Zotsatira: Zopambana zazikulu 9 zaukadaulo za 2019

Uyu ndi Alexander Chistyakov, ndine mlaliki. vdsina.ru ndipo ndikuwuzani za 9 zochitika zamakono zamakono za 2019.

Pakuwunika kwanga, ndidadalira kwambiri zomwe ndimakonda kuposa malingaliro a akatswiri. Ndichifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, magalimoto odziyendetsa okha sanaphatikizidwe pamndandandawu, popeza palibe chatsopano kapena chodabwitsa paukadaulo uwu.

Sindinasinthe zochitika zomwe zili pamndandandawu ndi kufunikira kwake kapena zotsatira zake, chifukwa tanthauzo lawo lidzakhala lomveka bwino m'zaka khumi, ndipo zotsatira za wow ndi zazifupi kwambiri, ndangoyesera kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yogwirizana.

1. Mapulogalamu onyamula ma seva muchilankhulo cha Rust cha WebAssembly

Ndiyamba kubwereza ndi malipoti awiri:

1. Lipoti Brian Cantrill "Ndi nthawi yoti mulembenso OS ku Rust?", zomwe adawerenganso mu 2018.

Panthawi yowerenga lipotilo, Brian Cantrill anali kugwira ntchito ku Joyent ngati CTO ndipo samadziwa kuti 2019 ithera bwanji kwa iye ndi Joyent.

2. Lipoti la Steve Klabnik, membala wa gulu la Rust core komanso wolemba "Chilankhulo cha Rust Programming," yemwe amagwira ntchito ku Cloudflare, komwe amalankhula za mawonekedwe a chinenero cha Rust ndi teknoloji ya WebAssembly, yomwe imalola asakatuli kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nsanja zogwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu.

Mu 2019, WebAssembly ndi ake WASI mawonekedwe, yomwe imapereka mwayi wopeza zinthu zamakina ogwiritsira ntchito monga mafayilo ndi sockets, yasunthira kupitirira osatsegula ndipo ikuyang'ana msika wa mapulogalamu a seva.

Zomwe zidachitikazi ndizodziwikiratu: umunthu uli ndi nthawi ina yothamanga yomwe imatha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (kodi pali amene amakumbukira mfundo ya WORA, yopangidwa ndi omwe amapanga chilankhulo cha Java?).

Tilinso ndi njira yotetezeka yopangira mapulogalamuwa chifukwa cha chilankhulo cha Rust, chomwe raison d'être ndikuchotsa zolakwika zonse panthawi yophatikiza.

WebAssembly ndiwosintha masewera kotero kuti Solomon Hykes, m'modzi mwa omwe adapanga Docker, analemba kuti ngati WebAssembly ndi WASI zikadakhalapo mu 2008, Docker sakanabadwa.

Ndizosadabwitsa kuti Rust adadzipeza yekha pakati pa omwe adatengera ukadaulo watsopano wonyamula - chilengedwe chake chikukula mwachangu ndipo Rust yakhala chilankhulo chokonda kwambiri kwazaka zingapo malinga ndi zotsatira zake. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi StackOverflow.

Iyi ndi slide yochokera mu nkhani ya Steve yomwe ikuwonetsa bwino chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa zolakwika zachitetezo zomwe zingapewedwe kotheratu pogwiritsa ntchito Rust ndi chiwerengero chonse cha zolakwika mu MS. Windows, zomwe zapezeka m'zaka khumi ndi theka zapitazi.

Microsoft idayenera kuyankha vuto ili mwanjira ina, ndipo idatero.

2. Project Verona yochokera ku Microsoft, yomwe idzapulumutsa Windows ndipo idzatsegula tsamba latsopano la mbiri ya OS iliyonse

Chiwerengero cha zolakwika mu kernel ya Microsoft Windows ndipo mapulogalamu ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito awonjezeka pafupifupi motsatizana m'zaka 12 zapitazi.

Mu 2019, Microsoft a Matthew Parkinson adapereka Project Verona kwa anthu, zomwe zingathetse izi.

Iyi ndi njira ya Microsoft yopangira chilankhulo chotetezeka cha mapulogalamu kutengera malingaliro a chilankhulo cha Rust: ogwira nawo ntchito ku Microsoft Research adapeza kuti mavuto ambiri achitetezo amakhudzana ndi cholowa chachikulu cha chilankhulo cha C, momwe ambiri mwa iwo WindowsChilankhulo chofanana ndi dzimbiri cha Verona chimayang'anira kukumbukira ndi kupeza zinthu nthawi imodzi pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yochotsera zero mtengoNgati mukufuna kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane momwe zimagwirira ntchito, onani Lipoti la Parkinson lomwe.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti Microsoft imadziwika kuti ndi ufumu woyipa komanso wotsutsana ndi chilichonse chatsopano, ngakhale zili choncho. Simon Peyton-Jones, wopanga wamkulu wa Glasgow Haskell Compiler, amagwira ntchito ku Microsoft.

