Momwe mungakwerere kumlengalenga ndikukhala woyendetsa ndege

Moni! Lero ndilankhula za momwe mungapitire kumwamba, zomwe muyenera kuchita pa izi, ndi ndalama zingati. Ndigawananso zomwe ndakhala ndikuphunzitsidwa kuti ndikhale woyendetsa ndege payekha ku UK ndikuchotsa nthano zina zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndege. Pali zolemba zambiri ndi zithunzi pansi pa odulidwa :)

Ndege yoyamba

Choyamba, tiyeni tione momwe tingayendere kumbuyo kwa helm. Ngakhale ndimaphunzira ku London, ndimayesetsa kuwuluka m'maiko onse omwe ndimayendera. M'mayiko onse izi zimachitika pafupifupi mofanana.

San Francisco kuchokera ku 3000 mapazi, kulowa kwa dzuwa

Choyamba, tifunika kupeza bwalo la ndege lapafupi ndi ife. Kwa Russia, Ukraine, Belarus ndi Kazakhstan ndizomveka kutsegula map.aopa.ru ndipo yang'anani mabwalo a ndege kumeneko. Ku Europe / USA mutha kungoyang'ana ma eyapoti a Google. Tikufuna mabwalo a ndege ang'onoang'ono (Heathrow sangachite!) pafupi ndi mzinda momwe tingathere. Ngati kusaka kulibe kanthu, mutha kukhazikitsa mtundu woyeserera wa ForeFlight / Garmin Pilot / SkyDemon ndikuyang'ana mabwalo a ndege pamapu. Pamapeto pake, mutha kufunsa oyendetsa ndege omwe mumawadziwa (ngati muli nawo) kuti akuthandizeni kapena kuyang'ana macheza oyendetsa ndege pa Telegraph.

Nawu mndandanda wamabwalo andege omwe ndimadziwa kumizinda ina:

• Москва
  • Aerograd Mozhaisky
  • Vatulino ndege
• Saint Petersburg
  • Gostilitsy ndege
• Kyiv
  • Chaika airfield
  • Borodyanka ndege
  • Gogolev Aerodrome
• London
  • Elstree Aerodrome
  • Ndege ya Biggin Hill
  • Stapleford Aerodrome
  • Rochester Airport
• Paris
  • Saint-Cyr Aerodrome
• Cannes, Zabwino
  • Airport Cannes Mandelieu
• Roma
  • Rome Urban Airport
• New York
  • Republic Airport
• San Francisco, Oakland, Valley
  • Hayward Executive Airport

Tikapeza bwalo la ndege, tiyenera kufufuza tsamba lake kuti tidziwe zambiri za masukulu oyendetsa ndege. M'malo mwake, mutha kuyambitsa sukulu ya ndege ya Googling. Ngati simunapeze sukulu yophunzirira za ndege, yang'anani "maulendo apandege ku St. Petersburg." Ntchito yathu tsopano ndikupeza wina wokonzeka kutiwonetsa dziko la ndege.

Tsopano chomwe chatsala ndikulumikizana ndi yemwe tapeza. Timayimba ndikupempha mwayi wokwera ndege pamalo owongolera (mu Chingerezi izi ndi mayesero kapena ndege yamphatso), timasungitsa tsiku loyenera kwa ife ndipo ndi momwemo. Simufunikanso kuchita china chilichonse.

Ndinu foni imodzi yokha kuchoka paulendo weniweni pa ndege yeniyeni. Mosiyana ndi nthano zodziwika bwino, simuyenera kukayezetsa VLEK (kuyesa kwachipatala) kapena kukhoza mayeso amalingaliro kuti muchite izi. Zimagwira ntchito ngakhale mutakhala oyendera alendo. Ngakhale simukudziwa momwe mungawulukire ndege.

Chisangalalochi chidzawononga pafupifupi $220 pa ola limodzi. Chiwerengerochi chikuphatikizapo: mtengo wamafuta, ndalama zokonzetsera ndegeyo, malipiro a mphunzitsi wanu, komanso ndalama zonyamuka ndi kukatera pabwalo la ndege. Mtengo ukhoza kusiyana pang'ono kutengera dziko (ku England ndi okwera mtengo pang'ono, ku Russia ndi otsika mtengo). Inde, izi sizosangalatsa zotsika mtengo, koma nthawi yomweyo sizokwera mtengo kwambiri zakuthambo. Simuyenera kukhala miliyoneya kuti mubwereke ndege yachinsinsi. Nthawi zambiri amakulolani kubweretsa okwera, ndipo amathanso kugawana nanu mtengo waulendo wa pandege.

