft idapanga mawonekedwe owonetsera a MS-DOS, ndipo Windows idabadwa - poyamba chongowonjezera chojambula pa DOS, kenako makina opangira ma PC, osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi anthu ambiri. IBM, pokhala kampani yayikulu, yovuta, ikutaya msika wamakompyuta kwa achinyamata komanso achangu a Microsoft. Ndanenanso nkhani yayikuluyi mwachidule, ndiye ngati mukuganiza kuti Apple idzasewera bwanji ndi Intel mu 2020 ndi iPadOS, ndikupangira werengani lonse.

8. Kulimbitsa malo a ZFSonLinux - kavalo wakale samawononga mzere

Zovomerezeka adayambitsa luso loyika Ubuntu kugwiritsa ntchito fayilo ya ZFS ngati mizu yamafayilo mwachindunji kuchokera kwa oyika. Nthawi zina zimawoneka kwa ine kuti mainjiniya omwe amagwira ntchito ku Sun Microsystems amayimira mitundu yosiyana yachilengedwe ya Homo sapiens (Brian Cantrill ndi Brendan Gregg, omwe tawatchula kale, amagwira ntchito ku Sun). Dziweruzireni nokha, ngakhale kwa zaka zambiri zoyesayesa za anthu onse kupanga chinthu chofanana ndi fayilo ya ZFS, ngakhale zoletsa zoletsa zomwe zimalepheretsa kuphatikizika kwa gwero la ZFS mu nthambi yayikulu yachitukuko ya Linux kernel, tikugwiritsabe ntchito. ZFS, ndipo zinthu sizisintha posachedwa.

9. Oxide Computer Company - tidzayang'anitsitsa gululo, lomwe lingathe kuchita zambiri - osachepera kupanga chiwonetsero chabwino.

Ndimamaliza mndandanda wanga ndikutchulanso za Brian Cantrill, komwe ndidayambira.

Brian Cantrill ndi mainjiniya ena (ena omwe kale ankagwira ntchito ku Sun) adayambitsa ntchito yotchedwa Oxide Computer Company, cholinga chachikulu chomwe ndi kupanga nsanja ya seva yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo waukulu. Zimadziwika kuti mabungwe akulu kwambiri monga Google, Facebook ndi Amazon sagwiritsa ntchito zida za seva wamba pantchito zawo. Kampani ya Brian ikufuna kuthetsa kusalingana kumeneku popanga pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ndi hardware yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ntchito iliyonse yamtambo (kuphatikiza chilankhulo cha Rust).

Lingaliro lawo ndi lonjezo la kusintha kwatsopano, ndipo ine, ngakhale pang'ono, ndidzakhala wokondwa kuwona kayendetsedwe ka malingaliro awo ndi chitukuko chawo mu 2020 ikubwera.

Zomwe tidakwanitsa kuchita mu 2019 ku VDSina

Sitinapange zopambana zaukadaulo mu 2019 ndi VDSina, komabe tili ndi chonyadira.

Mu February, tidawonjezera kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito netiweki yakomweko pakati pa maseva ndikuyambitsa ntchito yolembetsa madambwe. Mtengo udapangidwa kuti ukhale wotsika kwambiri pamsika - 179 rubles pa ru / рф, kuphatikiza kukonzanso.

Mu Marichi tidalankhula ku IT Global Meetup #14.

M'mwezi wa Epulo, tidakulitsa kukula kwa tchanelo kwa seva iliyonse kuchokera ku 100 mpaka 200 Megabits, ndikuwonjezera kwambiri malire amagalimoto amitengo yonse (kupatula yotsika mtengo) - mpaka 32 TB pamwezi.

Mu July, makasitomala anali ndi mwayi wokhazikitsa Windows Server 2019. Chitetezo chaulere cha DDoS chinayamba kuperekedwa mkati mwa malo a Moscow.
Komanso mu Julayi, kampani yathu idawonekera pa Habré, kuwonekera koyamba kugulu nkhani ya momwe tidalembera gulu lathu lowongolera ndi momwe zatithandizira kuti tithandizire makasitomala.

Mu Ogasiti, adawonjezera kuthekera kopanga zithunzithunzi - zosunga zobwezeretsera za seva.
API ya anthu onse yatulutsidwa.
Tinachulukitsa kukula kwa tchanelo pa seva iliyonse kuchokera pa 200 mpaka 500 Megabits.
Tidatenga nawo gawo pamsonkhano wa Chaos Constructions 2019, ndikugawa zikwapu zokhala ndi logo ya kampani ngati malonda (mawu a kampeni anali "Pamene wopanga ali pamwamba") ndikuwomba macheza a telegraph.

Mu Seputembala, tidayambitsa Instagram yabwino kwambiri komanso yabwino kwambiri ya kampani ya IT - VDSina adayamba kukamba nkhani komanso moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. wopanga agalu.

Mu Novembala, tidapita ku Highload ++, tidatenga nawo gawo patebulo lozungulira pa "databases ku Kubernetes" ndikuveka olowa nawo zipewa za shark.

Mu Disembala, tidalankhula pamsonkhano wa DevOps kuofesi ya GazPromNeft ndi lipoti lokhudza nkhokwe ku Kubernetes komanso pamsonkhano wa DevOpsDays ku Moscow. ndi lipoti la kutopa, zomwe zinalidi ntchito yanga yabwino kwambiri mchakachi.

Pomaliza

Monga Nassim Taleb adanena, ndizosavuta kulosera zomwe sitingawone. Ndikufuna kudziwa kuti chilichonse chatsopano chomwe tiwona mu 2020 chinayambira 2019, 2018 ndi kale. Sindikulingalira kulosera zam'tsogolo molondola, koma 2020 sichidzakhala chaka cha Linux pakompyuta (ndi liti pamene mudawona kompyuta?) Ndipo takhala tikuwona chaka cha Linux pazida zam'manja kwa khumi. zaka tsopano.

Mulimonsemo, ndikuyembekeza kuti chaka chimodzi tidzakumananso ndikukambirana momwe zonse zidakhalira.

Matchuthi abwino nonse!

Tsatirani wopanga wathu pa Instagram

Source: www.habr.com