Makompyuta a Quantum ndi quantum computing - zatsopano , yomwe idawonjezedwa ku malo athu achidziwitso pamodzi ndi , ndi mawu ena apamwamba kwambiri. PanthaΕ΅i imodzimodziyo, sindinathe kupeza zinthu pa Intaneti zimene zingaphatikizire chithunzithunzi mβmutu mwanga chotchedwa "momwe makompyuta a quantum amagwirira ntchito". Inde, pali ntchito zabwino zambiri, kuphatikiza pa Habr (onani. ), ndemanga zomwe, monga momwe zimakhalira, zimakhala zowonjezereka komanso zothandiza, koma chithunzi chomwe chili m'mutu mwanga, monga akunena, sichinawonjezere.
Ndipo posachedwa anzanga adabwera kwa ine ndikundifunsa, "Kodi mukumvetsa momwe kompyuta ya quantum imagwirira ntchito? Kodi mungatiuze?β Ndiyeno ndinazindikira kuti sindine ndekha amene ndili ndi vuto loyika pamodzi chithunzi chogwirizana m'mutu mwanga.
Zotsatira zake, kuyesa kudapangidwa kuti apange zambiri zamakompyuta a quantum kukhala gawo lokhazikika lomwe mulingo woyambira, wopanda kumizidwa mozama mu masamu ndi kapangidwe ka dziko la quantum, inafotokozedwa kuti quantum kompyuta ndi chiyani, ndi mfundo zotani zomwe imagwira ntchito, ndi mavuto omwe asayansi amakumana nawo poipanga ndi kuigwiritsa ntchito.
Zamkatimu
Chodzikanira
Wolembayo si katswiri wa quantum computing, ndi Omvera omwe akukhudzidwa ndi nkhaniyi ndi anthu omwewo a IT, osati akatswiri a quantum, omwenso akufuna kuyika chithunzi m'mitu yawo chotchedwa "Momwe makompyuta a quantum amagwirira ntchito." Chifukwa cha izi, malingaliro ambiri omwe ali m'nkhaniyi asinthidwa mwadala kuti amvetsetse ukadaulo wa quantum pamlingo "woyambira", koma popanda .
Nkhani m'malo ena imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera kuzinthu zina, . Kulikonse kumene kuli kotheka, maulalo achindunji ndi zisonyezero za malemba oyambirira, tebulo kapena chithunzi amaikidwa. Ngati ndaiwala chinachake (kapena winawake) penapake, lembani ndipo ndidzakonza.
Mau oyamba
M'mutu uno, tiwona mwachidule momwe nyengo ya quantum idayambira, chomwe chinali chifukwa cholimbikitsa lingaliro la makompyuta a quantum, omwe (omwe maiko ndi mabungwe) ndi omwe akutsogolera pakali pano, komanso kuyankhula mwachidule. za mbali zazikulu za chitukuko cha quantum computing.
Momwe izo zinayambira
Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya quantum kumaonedwa kuti ndi 1900, pamene M. Planck anaika patsogolo. mphamvuyo imatulutsidwa ndi kutengeka osati mosalekeza, koma mu quanta (gawo). Lingaliroli linatengedwa ndikupangidwa ndi asayansi ambiri otchuka a nthawiyo - Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, SchrΓΆdinger, zomwe pamapeto pake zidatsogolera ku chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha sayansi monga. . Pali zinthu zambiri zabwino pa intaneti za mapangidwe a quantum physics monga sayansi, m'nkhaniyi sitikhala mwatsatanetsatane, koma kunali koyenera kusonyeza tsiku limene tinalowa mu nyengo yatsopano ya quantum.
Fiziki ya Quantum yabweretsa zopanga zambiri ndi matekinoloje m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, popanda zomwe tsopano ndizovuta kulingalira dziko lotizungulira. Mwachitsanzo, laser, yomwe tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse, kuchokera ku zipangizo zapakhomo (miyezo ya laser, etc.) kupita ku machitidwe apamwamba kwambiri (ma lasers owongolera masomphenya, moni ). Zingakhale zomveka kuganiza kuti posachedwa wina adzabwera ndi lingaliro lakuti bwanji osagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a quantum pa kompyuta. Ndiyeno mu 1980 izo zinachitika.
Wikipedia imasonyeza kuti lingaliro loyamba la computing quantum linafotokozedwa mu 1980 ndi wasayansi wathu Yuri Manin. Koma kwenikweni anayamba kulankhula za izo kokha mu 1981, pamene wotchuka R. Feynman , adanenanso kuti ndizosatheka kutsanzira kusinthika kwa quantum system pakompyuta yachikale m'njira yabwino. Anapereka chitsanzo choyambirira , yomwe idzatha kuchita chitsanzo chotero.