Nditsindika padera: Ndikosavuta kubwera kumwamba, zomwe mukusowa ndi kuyitana kumodzi. Ndipo ndizoyenera. Palibe mawu, zithunzi kapena makanema omwe angafotokoze zomveka zomwe zimatseguka panthawi yaulendo.. Munthu aliyense ali ndi zake. Uku ndikumverera kwaufulu, kudzoza ndi malingaliro atsopano. Kugwira moyo wanu m'manja mwanu ndikowopsya pang'ono poyamba, ngakhale ndi mphunzitsi pafupi. Komabe, ndege yoyamba itatha, kuzindikira kumabwera kuti muyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti muyambe kutenga zoopsa. Kuwuluka sikovuta kuposa kuyendetsa galimoto, kumangofunika chidziwitso chokwanira kuti muwuluke bwino. Mlangizi amayang'anira chitetezo.

Khalani okonzeka kupewedwa kunyamuka ndikutera paulendo wanu woyamba. Kawirikawiri, mabwalo a ndege oyendetsa ndege payekha sakhala aakulu kwambiri ndipo ali ndi zinthu zingapo zapaderalo (mitengo yomwe ili kumapeto kwa msewu wonyamukira ndege, msewu wawung'ono, msewu wadothi, "humpbacked" runway). Palibe chilichonse kupatulapo chilichonse kwa iwo omwe amakonda kuwuluka mu simulator komanso oyendetsa ndege. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa zidziwitso zatsopano kudzakhala kochulukirapo, kotero kuti musatope :)

Madzi ochititsa chidwi pafupi ndi Roma

Zilolezo zoyendetsa ndege

Chabwino, tinene kuti ulendo wa pandege wachita bwino kwa inu ndipo mukufuna kukhala ndi laisensi yanu. Kodi ndizovuta kuchotsa izi? Yankho limatengera chilolezo chomwe mukufuna. Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu yamalayisensi.

PPL (License Yoyendetsa Payekha, chilolezo choyendetsa payekha)

Zida:

• Maulendo osachita malonda pandege. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mulibe ufulu wopeza ndalama pa izi
• Komabe, m'maiko ena mutha kugawana mtengo wamafuta ndi okwera (inde, mutha kubweretsa okwera)
• Mutha kuwuluka pagulu lalikulu la ndege, kuchokera ku ndege za pistoni kupita ku jeti zina.
• Simungathe kuwuluka ndege zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa pansi pa layisensi yamalonda (monga Boeing kapena Airbus)
• Mutha kubwereka ndege kuchokera kumagulu oyendetsa ndege kapena kugula zanu (ndipo ndizotsika mtengo kuposa momwe zikuwonekera)
• Layisensi ndi yovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi, choletsa chokha ndichakuti mutha kuwuluka pa ndege zolembetsedwa mdziko lomwe lapereka chilolezo (ku America mutha kuwuluka ndi layisensi yaku Russia pa ndege yaku Russia)
• Mutha kubwera ku Russia ndi layisensi yakunja ndikupeza layisensi yaku Russia osaphunzitsidwa konse (potero mumatsegula ndege zonse zaku Russia). Njira imeneyi imatchedwa kutsimikizira.
• Itha kuwoloka malire apadziko lonse lapansi

amafuna:

• Satifiketi yachipatala yotsimikizira kuti ndinu oyenera kuwuluka. Zofunikira zosinthika, kuphatikiza masomphenya
• Anamaliza chiphunzitso maphunziro, yosavuta. Zambiri pansipa
• Kukhala ndi nthawi yochepa yothawa (maola 42 ku Russia / 45 ku Ulaya / 40 ku States)
• Anapambana mayeso oyeserera

Lakhta Center, St

Zilolezo zamalonda zimabisika pansi pa wowononga

CPL (License Yoyendetsa Zamalonda, chilolezo choyendetsa ndege)

Zida:

• Zonse ndi zofanana ndi za PPL
• Kugwira ntchito kumakampani oyendetsa ndege kapena oyendetsa ndege
• Maulendo apandege okwera ndege

amafuna:

• Kupezeka kwa PPL
• Pafupifupi maola 200 a nthawi ya ndege ya PPL
• Kuwunika kwachipatala mokhazikika
• Mayeso okhwima kwambiri

ATPL (Airline Transport Pilot License)

Zida:

• Chilichonse ndi chofanana ndi CPL
• Mwayi wogwira ntchito ngati woyendetsa ndege pa ndege

amafuna:

• Kupezeka kwa CPL
• Kupezeka kwa pafupifupi maola 1500 a nthawi yowuluka pansi pa CPL
• Nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa kukhala ndi laisensi ndi oyendetsa ndege

Monga mukuwonera, mulingo uliwonse wotsatira wa layisensi umafunikira wam'mbuyo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mukalandira laisensi yanu yoyendetsa ndege, mutsegula mwayi wopeza laisensi yoyendetsa ndege ndikutha kulowa nawo ndege (sikugwira ntchito ku Russia, akufunabe dipuloma yaku koleji).

