Ana onse a sukulu amadziwa kuti dziko lapansi lagawidwa m'magulu atatu (kapena anayi) akuluakulu: kutumphuka, malaya ndi pachimake. Izi ndizowona, ngakhale kuti izi sizimaganizira zigawo zingapo zowonjezera zomwe asayansi azindikira, chimodzi mwazo, mwachitsanzo, ndi kusintha kwa malaya.
Mu kafukufuku wofalitsidwa pa February 15, 2019, katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka Jessica Irving komanso wophunzira wa master Wenbo Wu wa ku yunivesite ya Princeton, mogwirizana ndi Sidao Ni wa Geodetic and Geophysical Institute ku China, adagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zinapezedwa kuchokera ku chivomezi champhamvu cha 1994 ku Bolivia kuti apeze mapiri. ndi zinthu zina zapamtunda pamwamba pa zone yosinthira mkati mwa chovalacho. Chosanjikiza ichi, chomwe chili pamtunda wa makilomita 660 pansi pa nthaka, chimalekanitsa chovala chapamwamba ndi chapansi (popanda dzina lovomerezeka lachisanjirochi, ofufuzawo amachitcha kuti "malire a makilomita 660").
Pofuna “kuyang’ana” pansi pa nthaka mozama kwambiri, asayansi anagwiritsa ntchito mafunde amphamvu kwambiri padzikoli, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zivomezi zamphamvu. "Mufunika chivomezi champhamvu, chakuya kuti mugwedeze dziko," adatero Jessica Irving, wothandizira pulofesa wa geoscience.
Zivomezi zazikulu zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri kuposa wamba—mphamvu zake zimachulukitsa kuwirikiza katatu ndi sitepe iliyonse yowonjezereka pa sikelo ya Richter. Irving amapeza deta yake yabwino kwambiri kuchokera ku zivomezi zamphamvu 30 ndi pamwamba chifukwa mafunde a zivomezi omwe amatumizidwa ndi zivomezi zazikuluzikuluzi zimafalikira mbali zosiyanasiyana ndipo amatha kudutsa pakati kupita ku mbali ina ya dziko lapansi ndi kubwerera. Pa kafukufukuyu, mfundo zazikuluzikulu zinachokera ku mafunde a chivomezi champhamvu 7.0—chivomezi chachiwiri chakuya kwambiri chimene akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka sanachitepo—chimene chinagwedeza dziko la Bolivia mu 8.3.
“Zivomezi zamtundu umenewu sizichitika kawirikawiri. Ndife amwayi kwambiri kuti tsopano pali makina ambiri oyendera ma seismometer omwe adayikidwa padziko lonse lapansi kuposa momwe zinalili zaka 20 zapitazo. Seismology yasinthanso kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi za 20, chifukwa cha zida zatsopano ndi mphamvu zamakompyuta.
Akatswiri ofufuza za zivomezi ndi asayansi a deta amagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri, monga Princeton's Tiger cluster supercomputer, kutengera khalidwe locholowana la kumwaza mafunde a zivomezi pansi pa nthaka.
Matekinoloje amatengera zomwe mafunde amafunikira: kuthekera kwawo kuwonekera ndikusinthidwa. Monga momwe mafunde opepuka amatha kuuluka (kunyengerera) kuchoka pagalasi kapena kupindika (refract) akadutsa pamtengowo, mafunde amphamvu amayenda m'miyala yofanana koma amawonekera kapena kusinthidwa akakumana ndi malo ovuta m'njira yawo.
"Tikudziwa kuti pafupifupi zinthu zonse zimakhala ndi malo osagwirizana ndipo zimatha kumwaza kuwala," adatero Wenbo Wu, wolemba wamkulu wa kafukufukuyu, yemwe posachedwapa adalandira digiri ya udokotala mu geonomy ndipo pakali pano akutsata chiyanjano cha postdoctoral ku California Institute of Technology. "Chifukwa cha izi, "tikhoza "kuwona" zinthu izi - mafunde omwaza amanyamula chidziwitso cha kuuma kwa malo omwe amakumana nawo panjira yawo. Mu phunziro ili, tinayang'ana kufalikira kwa mafunde a seismic akuyenda mkati mwa dziko lapansi kuti adziwe "kukalipa" kwa malire a 660-kilomita omwe apezeka.
Ofufuzawo adadabwa ndi momwe malire awa alili "ovuta" - kuposa momwe timakhalira. "Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chigawo chapansi ichi chili ndi malo ovuta kwambiri kuposa mapiri a Rocky kapena mapiri a Appalachian," adatero Wu. Chiwerengero chawo sichinathe kudziwa kutalika kwenikweni kwa mapiri apansi panthaka, koma pali mwayi woti iwo ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa chilichonse padziko lapansi. Asayansi adawonanso kuti malire a makilomita 660 amagawidwanso mosagwirizana. Momwemonso kuti mtunda wamtunda uli ndi malo osalala a nyanja m'madera ena ndi mapiri akuluakulu m'madera ena, malire a 660 km alinso ndi madera ovuta komanso osalala pamwamba pake. Ofufuzawo adayang'ananso zigawo zapansi pamtunda wa makilomita a 410 ndi pamwamba pa chovala chapakati, koma sanathe kupeza zovuta zofanana ndi izi.