Pali a ,ku zimaganiziridwa mwamaphunziro komanso mwatsatanetsatane, koma tikambirana mwachidule:
Zofunikira zazikulu m'mbiri yopanga makompyuta a quantum:
- [1994]. P. Shore. Zopangidwa ndi
- [1998]. Adapangidwa
- [2001]. IBM idayambitsa kuphedwa kuwonjezera nambala 15
- [2007-2016] imapanga ndikukhazikitsa kompyuta yokhala ndi 128-2000 qubits
- [2012]. Kukhazikitsidwa ku University of California
- [2016]. Google pa kompyuta 9-qubit
- [2017] (maatomu atatu)
- [2019] . 20-qubit kompyuta pamtambo
- [2019] . 53 qubit kompyuta. ?
Monga mukuwonera, zaka 17 zadutsa (kuyambira 1981 mpaka 1998) kuyambira pomwe lingaliroli mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwake koyamba pakompyuta yokhala ndi 2 qubits, ndi zaka 21 (kuyambira 1998 mpaka 2019) mpaka kuchuluka kwa ma qubits kudakwera mpaka 53. Zinatenga zaka 11 (kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2012) kukonza zotsatira za algorithm ya Shor (tidzayang'ana mwatsatanetsatane pambuyo pake) kuchokera pa nambala 15 mpaka 21. kukhazikitsa zomwe Feynman adalankhula, ndikuphunzira kutengera machitidwe osavuta athupi.
Kukula kwa quantum computing kumachedwa. Asayansi ndi mainjiniya akukumana ndi ntchito zovuta kwambiri, maiko a quantum ndianthawi yayitali komanso osalimba, ndipo kuti awasunge nthawi yayitali kuti awerenge, amayenera kupanga sarcophagi kwa madola mamiliyoni ambiri, momwe kutentha kumasungidwa. pamwamba pa ziro, zomwe zimatetezedwa kwambiri ku zikoka zakunja. Kenako tikambirana za ntchito ndi mavutowa mwatsatanetsatane.
Otsogolera Osewera
Zithunzi za gawoli zatengedwa m'nkhaniyi , kuchokera kwa wofufuza Alexey Fedorov. Ndiroleni ndikupatseni mawu achindunji:
Maiko onse opambana paukadaulo pakali pano akupanga ukadaulo wa quantum. Ndalama zambiri zikuyikidwa pa kafukufukuyu, ndipo mapulogalamu apadera othandizira matekinoloje a quantum akupangidwa.
Osati mayiko okha, komanso makampani apadera akugwira nawo mpikisano wa quantum. Ponseponse, Google, IBM, Intel ndi Microsoft posachedwapa adayika ndalama zokwana madola 0,5 biliyoni pakupanga makompyuta a quantum ndikupanga ma laboratories akuluakulu ndi malo ofufuza.
Pali zolemba zambiri za HabrΓ© ndi pa intaneti, mwachitsanzo, , ΠΈ , momwe momwe zinthu zilili panopa ndi chitukuko cha matekinoloje a quantum m'mayiko osiyanasiyana akufufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane. Chachikulu kwa ife tsopano ndikuti mayiko onse otsogola paukadaulo ndi osewera akuyika ndalama zambiri pakufufuza mbali iyi, zomwe zimapereka chiyembekezo cha njira yotulutsira zovuta zaukadaulo zomwe zilipo.
Njira zachitukuko
Pakadali pano (ndikhoza kulakwitsa, ndikonzereni) zoyesayesa zazikulu (ndi zotsatira zochulukirapo kapena zochepa) za osewera onse otsogola zimakhazikika m'magawo awiri:
- Makompyuta apadera a quantum, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa vuto linalake, mwachitsanzo, vuto la kukhathamiritsa. Chitsanzo cha malonda ndi makompyuta a D-Wave quantum.
- Makompyuta a Universal quantum - omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms okhazikika (Shor, Grover, etc.). Zothandizira kuchokera ku IBM, Google.
Ma vector ena achitukuko omwe quantum physics amatipatsa, monga:
- ngati maziko a
- ndi zina zambiri
Zachidziwikire, ilinso pamndandanda wamalo ofufuzidwa, koma pakadali pano zikuwoneka kuti palibe zotsatira zochulukirapo kapena zochepa.