Kuwonjezera malayisensi, ndi bwino kutchula otchedwa mavoti, zomwe zimatsegula mwayi wowonjezera pamtundu uliwonse wa layisensi:

• Usiku Rating - ndege usiku
• Mavoti a Zipangizo - maulendo apandege mu zida (mwachitsanzo, mu chifunga). Komanso amakulolani kuwuluka pa airways
• Chiwerengero cha Multi-Engine - maulendo apandege okhala ndi injini ziwiri kapena zingapo
• Type Rating - maulendo apandege pamtundu wina wa ndege. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi ndege zovuta, monga Airbus kapena Boeing
• Ndipo gulu la ena, kuti zigwirizane ndi kukoma kwanu ndi malingaliro anu

Apa ndi kupitilira apo tiwona mbali zophunzitsira pa PPL - pakalibe china chilichonse kuchokera kwa wolemba :)

Njira yopita ku London

Asanayambe maphunziro

Pali mabungwe ambiri akunja omwe amakhazikitsa zilolezo, koma awiri ndioyenera kuunikira:

• FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) - zilolezo za USA
• EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency) - zilolezo ku Europe konse (ndiko kuti, mutha kuwuluka ndege yaku France ndi chilolezo choyendetsa ndege ku Italy)

Kuti mupeze ziphaso za FAA, nthawi zambiri mumawulukira ku Florida. Pali nyengo yabwino komanso masukulu ambiri osankhidwa, koma mitengo yake si yotsika mtengo. Kapenanso, mutha kuphunzira m'chigawo chapakati cha States (mwachitsanzo, ku Texas), komwe mitengo idzakhala yotsika pang'ono.

EASA imapezeka ku Spain, Czech Republic kapena mayiko a Baltic. Ali ndi malire abwino pakati pa nyengo ndi mtengo wamaphunziro. Mukamaliza maphunzirowa, zilolezo zonsezi zitha kutsimikiziridwa mosavuta ku Russia.

Inde, palibe amene akukulepheretsani kuphunzira kuwuluka ku Russia. Komabe, ndiyenera kudziwa kuti ku Russia kunali zina pamene masukulu oyendetsa ndege adatsekedwa ndipo ziphaso za omaliza maphunziro awo zidachotsedwa. Sukulu yoyendetsa ndege yosankhidwa bwino idzakutetezani kuzochitika zoterezi, koma palibe amene angakupatseni chitsimikizo.

M'masukulu abwino, chidwi chochuluka chimaperekedwa ku chitetezo cha ndege, psychology ndi chitukuko cha utsogoleri woyenera. Mudzaphunzitsidwa kuwunika mosamalitsa, kusanthula nyengo mosamala kwambiri, kupewa zoopsa zilizonse muzochitika zonse ndikupanga zisankho zoyenera. Ziwerengero za zochitika zikuwonetsa kuti izi zimagwiradi ntchito.

Komanso tcherani khutu ku mtundu wa maphunziro. Masukulu ena oyendetsa ndege amapereka kulipira maola onse othawa ndege nthawi imodzi, ena amapereka kugula phukusi la la carte la maola 10, ena amangopereka kulipira padera pa ola lililonse la ndege. Sankhani mtundu wophunzitsira womwe ungakuthandizireni. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mumakhala pafupi, njira yabwino kwambiri ingakhale malipiro aola. Kumbukirani kuti palibe chofunikira kuti mumalize maphunzirowo mkati mwa nthawi yodziwika - mutha kuwuluka pang'ono ngati ola limodzi pamwezi mpaka mutafikira maola ofunikira.

Malingaliro nthawi zina amaphunzitsidwa pamasamba, nthawi zina amaperekedwa kudzera pakuphunzira patali kuchokera m'mabuku. Ku States athanso kupereka mavidiyo ophunzitsira.

Yang'anani mosamala momwe ndegeyo ilili, tcherani khutu ku momwe mphunzitsi "amakuphunzitsirani" njira zoyendetsera phunziroli. Mlangizi wabwino akuyenera kukuphunzitsani kuwerenga ndandanda mosamalitsa osati kukupemphani kuti muidumphe, makamaka pakakhala nthawi yokwanira.