Funso la Brian Cantrill kuyambira pachiyambi, "Kodi si nthawi yoti mulembenso kernel ya opaleshoni mu Rust?" adalandira yankho losayembekezeka: zikuwonekeratu kuti kulemberanso kernel yogwiritsira ntchito sikungatheke, koma mapulogalamu omwe akuyendetsa malo ogwiritsira ntchito akulembedwa kale. Njira yosayimitsidwa yayamba, ndipo izi zidzatsegula mutu watsopano mtsogolo mwa machitidwe onse ogwiritsira ntchito.

3. Chiyankhulo cha pulogalamu ya Dart chikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha Flutter framework

Ndikutsimikiza kuti nkhani zotsatirazi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri osati kwa ife komanso anthu onse, komanso kwa ambiri omwe akukhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi chitukuko chake. Chilankhulo cha pulogalamu ya Dart, chomwe chinayambitsidwa ku Google zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, chawona kukula kofulumira kwa kutchuka chaka chino.

Ndimagwiritsa ntchito njira yanga yowunika kutchuka kwa zilankhulo zamapulogalamu posanthula zolemba za Github kamodzi pamwezi. kukonzanso deta mu tebuloNgakhale kuti kunali nkhokwe zodziwika bwino za Dart koyambirira kwa chaka, lero zilipo 313 kale.

Dart yaposa Erlang, PowerShell, R, Perl, Elixir, Haskell, Lua, ndi CoffeeScript kutchuka. Zikuwoneka kuti palibe chinenero china chokonzekera chomwe chakula mofulumira chaka chino. Chifukwa chiyani?

Lipoti limodzi lodziwika bwino la chaka chino malinga ndi omvera a HackerNews idawerengedwa ndi Richard Feldman ndipo adaitanidwa "N'chifukwa chiyani kupanga mapulogalamu sikuli kozolowereka?" Gawo lalikulu la lipotili limaperekedwa pakuwunika momwe zilankhulo zamapulogalamu zimakhalira zodziwika. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu, malinga ndi Richard, ndi kukhalapo kwa ntchito kapena chimango chodziwika - mwa kuyankhula kwina, pulogalamu yakupha.

Chifukwa chomwe chiyankhulo cha Dart chidadziwika chinali njira yake yopangira pulogalamu yam'manja. Flutter, omwe kutchuka kwawo kunakula, malinga ndi Google Trends, kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino.

Sitikudziwa kalikonse za Dart, popeza sitipanga chitukuko cha mafoni, koma tingalandire ndi manja awiri chinenero china cholemba mapulogalamu.

4. Mwayi wopulumuka pakati Linux ndi anthu ammudzi chifukwa cha makina ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti a eBPF

Timakonda misonkhano ku VDSina: chaka chino ndinapita ku msonkhano wa DevOops ku St. Mu 2019, malingaliro otsatirawa ndiwo adalamulira zokambirana izi:

• Docker wamwalira chifukwa ndizotopetsa.
• Kubernetes ali moyo ndipo ali bwino kwa chaka china kapena apo - zidzakambidwabe pamisonkhano mu 2020.
• pakadali pano, mkatikati Linux palibe munthu wamoyo amene wakhala akuyang'ana mkati kwa nthawi yayitali

Sindikugwirizana ndi mfundo yomaliza, malinga ndi momwe ndikuonera, pakukula kwa kernel Linux Zinthu zikuchitika pakali pano zomwe sizongosangalatsa zokha, komanso ndi zatsopano. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti a eBPF, omwe poyamba adapangidwa kuti athetse ntchito yovuta yosefa mapaketi a netiweki ndipo kuyambira pamenepo asintha kukhala makina ogwiritsira ntchito kernel-level virtual.

Kupanga kwa kernel Linuxanali

Kupanga kwa kernel Linux: zinakhala

Ndi eBPF, kernel tsopano ikunena za zochitika zomwe zitha kuchitidwa pang'ono kunja kwa kernel—mawonekedwe ake amapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuyanjana bwino ndi kernel kuchokera pamalo ogwiritsira ntchito ndikuwonjezera ndikuthandizira magwiridwe antchito a kernel. Linux, kupitirira diso loona zonse la Linus Torvalds.