Komanso mukhoza kuwerenga , google"", Mwachitsanzo, , ΠΈ .
Zoyambira. Zinthu za Quantum ndi machitidwe a quantum
Chofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse kuchokera ku gawo ili ndi chakuti
Quantum kompyuta (mosiyana ndi nthawi zonse) amagwiritsa ntchito ngati zonyamulira zidziwitso zinthu za quantum, ndi kuwerengera, zinthu za quantum ziyenera kulumikizidwa mkati quantum system.
Kodi chinthu cha quantum ndi chiyani?
Quantum chinthu - chinthu cha microworld (quantum world) chomwe chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu:
- Ili ndi dziko lodziwika lomwe lili ndi malire awiri
- Ili mu superposition ya chikhalidwe chake mpaka mphindi ya kuyeza
- Imadzilowetsa yokha ndi zinthu zina kuti ipange machitidwe a quantum
- Imakhutitsa chiphunzitso cha no-cloning (chinthu sichingakopedwe)
Tiyeni tiwone chilichonse mwatsatanetsatane:
Ili ndi dziko lofotokozedwa lomwe lili ndi malire awiri (mapeto)
Chitsanzo chapamwamba cha dziko lenileni ndi ndalama. Ili ndi gawo la "mbali", lomwe limatenga magawo awiri amalire - "mitu" ndi "michira".
Ili mu superposition ya chikhalidwe chake mpaka mphindi ya kuyeza
Anaponya khobidi, nβkuuluka nβkupota. Ngakhale kuti ikuzungulira, sizingatheke kunena kuti ndi gawo liti la malire ake "mbali" yake ili. Koma tikangoyigwetsa pansi ndikuyang'ana zotsatira zake, maiko apamwamba amagwera mu umodzi mwa zigawo ziwiri - "mitu" ndi "michira". Kumenya ndalama kwa ife ndi muyeso.
Imadzilowetsa yokha ndi zinthu zina kuti ipange machitidwe a quantum
Ndizovuta ndi ndalama, koma tiyeni tiyese. Tangoganizani kuti taponya makobidi atatu kuti azungulira akumatirana wina ndi mnzake, uku ndikugubuduza ndi makobidi. Pa mphindi iliyonse ya nthawi, sikuti aliyense wa iwo ali pamwamba pa mayiko, koma maikowa amakhudzana wina ndi mzake (ndalama zimawombana).
Imakhutitsa chiphunzitso cha no-cloning (chinthu sichingakopedwe)
Ngakhale kuti ndalamazo zikuuluka ndikuzungulira, palibe njira yomwe tingapangire kopi ya ndalama zomwe zimazungulira, zosiyana ndi dongosolo. Dongosololi limakhala mkati mwawokha ndipo limachita nsanje kwambiri potulutsa chidziwitso chilichonse kudziko lakunja.
Mawu enanso ochepa ponena za lingaliro lokha "ma superpositions", pafupifupi m'nkhani zonse mawu apamwamba akufotokozedwa ngati "ali m'maboma onse nthawi imodzi", zomwe ziri zoona, koma nthawi zina zimasokoneza mopanda chifukwa. A superposition of states angaganizidwenso kuti pa mphindi iliyonse ya nthawi chinthu cha quantum chimakhala pali zotheka zina zogwera mugawo lililonse lamalire ake, ndipo mwachidule izi mwachilengedwe ndizofanana ndi 1.. Pambuyo pake, poganizira za qubit, tikambirana izi mwatsatanetsatane.
Kwa ndalama zachitsulo, izi zikhoza kuwonetsedwa - kutengera liwiro loyamba, ngodya ya kuponyera, momwe chilengedwe chimawulukira ndalamazo, nthawi iliyonse mwayi wopeza "mitu" kapena "michira" ndi yosiyana. Ndipo, monga tanenera kale, momwe ndalama yowuluka yotere ingalingaliridwe ngati "kukhala m'malire ake onse nthawi imodzi, koma ndi mwayi wosiyana wa kukhazikitsidwa kwake."
Chilichonse chomwe zinthu zomwe zili pamwambazi zakhutitsidwa ndi zomwe titha kupanga ndikuwongolera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chonyamulira chidziwitso pakompyuta ya quantum.
Pang'ono pang'ono tidzakambirana za momwe zinthu zilili panopa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa qubits monga zinthu za quantum, ndi zomwe asayansi akugwiritsa ntchito panopa.