Pomaliza, ndizomveka kuti mupite kukayezetsa kuchipatala musanayambe maphunziro anu. Satifiketi yaku Europe imaperekedwa mokhulupirika kwambiri; pafupifupi palibe chomwe chimafunikira kwa inu. Russian VLEK, yomwe aliyense amakonda kuiwopsyeza, imakhalanso yosavuta kwa oyendetsa ndege payekha. Komabe, pali chiopsezo chosadutsa, ndipo ndi bwino kuti mudziwe za izi musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa maphunziro. Ku Russia, izi ndizofunikira mwalamulo.

Manhattan, New York

Chiphunzitso

Kuyambira pano kupita patsogolo ndilankhula mwachindunji za maphunziro a chiphaso cha EASA. Zambiri zidzasiyana m'maiko ena.

Chiphunzitsocho sichiri chowopsya monga momwe chimakhalira. Muyenera kuwerenga mabuku angapo ndikukonzekera mayeso 9 amalingaliro.

• Air Law - lamulo la ndege. Muphunzira za mitundu ya ndege, malamulo oyendetsa ndege, kuwoloka malire, zofunikira za ndege ndi oyendetsa ndege.
• Njira Zogwirira Ntchito - Adzalankhula za njira zina, monga kuzimitsa moto pakuwuluka, kutera panjira zonyowa, kugwira ntchito ndi zida zamphepo ndi kuwuka kwa chipwirikiti kuchokera ku ndege zina.
• Ntchito za Anthu ndi Zolepheretsa. Zowona, zowona komanso zapamalo, chikoka cha kugona pa ndege, psychology ya ndege, kupanga zisankho, thandizo loyamba.
• Navigation - kuyenda mumlengalenga. Kuwerengera mayendedwe, mawerengero amphepo, kuzindikira kolondola kwa malo, kukonza zolakwika zakuyenda, kuwerengera mafuta, zoyambira pawailesi.
• Communication. Kulankhulana ndi oyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka ndege, njira zoyendetsera ndege m'malo a ndege a magulu osiyanasiyana, kupereka zizindikiro zadzidzidzi ndi zovuta, kuwoloka ma airspace ndi madera ankhondo.
• Meteorology. Momwe mitambo ndi mphepo zimapangidwira, mitambo yomwe simuyenera kuwulukiramo, ndi zoopsa zotani zomwe zimayembekezera malire a nyengo, momwe mungawerenge malipoti a nyengo ya ndege (METAR ndi TAF).
• Mfundo Zakuuluka. Kodi kukweza kumachokera kuti, momwe zipsepse ndi zokhazikika zimagwira ntchito, momwe ndege imayendetsedwa motsatira nkhwangwa zitatu, chifukwa chiyani makonde amapezeka.
• Ndege General Knowledge. Momwe ndegeyo imagwirira ntchito, machitidwe ake, momwe injini ndi zida zonse zimagwirira ntchito.
• Mayendedwe a Ndege ndi Kukonzekera. Kuwerengera za kusanja kwa ndege, kukwezedwa kwake, ndi kutalika kofunikira pakuwuluka

Inde, mndandandawo ukuwoneka wosangalatsa, koma mafunso a mayeso ndi osavuta. Anthu ena amangoloweza mayankho. Komabe, sindingakulimbikitseni kuchita izi - chilichonse mwazinthu izi ndi chofunikira ndipo chingapulumutse moyo wanu.

Ulendo wopita ku dera la Moscow, pafupi ndi Vatulino

Yesetsani

Kuchita nthawi zambiri kumayamba mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso, ndipo nthawi zina m'mbuyomu.
Muyamba ndi zoyambira - chikoka cha malo owongolera ndi kuyika kwa injini pamachitidwe a ndege. Mukatero mudzaphunzitsidwa momwe mungakwerere taxi pansi ndikukhalabe mulingo komanso kuwuluka molunjika mumlengalenga. Pambuyo pake, muyenera kuphunzira kukwera koyenera komanso njira zotsika. Mu phunziro lotsatira muwonetsedwa momwe mungasinthire molondola, kuphatikizapo kukwera ndi kutsika.

Kenako zinthu zimafika poipa kwambiri. Mudzayamba kuyendetsa ndege pang'onopang'ono, ndikulira kwa alamu, kenako khola lokha, ndipo, mwina, kuzungulira (inde, pafupifupi ndege zonse zophunzitsira zimatha kuchita izi). Apa mutha kuphunzitsidwa momwe mungasinthire ndi banki yayikulu ndikuchotsa ndege mozungulira - chinthu china chobisika. Monga mukumvetsetsa, izi ndizofunikira kuti mukhale ndi kuthekera kopewera zinthu ngati izi, komanso pazochitikazo, kuti mutulukemo bwino.