Pamaso pa eBPF, kupanga mapulogalamu omwe ntchito zawo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuyanjana ndi kernel Linux Nkhani inali yovuta—kupanga zinthu monga madalaivala a zipangizo zochedwa ndi ma interfaces a mafayilo m'malo ogwiritsira ntchito kunafuna njira yowunikiranso yovomerezeka ndi opanga kernel odziwa bwino ntchito. Linux.

Kubwera kwa mawonekedwe a eBPF kwafewetsa kwambiri njira yolembera mapulogalamu oterowo-chotchinga cholowera chatsitsidwa, omanga adzawonjezeka, ndipo anthu ammudzi adzatsitsimutsidwa.

Sindili ndekha mchisangalalo changa: Wopanga kernel wanthawi yayitali David Miller imalengeza kufunikira kwa eBPF pakukhalabe ndi moyo (!) kwa chilengedwe cha kernel development. Winanso, wodziwika bwino wopanga mapulogalamu Brendan Gregg (Ndine wokonda kwambiri) amatcha eBPF kukhala opambana, yomwe inali isanafanane kwa zaka 50.

Pakadali pano, Linus Torvalds nthawi zambiri samatamanda poyera zinthu ngati izi, ndipo ndikumumvetsetsa - ndani akufuna kudzipusitsa pagulu? 🙂

5. Linux ndinatsala pang'ono kuponya msomali womaliza m'bokosi la FreeBSD ndi mawonekedwe a io_uring osasinthasintha mu kernel Linux

Popeza tikulankhula za maziko Linux, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kusintha kwina kwakukulu komwe kwachitika chaka chino: kuphatikizidwa kwa maziko atsopano magwiridwe antchito apamwamba asynchronous I/O API io_uring ndi Jens Exboe kuchokera pa Facebook.

Kwa zaka zambiri, oyang'anira ndi opanga mapulogalamu a FreeBSD adatsimikizira chisankho chawo chifukwa chakuti FreeBSD inali ndi I/O yabwino kwambiri kuposa ya asynchronous kuposa LinuxMwachitsanzo, mfundo iyi adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu lipoti lake la 2014 Gleb Smirnov wochokera ku Nginx.

Tsopano masewera atembenuka. Mafayilo ogawidwa a Ceph asintha kale kugwiritsa ntchito io_uring. ndipo zotsatira zoyesa ntchito zimakhala zochititsa chidwi-kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito za I / O kumachokera ku 14% mpaka 102% malinga ndi kukula kwa chipika. Pali prototype yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito asynchronous I/O mu PostgreSQL (osachepera kwa wolemba zakumbuyo), ntchito ina ikukonzekera zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa PostgreSQL kukhala asynchronous I/O. Komabe, potengera kusamala kwa anthu otukula, sitiwona zosinthazi mu 2020.

6. Kubwerera kwachipambano kwa AMD ndi mzere wa purosesa wa Ryzen

Palibe chachilendo, kungoti AMD, kampani yomwe yatenga gawo lachiwiri pamsika, ikuphwanya mbiri pambuyo pake.

Mzere watsopano wa mapurosesa a Ryzen adawonetsa mtengo wodabwitsa / magwiridwe antchito: iwo lamulirani mndandanda wa mapurosesa ogulitsa kwambiri pa Amazon, komanso m'madera ena Kugulitsa kwa purosesa ya AMD kudaposa IntelPampikisano wopikisana, Intel amakakamizidwa kuchita zinthu zosavomerezeka kwambiri: imapangitsa mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi makina awoawo kuti aziyenda bwino pama processor opikisana nawo. Ngakhale zachinyengo za Intel, Mtengo wamsika wa AMD wafika pafupi ndi 2000 pamwamba..

7. Kutsatira AMD, Apple ikufuna kuluma pie ya Intel ndi iPadOS ndi njira zakale za Gates.

Pankhondo zapakati pa zimphona, aliyense yemwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chida nthawi zambiri amayesa kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo si AMD yokhayo yomwe imanena za nyambo ya Intel. Apple anachita ngati ng'ombe yakale mu nthabwala.

tidzatsika phirilo pang’onopang’onoNg’ombe yamphongo yokalamba ndi yaing’ono imaima pamwamba pa phiri, pamene gulu la ng’ombe limadya msipu.
Ng'ombe yamphongo imapereka yachikulire:
- Tamverani, tiyeni titsike mwachangu ndi kukankha ng'ombe.
ndipo mwamsanga, mwamsanga tikwera mmwamba!
- Ayi-o!
- Chabwino, ndiye, tiyeni titsike mwachangu, tigwetse ng'ombe ziwiri, ndipo mwachangu.
Tiyeni tikwere mmwamba mwachangu!
- Ayi-o!
- Chabwino, mukuganiza chiyani ndiye?
- Tidzatsika pang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kuphiri, tidzakoka gulu lonse ndi
Tiyeni pang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono kubwerera kumene ife tikuyenera!