Chifukwa chake katundu wachitatu akuti zinthu za quantum zitha kukodwa kuti zipange machitidwe a quantum. Kodi quantum system ndi chiyani?
Quantum system - dongosolo la zinthu za quantum zomwe zili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
- Dongosolo la quantum lili pamwamba pa zigawo zonse zomwe zingatheke za zinthu zomwe zimakhalapo
- Ndizosatheka kudziwa momwe dongosololi lilili mpaka nthawi yoyezera
- Panthawi yoyezera, dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zingatheke m'malire ake
(ndipo, kuyang'ana patsogolo pang'ono)
Chotsatira cha mapulogalamu a quantum:
- Pulogalamu ya quantum ili ndi mawonekedwe operekedwa a dongosolo pakulowetsa, superposition mkati, superposition pa zotuluka.
- Pakutulutsa kwa pulogalamuyo mutayezera timakhala ndi mwayi wokhazikitsa umodzi mwamagawo omaliza a dongosolo (kuphatikiza zolakwika zomwe zingatheke)
- Pulogalamu iliyonse ya quantum ili ndi zomangamanga za chimney (zolowetsa -> zotuluka. Palibe malupu, simungathe kuwona momwe dongosololi liliri pakati pa ndondomekoyi.)
Kuyerekeza kwa quantum kompyuta ndi wamba
Tiyeni tsopano tifanizire kompyuta wamba ndi quantum imodzi.
| kompyuta wamba | Quantum kompyuta | |
|
Mfundo
|
0 / 1 | `a|0> + b|1>, a^2+b^2=1` |
|
Zamoyo
|
Semiconductor transistor | Quantum chinthu |
|
Media carrier
|
Mphamvu yamagetsi | Polarization, kuzungulira,β¦ |
|
Ntchito
|
OSATI, NDI, KAPENA, XOR pa bits | Mavavu: CNOT, Hadamard,β¦ |
|
Ubale
|
Semiconductor chip | Kusokonezeka wina ndi mzake |
|
Ma algorithms
|
Standard (onani Chikwapu) | Zapadera (Shore, Grover) |
|
mfundo
|
Digital, deterministic | Analogi, probabilistic |
Mfundo mlingo
Mu kompyuta wamba izi ndi pang'ono. Zodziwika bwino kwa ife mopitilira deterministic pang'ono. Itha kutenga 0 kapena 1. Imagwirizana bwino ndi gawolo logic unit pakompyuta yokhazikika, koma ndiyosayenera kufotokozera boma chinthu cha quantum, yomwe, monga tanenera kale, kuthengo kuli mkatima superpositions a malire awo.
Izi ndi zomwe adabwera nazo . M'malire ake amazindikira zigawo zofanana ndi 0 ndi 1 , ndipo mβmalo apamwamba amaimira Kugawidwa kwa mwayi pamalire ake |0> ΠΈ |1>:
a|0> + b|1>, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ a^2+b^2=1a ndi b amaimira , ndipo mabwalo a ma module awo ndiye mwayi weniweni wopeza zomwe zili m'malire. |0> ΠΈ |1>, ngati mungagwetse qubit ndi muyeso pompano.
Thupi wosanjikiza
Pamsinkhu wamakono wa chitukuko, kukhazikitsidwa kwapang'ono kwa makompyuta wamba ndiko Semiconductor transistor, kwa quantum, monga tanenera kale, chinthu chilichonse cha quantum. Mu gawo lotsatira tikambirana zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano ngati media media qubits.
Kusungirako kwapakatikati
Kwa kompyuta wamba izi ndi magetsi - mayendedwe amagetsi, kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwapano, etc., kwa quantum - chimodzimodzi chikhalidwe cha quantum chinthu (kuwongolera kwa polarization, kupota, etc.), zomwe zitha kukhala pamalo apamwamba.
Ntchito
Kuti tigwiritse ntchito mabwalo omveka pakompyuta yokhazikika, timagwiritsa ntchito odziwika bwino , kwa opareshoni pa qubits kunali koyenera kuti abwere ndi machitidwe osiyana kotheratu, otchedwa . Ma Gates amatha kukhala amodzi-qubit kapena awiri-qubit, kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma qubits omwe akusinthidwa.
Zitsanzo za zipata za quantum:
Pali lingaliro valavu ya universal, zomwe ndi zokwanira kuchita mawerengedwe aliwonse a quantum. Mwachitsanzo, seti yapadziko lonse lapansi imaphatikizapo chipata cha Hadamard, chipata chosinthira gawo, chipata cha CNOT, ndi chipata cha Οβ8. Ndi chithandizo chawo, mutha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa ma qubits aliwonse.
