Momwe mungaphunzirire kuphunzira. Gawo 3 - phunzitsani kukumbukira kwanu "molingana ndi sayansi"

Timapitiriza nkhani yathu ya njira zomwe, zotsimikiziridwa ndi zoyesera za sayansi, zingathandize pophunzira pa msinkhu uliwonse. MU gawo loyamba tidakambirana malingaliro odziwikiratu monga "chizoloŵezi chabwino cha tsiku ndi tsiku" ndi zina za moyo wathanzi. Mu gawo lachiwiri nkhaniyo inali ya momwe doodling imakuthandizani kusunga bwino zinthu mu nkhani, ndi mmene kuganiza za mayeso akubwera limakupatsani giredi apamwamba.

Lero tikukamba za malangizo ochokera kwa asayansi omwe amakuthandizani kukumbukira zambiri bwino ndikuyiwala mfundo zofunika pang'onopang'ono.

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Kufotokozera - kukumbukira mwa kumvetsa

Njira imodzi yokumbukira bwino zambiri (mwachitsanzo, mayeso ofunikira asanalembe) ndi nthano. Tiyeni tione chifukwa chake. Kusimba nthano - "kudziwitsana zambiri kudzera m'mbiri" - ndi njira yomwe tsopano yadziwika m'malo ambiri: kuyambira kutsatsa ndi kutsatsa mpaka zofalitsa zamtundu wabodza. Chofunikira chake, m'mawonekedwe ake ambiri, ndikuti wofotokozera amatembenuza mndandanda wazinthu kukhala nkhani, mndandanda wa zochitika zolumikizana.

Nkhani zoterezi zimawoneka zosavuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi deta yolumikizidwa momasuka, kotero njira iyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poloweza zinthu - yesetsani kupanga mfundo zomwe ziyenera kukumbukiridwa mu nkhani (kapena nkhani zingapo). Zoonadi, njira iyi imafuna luso ndi khama lalikulu - makamaka ngati mukufuna, mwachitsanzo, kukumbukira umboni wa theorem - pankhani ya ndondomeko, palibe nthawi ya nkhani.

Komabe, munkhaniyi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosagwirizana ndi nthano. Chimodzi mwazosankhazo chikuperekedwa, makamaka, ndi asayansi ochokera ku Columbia University (USA), zosindikizidwa chaka chatha zotsatira za phunziro lake mu magazini Psychological Science.

Akatswiri omwe adagwira ntchito pa phunziroli adaphunzira zotsatira za njira yovuta yowunikira chidziwitso cha luso la kuzindikira ndi kukumbukira deta. Njira yotsutsa imakhala ngati kutsutsana ndi "wokayikira wamkati" yemwe sakhutira ndi zotsutsana zanu ndikufunsani zonse zomwe mukunena.

Momwe phunziroli linachitikira: Ophunzira a 60 omwe adayesapo adapatsidwa deta yolowera. Adaphatikizanso zambiri za "zisankho za mameya mumzinda wina X": mapulogalamu andale a ofuna kusankhidwa komanso kufotokozera zovuta za tawuni yopeka. Gulu lolamulira linafunsidwa kuti lilembe nkhani yokhudzana ndi zoyenera za aliyense wa ofuna kusankhidwa, ndipo gulu loyesera linafunsidwa kuti lifotokoze zokambirana pakati pa omwe atenga nawo mbali pachiwonetsero cha ndale kukambirana za ofuna. Magulu onsewa (olamulira ndi oyesera) adafunsidwa kuti alembe mawu pawailesi yakanema mokomera omwe amawakonda.

Zinapezeka kuti muzochitika zomaliza, gulu loyesera linapereka mfundo zowonjezereka, linagwiritsa ntchito chinenero cholondola, ndikuwonetsa kumvetsetsa bwino za nkhaniyi. M'mawu a malo a TV, ophunzira ochokera ku gulu loyesera adawonetsa kusiyana pakati pa ofuna kusankhidwa ndi mapulogalamu awo ndipo adapereka zambiri za momwe omwe amawakonda akukonzekera kuthetsa mavuto akumidzi.

Komanso, gulu loyesera linanena malingaliro awo molondola kwambiri: pakati pa ophunzira onse omwe ali mu gulu loyesera, 20% okha adanena mawu mu script yomaliza ya malo a TV omwe sanagwirizane ndi mfundo (ie, deta yolowetsa). Mu gulu lolamulira, 60% ya ophunzira adalankhula mawu otere.

Kodi lengezani olemba nkhaniyo, kuphunzira kwa malingaliro osiyanasiyana otsutsa okhudza nkhani inayake kumathandizira kuti tiphunzire bwino kwambiri. Njira iyi imakhudza momwe mumaonera chidziwitso - "kukambitsirana kwamkati ndi wotsutsa" kumakulolani kuti musamangotenga chidziwitso pa chikhulupiriro. Mumayamba kufunafuna njira zina, perekani zitsanzo ndi umboni - ndikumvetsetsa nkhaniyi mozama ndikukumbukira zambiri zothandiza.

Njira iyi, mwachitsanzo, imakuthandizani kukonzekera bwino mafunso ovuta a mayeso. Inde, simungathe kulosera zonse zomwe mphunzitsi angakufunseni, koma mudzakhala otsimikiza kwambiri komanso okonzeka - chifukwa "mwasewera" zochitika zomwezo m'mutu mwanu.

Kuyiwala kopindika

Ngati kudzilankhula nokha ndi njira yabwino yomvetsetsa bwino zambiri, ndiye kudziwa momwe mapindikira oyiwala amagwirira ntchito (komanso momwe angapusitsire) kudzakuthandizani kusunga zambiri zothandiza kwa nthawi yayitali. Choyenera ndikusunga chidziwitso chomwe mwapeza munkhaniyo mpaka mayeso (ndipo, koposa zonse, pambuyo pake).