Ndi kutulutsidwa kwa iPadOS yatsopano, Apple idagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa "zosokoneza zatsopano" motsutsana ndi Intel.

Kutanthauzira kwa Wikipedia

Zosintha zosokoneza ndizosintha zomwe zimasintha kuchuluka kwa mtengo pamsika. Pankhaniyi, zinthu zomwe zilipo kale zimakhala zopanda mpikisano chifukwa chakuti magawo omwe adatsogolera mpikisano amataya kufunikira kwake.

Zitsanzo za "zosokoneza zatsopano" zikuphatikizapo telefoni (yosinthidwa telegalafu), sitima zapamadzi (zoyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zomwe zasinthidwa), ma semiconductors (machubu olowa m'malo mwa vacuum), makamera a digito (makamera amafilimu osinthidwa), ndi imelo (kusokoneza makalata achikhalidwe).

Apple imagwiritsa ntchito mapurosesa ake omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa za ARM, ndipo izi zatsimikizira kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuposa kutsika pang'ono kwa Intel x86.

Apple ikutenga bwino gawo la msika posintha iPad kuchokera kumalo osangalatsa kukhala chida chokwanira chogwirira ntchito, choyamba kwa opanga zinthu ndipo tsopano kwa opanga. Ngakhale sitidzawona MacBook yochokera ku ARM posachedwa, zovuta zazing'ono zamakina a MacBook Pro zikuyendetsa kusaka kwa njira zina, ndipo iPad Pro yokhala ndi iPadOS ilonjeza kukhala imodzi mwazo.

Kodi Gates ndi Microsoft akugwirizana bwanji ndi izi?

Gates nthawi ina adakoka chinyengo chomwecho ndi IBM.

Mu zaka za m'ma 1970, IBM inali kulamulira msika wa ma seva, molimba mtima kunyalanyaza makompyuta a munthu wamba. Mu zaka za m'ma 1980, Gates adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama za IBM kupanga ndi kupereka ziphaso ku MS-DOS, kusunga ufulu wa makina ogwiritsira ntchito. Atalandira ndalamazo, Microsoft idapanga mawonekedwe ojambula a MS-DOS, ndipo dziko la makompyuta linabadwa. Windows — poyamba inali kungojambula zithunzi pa DOS, kenako makina oyamba ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta omwe ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anthu ambiri. IBM, kampani yayikulu komanso yovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, idataya msika wa makompyuta aumwini chifukwa cha Microsoft yachinyamata komanso yachangu. Ndafotokoza mwachidule nkhaniyi yodabwitsayi, kotero ngati mukufuna kudziwa momwe Apple idzapikisane ndi Intel mu 2020 ndi iPadOS, ndikupangira kwambiri. werengani mokwanira.

8. Kulimbitsa udindo wa ZFSonLinux — kavalo wokalamba sawononga mzera

Zovomerezeka adapereka mwayi wokhazikitsa Ubuntu kugwiritsa ntchito makina a fayilo a ZFS ngati makina a fayilo ya mizu mwachindunji kuchokera kwa wokhazikitsa. Nthawi zina ndimaganiza kuti mainjiniya omwe ankagwira ntchito ku Sun Microsystems akuyimira mtundu wina wa zamoyo wa Homo sapiens (Brian Cantrill ndi Brendan Gregg omwe tawatchulawa ankagwira ntchito ku Sun). Dziweruzeni nokha, ngakhale kuti anthu akhala akuyesetsa kwa zaka zambiri kupanga chinthu chofanana ndi makina a mafayilo a ZFS, ngakhale kuti pali zoletsa zazikulu zomwe zimaletsa kuphatikizidwa kwa ZFS source code mu nthambi yayikulu yopanga kernel. Linux, tikugwiritsabe ntchito ZFS ndipo izi sizisintha posachedwa.

9. Kampani Yamakompyuta ya Oxide - tikhala tikuyang'anitsitsa gulu ili, omwe ali okhoza kwambiri - ngakhale pang'ono, kupanga chiwonetsero chabwino.