M'nkhaniyi sitikhala mwatsatanetsatane pa dongosolo la zipata za quantum; mukhoza kuwerenga zambiri za iwo ndi ntchito zomveka pa qubits, mwachitsanzo, . Chinthu chachikulu kukumbukira:
- Kugwira ntchito pazinthu za quantum kumafuna kuti pakhale ogwiritsira ntchito atsopano (zipata za quantum)
- Zipata za Quantum zimabwera mumitundu imodzi-qubit ndi iwiri-qubit.
- Pali zipata zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ma quantum computation
Ubale
Transistor imodzi ilibe ntchito kwa ife; kuti tithe kuwerengera tiyenera kulumikiza ma transistors ambiri kwa wina ndi mzake, ndiye kuti, kupanga chip cha semiconductor kuchokera ku mamiliyoni a ma transistors omwe amamanga mabwalo omveka, ndipo, pamapeto pake, pezani purosesa yamakono mu mawonekedwe ake apamwamba.
qubit imodzi ilinso yopanda phindu kwa ife (chabwino, ngati mwamaphunziro),
kuti tichite mawerengedwe timafunika dongosolo la qubits (quantum zinthu)
zomwe, monga tanenera kale, zimapangidwa ndi kugwirizanitsa qubits wina ndi mzake kuti kusintha kwa mayiko awo kuchitike mwadongosolo.
Ma algorithms
Ma algorithms omwe anthu apeza mpaka pano ndi osayenera kukhazikitsidwa pakompyuta ya quantum. Inde, zambiri palibe chifukwa. Makompyuta a Quantum otengera malingaliro a pachipata pa qubits amafunikira kuti pakhale ma algorithms osiyanasiyana, ma algorithms a quantum. Mwa ma algorithms odziwika bwino a quantum, atatu amatha kusiyanitsa:
- (Factorization)
- (sakani mwachangu munkhokwe yosayendetsedwa)
- (yankho ku funso, ntchito yokhazikika kapena yokhazikika)
mfundo
Ndipo kusiyana kofunikira kwambiri ndi mfundo yoyendetsera ntchito. Kwa kompyuta yokhazikika izi ndi digito, mfundo yotsimikizika, kutengera mfundo yakuti ngati titakhazikitsa chikhalidwe choyambirira cha dongosolo ndikudutsa mu ndondomeko yopatsidwa, ndiye kuti zotsatira za mawerengedwewo zidzakhala zofanana, ziribe kanthu kuti timayendetsa kangati kuwerengera uku. Kwenikweni, izi ndizomwe timayembekezera kuchokera pakompyuta.
Kompyuta ya Quantum imagwira ntchito analogue, probabilistic mfundo. Chotsatira cha algorithm yomwe yapatsidwa panthawi yomwe yapatsidwa ndi chitsanzo kuchokera ku kugawa kothekera kukhazikitsa komaliza kwa algorithm kuphatikiza zolakwika zomwe zingatheke.
Kuthekera uku kwa quantum computing ndi chifukwa cha kuthekera kwenikweni kwa dziko la quantum. "Mulungu sasewera madasi ndi chilengedwe.", anatero Einstein wakale, koma zoyesayesa zonse ndi zowonera mpaka pano (mβmawu asayansi amakono) zimatsimikizira zosiyana.
Kukhazikitsa kwakuthupi kwa qubits
Monga tanenera kale, qubit ikhoza kuimiridwa ndi chinthu cha quantum, ndiko kuti, chinthu chakuthupi chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu za quantum zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chinthu chilichonse chakuthupi chomwe chili ndi zigawo ziwiri ndipo maiko awiriwa ali mumtunda wapamwamba angagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga kompyuta ya quantum.
"Ngati titha kuyika atomu m'magulu awiri osiyana ndikuwongolera, ndiye kuti muli ndi qubit. Ngati titha kuchita izi ndi ion, ndi qubit. Ndi chimodzimodzi ndi panopa. Ngati titha kuyiyendetsa molunjika komanso motsatana nthawi yomweyo, muli ndi vuto. β
pali ΠΊ , momwe kusiyanasiyana kwaposachedwa kwa qubit kumaganiziridwa mwatsatanetsatane, tingolemba zodziwika bwino komanso zodziwika bwino:
- ndi malingaliro ena ambiri achilendo (anions, etc.)