Kuyiwala kopindika Sichidziwitso chatsopano, mawuwa adayambitsidwa koyamba ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku Germany Hermann Ebbinghaus mu 1885. Ebbinghaus adaphunzira kukumbukira kwa rote ndipo adatha kupeza machitidwe pakati pa nthawi yomwe deta idapezedwa, kuchuluka kwa kubwereza, ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chomwe chimasungidwa kukumbukira.

Ebbinghaus adayesa pakuphunzitsa "kukumbukira kwamakina" - kuloweza mawu opanda tanthauzo omwe sayenera kudzutsa mayanjano pamtima. Ndizovuta kwambiri kukumbukira zachabechabe (zotsatizanazi "zimachotsa" pamtima mosavuta) - komabe, njira yoyiwala "imagwiranso ntchito" pokhudzana ndi deta yofunikira kwambiri.

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Mwachitsanzo, mu maphunziro a kuyunivesite, mutha kutanthauzira njira yoyiwala motere: Mutangopita ku maphunziro, mumadziwa zambiri. Itha kutchulidwa kuti 100% (pafupifupi, "mumadziwa zonse zomwe mukudziwa").

Ngati tsiku lotsatira simubwereranso ku zolemba zanu ndikubwereza zomwezo, ndiye kuti pakutha kwa tsikulo 20-50% yokha ya zonse zomwe mwalandira paphunzirolo zidzatsalira m'chikumbukiro chanu (tikubwereza, izi siziri Gawani zidziwitso zonse zomwe mphunzitsi adapereka paphunziroli , koma pazonse zomwe mudakwanitsa kukumbukira paphunzirolo). Pakatha mwezi umodzi, ndi njirayi, mudzatha kukumbukira za 2-3% ya zomwe mwalandira - chifukwa chake, musanayambe mayeso, muyenera kukhala pansi pa chiphunzitsocho ndikuphunzira matikiti pafupifupi kuyambira pachiyambi.

Yankho apa ndi losavuta - kuti musaloweza pamtima zambiri "monga nthawi yoyamba," ndizokwanira kubwereza zomwezo kuchokera ku zolemba kapena kuchokera m'buku. Zachidziwikire, iyi ndi njira yotopetsa, koma imatha kupulumutsa nthawi yambiri mayeso asanachitike (ndikuphatikiza chidziwitso pakukumbukira kwanthawi yayitali). Kubwerezabwereza mu nkhaniyi kumakhala chizindikiro chomveka bwino ku ubongo kuti chidziwitsochi ndi chofunikira kwambiri. Chotsatira chake, njirayo idzalola kuti zonse zisungidwe bwino za chidziwitso komanso "kutsegula" mofulumira kwa kuzipeza pa nthawi yoyenera.

Mwachitsanzo, Canadian University of Waterloo limalangiza ophunzira anu amamatira ku njira zotsatirazi: “Cholinga chachikulu ndicho kuthera pafupifupi theka la ola kubwereza zimene zakambidwa mkati mwa mlungu ndi kuyambira ola limodzi ndi theka kufika pa ola laŵiri kumapeto kwa mlungu. Ngakhale mutangobwereza zambiri masiku 4-5 pa sabata, mudzakumbukirabe zambiri kuposa 2-3% ya zomwe zikanakhalabe m’chikumbukiro chanu ngati simunachite kalikonse.”

TL; DR

• Kuti mukumbukire bwino zambiri, yesani kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofotokozera nkhani. Mukagwirizanitsa mfundo mu nkhani, nkhani, mumakumbukira bwino. Zoonadi, njirayi imafuna kukonzekera kwakukulu ndipo sikothandiza nthawi zonse - zimakhala zovuta kubwera ndi nkhani ngati mukuyenera kuloweza maumboni a masamu kapena fizikisi.

• Pankhaniyi, njira ina yabwino yofotokozera nkhani "zachikhalidwe" ndikukambirana nanu. Kuti mumvetse bwino nkhaniyi, yesetsani kuganiza kuti wolankhulana naye amakutsutsani, ndipo mukuyesera kumutsimikizira. Mawonekedwewa ndi ochulukirapo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ali ndi zinthu zingapo zabwino. Choyamba, zimalimbikitsa kuganiza mozama (simuvomereza mfundo zomwe mukuyesera kukumbukira, koma penyani umboni wotsimikizira malingaliro anu). Kachiwiri, njirayi imakupatsani mwayi womvetsetsa bwino nkhaniyi. Chachitatu, komanso chothandiza kwambiri pokonzekera mayeso, njirayi imakupatsani mwayi wobwereza mafunso ovuta komanso zolepheretsa yankho lanu. Inde, kubwerezabwereza koteroko kungawononge nthaŵi, koma nthaŵi zina kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa kuyesa kuloŵeza nkhaniyo mwamakina.

• Ponena za kuphunzira pamtima, kumbukirani poto woyiwala. Kubwereza zomwe mwaphunzira (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera m'zolemba) kwa mphindi zosachepera 30 tsiku lililonse kudzakuthandizani kusunga zambiri m'maganizo mwanu - kotero kuti tsiku lotsatira mayeso musadzaphunzire mutuwo. kuyambira pachiyambi. Ogwira ntchito ku yunivesite ya Waterloo amalangiza kuchita zoyeserera ndikuyesera njira iyi yobwereza osachepera milungu iwiri - ndikuwunika zotsatira zanu.

• Ndipo ngati mukuda nkhawa kuti zolemba zanu sizophunzitsa, yesani njira zomwe tidalemba m'zinthu zam'mbuyo.

Source: www.habr.com