"Anapeza kuti malire a makilomita 660 ndi ovuta kwambiri monga momwe zimakhalira pamwamba," adatero katswiri wa seismologist Christina Hauser, pulofesa wothandizira ku Tokyo Institute of Technology yemwe sanachite nawo kafukufukuyu. "Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde a zivomezi opangidwa ndi zivomezi zamphamvu kuti apeze kusiyana kwa 3-kilomita kutalika kwa mtunda wa makilomita 660 mozama pansi pa nthaka ndi chinthu chosayerekezeka ... Zomwe apeza zikutanthauza kuti m'tsogolomu, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono zamakono, tidzakhala. wokhoza kuzindikira zizindikiro zosadziŵika m’mbuyomo , zimene zidzatiululira zatsopano za m’kati mwa pulaneti lathu.”
Katswiri wodziwa za zivomezi Jessica Irving, wothandizira pulofesa wa geophysics, ali ndi miyala iwiri yochokera ku yunivesite ya Princeton yomwe ili ndi chitsulo ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ndi mbali ya mapulaneti a dziko lapansi.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Denis Appelwhite.
Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani?
Kukhalapo kwa malo ovuta m'malire a makilomita 660 ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe dziko lathu limapangidwira ndikugwira ntchito. Chigawo chimenechi chimagawaniza chovalacho, chomwe chimapanga pafupifupi 84 peresenti ya mphamvu ya dziko lapansi, kukhala pamwamba ndi pansi. Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka akhala akukangana za kufunika kwa malire amenewa. Makamaka, adaphunzira momwe kutentha kumayendetsedwera pachovalacho - komanso ngati miyala yotentha imasuntha kuchokera kumalire a Gutenberg (wosanjikiza wolekanitsa chovalacho kuchokera pachimake pakuya kwa makilomita 2900) mpaka pamwamba pa chovalacho, kapena ngati kusuntha uku. imasokonezedwa pamalire a 660-kilomita. Umboni wina wa geochemical ndi mineralogical umasonyeza kuti zigawo zakumwamba ndi zapansi za chovalacho zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala, zomwe zimachirikiza lingaliro lakuti zigawo ziwirizo ndi zosagwirizana ndi thermally kapena thupi. Zowona zina zimasonyeza kuti malaya apamwamba ndi otsika alibe kusiyana kwa mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mkangano pa zomwe zimatchedwa "chovala chosakanikirana bwino," pamene zigawo zonse za chovalacho zimagwira nawo ntchito yozungulira kutentha kwapakati.
"Phunziro lathu limapereka chidziwitso chatsopano pamkanganowu," adatero Wenbo Wu. Zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti mbali zonse ziwiri zitha kukhala zolondola. Mzere wosalala wa malire a 660 km ukhoza kupangidwa chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kosasunthika, komwe kumakhala mapiri, madera amapiri angakhale atapanga kumene kusakanikirana kwa malaya apamwamba ndi apansi sikunayende bwino.
Komanso, ndi "roughness" wa wosanjikiza pa malire anapeza anapezeka pa sikelo lalikulu, sing'anga ndi yaing'ono ndi asayansi kafukufuku, amene mwa chiphunzitso akhoza chifukwa cha anomalies matenthedwe kapena heterogeneity mankhwala. Koma chifukwa cha momwe kutentha kumayendetsedwera mu chobvalacho, Wu akufotokoza, vuto lililonse laling'ono laling'ono limatha kuwongoleredwa mkati mwa zaka mamiliyoni angapo. Choncho, kokha mankhwala heterogeneity akhoza kufotokoza roughness wa wosanjikiza.
Nchiyani chingayambitse kusiyanasiyana kwamankhwala koteroko? Mwachitsanzo, maonekedwe a miyala mu zigawo za chobvala cha pansi kutumphuka ndipo anasamukira kumeneko kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Asayansi akhala akukangana kwanthawi yayitali za tsogolo la mbale zomwe zili pansi panyanja zomwe zimakankhidwa muchovala ndi madera omwe amawombana ndi nyanja ya Pacific ndi madera ena padziko lapansi. Weibo Wu ndi a Jessica Irving akuwonetsa kuti zotsalira za mbalezi zitha kukhala pamwamba kapena pansi pa malire a makilomita 660.
"Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndizovuta kuphunzira momwe dziko lapansi lilili komanso kusintha kwake m'zaka 4.5 biliyoni zapitazi pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde a seismic. Irving ananena kuti: “Komatu zimenezi n’zoona.” “Kafukufukuyu watithandiza kudziwa zambiri zokhudza tsogolo la mbale zakale za m’madzi zimene zinkagwera m’chovalacho kwa zaka mabiliyoni ambiri.”
Pomaliza, Irving anawonjezera kuti, "Ndikuganiza kuti seismology ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri ikamatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe dziko lathu lilili mumlengalenga ndi nthawi."
Kuchokera kwa wolemba kumasulira: Nthawi zonse ndimafuna kuyesa dzanja langa kumasulira nkhani yotchuka ya sayansi kuchokera ku Chingerezi kupita ku Chirasha, koma sindimayembekezera zingati ndizovuta. Ulemu waukulu kwa iwo omwe amamasulira pafupipafupi komanso moyenera nkhani za Habré. Kuti mumasulire mawu mwaukadaulo, simuyenera kungodziwa Chingerezi, komanso kumvetsetsa mutuwo powerenga magwero a chipani chachitatu. Onjezani "gag" pang'ono kuti imveke bwino, komanso musapitirire, kuti musawononge nkhaniyo. Zikomo kwambiri powerenga :)
Source: www.habr.com