Mwa mitundu yonseyi, yotukuka kwambiri ndiyo njira yoyamba yopezera ma qubits, kutengera . , , ndi osewera ena otsogola amagwiritsa ntchito kupanga machitidwe awo.
Chabwino, werengani zambiri zotheka kuchokera ku .
Zoyambira. Momwe kompyuta ya quantum imagwirira ntchito
Zida za gawoli (ntchito ndi zithunzi) zatengedwa kuchokera m'nkhaniyi .
Choncho, tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi ntchito zotsatirazi:
Pali gulu la anthu atatu: (A)ndrey, (B)olodya and (C)erezha. Pali ma taxi awiri (0 ndi 1).
Amadziwikanso kuti:
- (A)ndrey, (B)olodya are friends
- (A)ndrey, (C)erezha ndi adani
- (B)olodya ndi (C)erezha ndi adani
Ntchito: Ikani anthu m'ma taxi kuti Max (abwenzi) ΠΈ Min (adani)
Mulingo: L = (chiwerengero cha abwenzi) - (chiwerengero cha adani) pa njira iliyonse yogona
ZOFUNIKA: Pongoganiza kuti palibe ma heuristics, palibe njira yabwino. Pankhaniyi, vutoli likhoza kuthetsedwa ndi kufufuza kwathunthu kwa zosankha.
Yankho pa kompyuta wamba
Momwe mungathetsere vutoli pakompyuta yokhazikika (yapamwamba) (kapena masango) - zikuwonekeratu kuti muyenera kudutsa njira zonse zotheka. Ngati tili ndi ma multiprocessor system, ndiye kuti titha kufananiza mawerengedwe a mayankho pama processor angapo ndikusonkhanitsa zotsatira.
Tili ndi njira ziwiri zogona (taxi 2 ndi taxi 0) ndi anthu atatu. Malo yothetsera 2 ^ 3 = 8. Mutha kudutsa njira 8 pa chowerengera, ili si vuto. Tsopano tiyeni tisokoneze vutoli - tili ndi anthu 20 ndi mabasi awiri, malo othetsera mavuto 2^20 = 1. Palibenso chovuta. Tiyeni tiwonjezere chiwerengero cha anthu ndi nthawi 2.5 - kutenga anthu 50 ndi masitima awiri, njira yothetsera vutoli tsopano 2^50 = 1.12 x 10^15. Kompyuta wamba (yapamwamba) yayamba kale kukhala ndi mavuto akulu. Tiyeni tiwonjezere chiwerengero cha anthu ka 2, anthu 100 adzatipatsa kale 1.2 x 10 ^ 30 zotheka zosankha.
Ndi izi, ntchito iyi siingawerengedwe mu nthawi yoyenera.
Kulumikiza kompyuta yayikulu
Kompyuta yamphamvu kwambiri pakadali pano ndi nambala 1 ya , izi , zokolola 122 . Tiyerekeze kuti tikufunika ma opareshoni 100 kuti tiwerenge njira imodzi, ndiye kuti tithetse vutoli kwa anthu 100 omwe tidzawafuna:
(1.2 x 10^30 100) / 122Γ10^15/ (606024365) = 3 x 10^zaka 37.
Monga tikuonera pamene kukula kwa deta yoyamba kumawonjezeka, malo othetserapo amakula molingana ndi lamulo la mphamvu, kawirikawiri, chifukwa cha N bits tili ndi 2 ^ N zotheka zothetsera njira, zomwe kwa N (100) zazing'ono zimatipatsa malo osawerengeka (pamlingo wamakono wamakono).
Kodi pali njira zina? Monga momwe mungaganizire, inde, zilipo.
Koma tisanalowe mumomwe ndi chifukwa chiyani makompyuta a quantum amatha kuthetsa mavuto ngati awa, tiyeni titenge kamphindi kuti tikambiranenso zomwe iwo ali. mwayi wogawa. Osadandaula, iyi ndi nkhani yobwereza, sipadzakhala masamu ovuta pano, tidzachita ndi chitsanzo chapamwamba ndi thumba ndi mipira.
Combinatorics pang'ono chabe, chiphunzitso chotheka ndi kuyesa kwachilendo
Tiyeni titenge chikwama ndikuchiyikamo Mipira yoyera 1000 ndi 1000 yakuda. Tichita zoyeserera - tulutsani mpirawo, lembani mtundu wake, bweretsani mpirawo m'thumba ndikusakaniza mipira m'thumba.