Ndimaliza mndandanda wanga ndikutchulanso za Brian Cantrill, yemwe ndidayamba naye.

Brian Cantrill ndi mainjiniya ena (ena omwe anali antchito akale a Sun) adayambitsa kampani yotchedwa Oxide Computer Company, omwe cholinga chawo chachikulu ndi kupanga nsanja ya seva yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti makampani akuluakulu monga Google, Facebook, ndi Amazon sagwiritsa ntchito zida za seva zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Kampani ya Brian ikufuna kuthana ndi kusiyana kumeneku popanga zida zamapulogalamu ndi mapulogalamu oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ntchito iliyonse yamtambo (kuphatikiza chilankhulo cha Rust).

Lingaliro lawo ndilolonjezano la kusintha kwatsopano, ndipo, ngakhale pang'ono, ndikhala ndikuwonera mosangalala kusuntha kwa malingaliro awo ndi chitukuko chawo mu 2020 ikubwera.

Zomwe tidachita mu 2019 ku VDSina

Sitinapange zopambana zaukadaulo ndi VDSina mu 2019, komabe tili ndi chonyadira.

Mu February, tidawonjezera kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito netiweki yakomweko pakati pa maseva ndikuyambitsa ntchito yolembetsa madambwe. Tinapanga mtengo kukhala wotsika kwambiri pamsika-179 rubles kwa .ru/.rf, kuphatikizapo kukonzanso.

Mu Marichi, tidalankhula ku IT Global Meetup #14.

Mu April, tinawonjezera bandwidth pa seva iliyonse kuchokera ku 100 mpaka 200 megabits, ndipo tinawonjezera kwambiri malire a magalimoto a mapulani onse (kupatulapo otsika mtengo) mpaka 32 TB pamwezi.

Mu Julayi, makasitomala adapatsidwa mwayi wokhazikitsa okha Windows Server 2019. Chitetezo cha DDoS chaulere chinayamba kuperekedwa mkati mwa Moscow.
Komanso mu Julayi, kampani yathu idawonekera pa Habr, ndikupanga kuwonekera kwake Nkhani yokhudza momwe tidalembera gulu lathu lowongolera ndi momwe zinatithandizira kuti tidutse bwino pakuthandizira makasitomala.

Mu Ogasiti, tidawonjezeranso kuthekera kopanga zithunzithunzi - zosunga zobwezeretsera za maseva.
Tatulutsa API yapagulu.
Kuchulukitsa kukula kwa tchanelo pa seva iliyonse kuchokera pa 200 mpaka 500 megabits.
Tidatenga nawo gawo pamsonkhano wa Chaos Constructions 2019, ndikupereka zikwapu zokhala ndi logo ya kampani ngati malonda (mawu a kampeni anali "Pamene wopanga ali pamwamba") ndikuwomba macheza a Telegraph.

Mu Seputembala, tidayambitsa akaunti yabwino kwambiri ya Instagram ya kampani ya IT - idayamba kugawana nkhani komanso moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa VDSina. galu wopanga.

Mu Novembala, tidapita ku Highload ++, tidatenga nawo gawo pazokambirana zozungulira za "Databases in Kubernetes," ndikuveka otenga nawo mbali zipewa za shark.

Mu Disembala, adapereka nkhani pazosungidwa ku Kubernetes pamsonkhano wa DevOps kuofesi ya GazpromNeft komanso pamsonkhano wa DevOpsDays ku Moscow. ndi lipoti la kutopa, zomwe zinalidi ntchito yanga yabwino kwambiri mchakachi.

Pomaliza

Monga momwe Nassim Taleb adanenera, n'zosavuta kuneneratu zomwe sitidzaziona. Ndikufuna kunena kuti chilichonse chatsopano chomwe tidzachiwona mu 2020 chinayambira mu 2019, 2018, komanso koyambirira. Sindidzayesa kuneneratu zamtsogolo molondola, koma 2020 sidzakhala chaka chomwechi. Linux pa kompyuta (komaliza munawona kompyuta yanu liti?) ndi chaka chomwe Linux Takhala tikuwona izi pa mafoni kwa zaka pafupifupi khumi tsopano.

Mulimonsemo, ndikuyembekeza kuti chaka chimodzi tidzakumananso ndikukambirana momwe zonse zidakhalira.

Matchuthi abwino omwe akubwera kwa aliyense!

Tsatirani wopanga wathu pa Instagram

Source: www.habr.com