Kenako, potsiriza, otchedwa conveyors pabwalo la ndege adzayamba. Mudzawuluka mozungulira bwalo la ndege, nthawi yomweyo kuphunzira kunyamuka, inde, kutera. Mutaphunzira momwe mungakwerere ndege molimba mtima, kuphatikiza ndi mphepo yamkuntho, popanda injini kapena zipsera, mudzapatsidwa malo opatulika a cadet iliyonse - ndege yoyamba yodziyimira payokha. Zidzakhala zoopsa, ngakhale mutakhala ngati mbalame mumlengalenga.

Kuyambira pano mudzapatsidwa mwayi wokwera ndege nokha. Kumwamba sikukhululukira zolakwa zosakonzedwa, ndipo muyenera kuzindikira izi nokha, popanda mphunzitsi wokutsogolerani. Muphunzira luso lofunika kwambiri la mtsogoleri - kupanga zisankho. Inde, mudzayang'aniridwa mosamala kwambiri kuchokera pansi (ndipo ngati chinachake chachitika, iwo adzakuthandizanidi).

Kenako maulendo apaulendo adzayamba. Mudzayamba kuwuluka kupita kumabwalo ena andege, kuchoka pamalo omwe mwasochera, konzani kusintha kwanjira mukakhala mumlengalenga, ndikuyesa kutsekereza ma radiyo a mawayilesi. Muyenera kuwuluka kumalo ena ndikubwerera, ndikuwulukira ku bwalo la ndege lina ndipo potsiriza, mwinamwake, kuwuluka ku eyapoti yaikulu yolamulidwa yapadziko lonse. Ndipo zonsezi, choyamba ndi mphunzitsi, ndiyeno nokha.

Kenako adzayamba kukonzekera mayeso. Choyamba, muyenera kukwera ndege yayitali komanso yovuta m'njira, ndikuyima kangapo pama eyapoti. Payekha. Izi zimatchedwa cross country solo. Mudzabwerezanso zina mwazochita kuyambira pachiyambi kuti muwonetsetse kuti mutha kupambana mayeso.

Chabwino, mayeso okha. Amakhala ndi magawo angapo ndipo amatenga maola angapo. Ntchito yake ndikuonetsetsa kuti mutha kuwuluka, osati mwangwiro, koma motetezeka.

Ku Europe, mudzafunikabe kuyesa mayeso a wayilesi komanso mwina mayeso apadera a Chingerezi. Zomalizazi sizidzabweretsa vuto lalikulu mutawerenga mabuku ndi kulankhulana pawailesi, zomwe mungaphunzire mu ndege :)

Maulendo apandege a dzuwa ndi odabwitsa, koma simungathe kuchita popanda magalasi

Kudzoza

Kuuluka pandege sikungouluka basi. Uwu ndi mwayi wozindikira zambiri kuposa zomwe tili nazo. Uwu ndi mwayi wophunzira kukhala wodalirika, kuchita zolakwa moyenera, kumvera anthu ena ndikuwalimbikitsa. Uwu ndi mwayi wophunzira zisankho zabwino, kasamalidwe koyenera ka gulu, kuunika koyenera kwa chuma chanu, kasamalidwe ka zoopsa komanso kuunika kwachitetezo. Uwu ndi mwayi wokhala paliponse ndikuwona mizinda yomwe tazolowera mosiyanasiyana.

Uwu ndi mwayi wodziwana ndi madera osangalatsa kwambiri, pomwe anyamata pafupifupi nthawi zonse amayesetsa kuthandizana. Mwayi wokumana ndi anthu ambiri osangalatsa ndikupanga mabwenzi atsopano pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi.

Ndikubwerezanso kuti palibe lemba limodzi, kanema kapena chithunzi chomwe chidzafotokozere zakuthambo kwa mphindi imodzi. Muyenera kubwera ndikuyesa zonse nokha. Ndipo sizovuta konse. Bwerani kumwamba, yesani nokha mmenemo! Nazi zina zokulimbikitsani:

• Wanga Telegalamu njira, kumene ndimakonda kulankhula za maulendo anga a pandege
• Nkhani zakumwamba Denis Okan
• Channel Zolemba Zoyendetsa ndege pa YouTube
• Channel kudri.fm pa YouTube
• Channel woyendetsa ndege pa YouTube (mu Chingerezi)

Potengera mwayi umenewu, ndikufuna kuthokoza kwambiri anthu onse amene anapenda nkhaniyi isanatulutsidwe.

Kukumana ndi inu ponyamuka, ndipo mwina timvabe wina ndi mnzake pafupipafupi!

Source: www.habr.com