Kuyesera kunachitika nthawi 10, anatulutsa mipira 10 yakuda. Mwina? Ndithu. Kodi chitsanzochi chimatipatsa lingaliro loyenera la kugawidwa kowona m'thumba? Mwachionekere ayi. Zomwe ziyenera kuchitika - kulondola, pbwerezani zoyeserera nthawi miliyoni ndikuwerengera ma frequency a mipira yakuda ndi yoyera. Timapeza, mwachitsanzo 49.95% yakuda ndi 50.05% yoyera. Pankhaniyi, kapangidwe kagawidwe komwe timatengera (kutulutsa mpira umodzi) kumakhala koonekeratu.
Chinthu chachikulu ndikumvetsetsa zimenezo kuyesa komweko kumakhala ndi chikhalidwe cha probabilistic, ndi chitsanzo chimodzi (mpira) sitidzadziwa mawonekedwe enieni a kugawa, tiyenera kubwereza kuyesako nthawi zambiri ndi avereji zotsatira.
Tiyeni tiwonjezere ku chikwama chathu Mipira 10 yofiira ndi 10 yobiriwira (zolakwa). Tiyeni tibwereze kuyesa kakhumi. MUanatulutsa 5 wofiira ndi 5 wobiriwira. Mwina? Inde. Titha kunena china chake chokhudza kugawa kwenikweni - Ayi. Zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa - chabwino, mukumvetsa.
Kuti timvetsetse momwe kugawa kungathekere, ndikofunikira kuyesa mobwerezabwereza zotsatira zapayekha kuchokera pakugawa uku ndikuwerengera zotsatira.
Kugwirizanitsa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe
Tsopano m'malo mwa mipira yakuda ndi yoyera, tiyeni titenge mipira ya billiard ndikuyiyika m'thumba Mipira 1000 yokhala ndi nambala 2, 1000 yokhala ndi nambala 7 ndi mipira 10 yokhala ndi manambala ena. Tiyerekeze woyesera yemwe amaphunzitsidwa kuchita zinthu zosavuta (kutulutsa mpira, kulemba nambala, kubwezera mpirawo m'thumba, kusakaniza mipira m'thumba) ndipo amachita izi mu 150 microseconds. Chabwino, woyesera wotere pa liwiro (osati malonda a mankhwala !!!). Kenako mumasekondi 150 azitha kuyesa kuyesa kwathu nthawi 1 miliyoni ndi kutipatsa zotsatira zapakati.
Iwo adakhala pansi woyeserayo, adamupatsa thumba, adatembenuka, kuyembekezera masekondi 150 ndikulandira:
chiwerengero 2 - 49.5%, chiwerengero 7 - 49.5%, otsala manambala okwana - 1%.
Inde ndiko kulondola, thumba lathu ndi quantum kompyuta ndi aligorivimu kuti amathetsa vuto lathu, ndipo mipira ndi njira zothetsera. Popeza pali njira ziwiri zolondola, ndiye kompyuta quantum adzatipatsa aliyense wa mayankho zotheka zofanana mwina, ndi 0.5% (10/2000) zolakwika, zomwe tidzakambirana pambuyo pake.
Kuti mupeze zotsatira za kompyuta ya quantum, muyenera kuyendetsa quantum algorithm kangapo pa data yolowetsa yomweyi ndikuwerengera zotsatirazo.
Kuchuluka kwa makompyuta a quantum
Tsopano lingalirani kuti pa ntchito yokhudza anthu 100 (yankho malo 2^100 timakumbukira izi), palinso zisankho ziwiri zolondola. Ndiye, ngati titenga ma qubits 100 ndikulemba algorithm yomwe imawerengera ntchito yathu (L, onani pamwambapa) pazotsatira izi, ndiye kuti tipeza thumba lomwe mudzakhala mipira 1000 yokhala ndi nambala ya yankho loyamba lolondola, 1000 ndi. nambala ya yankho lachiwiri lolondola ndi mipira 10 yokhala ndi manambala ena. Ndipo mkati mwa masekondi omwewo a 150 woyeserera wathu adzatipatsa chiyerekezo cha kugawa kwa mayankho olondola..
Nthawi yopangira algorithm ya quantum (ndi malingaliro ena) imatha kuonedwa ngati O(1) yosasintha potengera kukula kwa danga (2^N).
Ndipo izi ndizomwe zili ndi kompyuta ya quantum - kuthamanga nthawi zonse pokhudzana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa lamulo la mphamvu ya mphamvu ya danga la yankho ndilo chinsinsi.
Dziko lapansi ndi lofanana
Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji? Ndi chiyani chomwe chimalola kompyuta ya quantum kuwerengera mwachangu chonchi? Zonse ndi za quantum chikhalidwe cha qubit.
Tawonani, tidati qubit ili ngati chinthu cha quantum amazindikira chimodzi mwa zigawo zake ziwiri zikawonedwa, koma mu "chirengedwe" chiri mkati superpositions of states, ndiko kuti, ili m'malire ake onse nthawi imodzi (ndi kuthekera kwina).
Tiyeni titenge (A) ndi ndipo lingalirani mkhalidwe wake (mgalimoto yomwe ili - 0 kapena 1) ngati qubit. Ndiye tili (mu quantum space) maiko awiri ofanana,mmodzi (A) amakhala mu taxi 0, m'dziko lina - mu taxi 1. Muma taxi awiri nthawi imodzi, koma ndi kuthekera kwina kozipeza mwa aliyense wa iwo poyang'ana.
Tiyeni titenge (B) achinyamata ndipo tiyeni tiyerekezenso mkhalidwe wake ngati qubit. Maiko ena awiri ofanana amawuka. Koma pakali pano awiriwa a dziko lapansi (A) ΠΈ (AT) osalumikizana konse. Zomwe ziyenera kuchitika kuti mupange zokhudzana dongosolo? Ndiko kulondola, timafunikira izi tie up (confuse). Timachitenga ndikuchisokoneza (A) ndi (B) - timapeza dongosolo la quantum la qubits ziwiri (A, B), kuzindikira mkati mwake mokha zinayi kudalirana dziko lofanana. Onjezani (S) erge ndipo timapeza ndondomeko ya ma qubits atatu (ABC), kukwaniritsa zisanu ndi zitatu kudalirana dziko lofanana.
Chofunikira cha quantum computing (kukhazikitsa kwa unyolo wa zipata za quantum pa dongosolo la ma qubits olumikizidwa) ndikuti kuwerengera kumachitika m'maiko onse ofanana nthawi imodzi.
Ndipo zilibe kanthu kuti tili ndi angati, 2^3 kapena 2^100, quantum aligorivimu idzachitidwa mu nthawi yotsiriza pa maiko onse ofanana awa ndipo adzatipatsa zotsatira, zomwe ndi chitsanzo kuchokera ku mwayi wogawa mayankho a algorithm.
Kuti mumvetse bwino, munthu akhoza kulingalira zimenezo kompyuta ya quantum pamlingo wa quantum imayendetsa 2^N njira zofananira zothetsera, aliyense amene amagwira ntchito pa njira imodzi yotheka, ndiye amasonkhanitsa zotsatira za ntchito - ndi amatipatsa yankho mu mawonekedwe a superposition ya yankho (kutheka kugawa kwa mayankho), komwe timayesa limodzi nthawi iliyonse (pakuyesera kulikonse).
Kumbukirani nthawi yofunikira ndi woyeserera wathu (150 Β΅s) kuti tichite kuyesera, izi zidzakhala zothandiza kwa ife patsogolo pang'ono, pamene tikukamba za mavuto akuluakulu a makompyuta a quantum ndi nthawi yosagwirizana.
Ma algorithms a Quantum
Monga tanenera kale, ma aligorivimu wamba potengera malingaliro a binary sagwiritsidwa ntchito pakompyuta ya quantum pogwiritsa ntchito quantum logic (zipata za quantum). Kwa iye, kunali koyenera kubwera ndi zatsopano zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mokwanira kuthekera komwe kulipo mu chikhalidwe cha kuchuluka kwa makompyuta.
Ma algorithm odziwika kwambiri masiku ano ndi awa:
Mosiyana ndi akale, makompyuta a quantum si onse.
Ma algorithms ochepa chabe a quantum apezeka mpaka pano.
Π‘ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎ kwa link ku , malo omwe, malinga ndi wolemba (), oimira abwino kwambiri a dziko la quantum-algorithmic asonkhanitsidwa ndikupitiriza kusonkhana.
M'nkhaniyi sitidzasanthula ma aligorivimu a quantum mwatsatanetsatane; pali zida zambiri zabwino kwambiri pa intaneti pamlingo uliwonse wazovuta, komabe tifunika kupitiliza mwachidule atatu otchuka kwambiri.
Algorithm ya Shor.
Algorithm yodziwika kwambiri ya quantum ndi (yopangidwa mu 1994 ndi katswiri wa masamu wa Chingerezi ), yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa vuto la kuwerengera manambala kukhala zinthu zazikulu (vuto la factorization, discrete logarithm).
Ndi algorithm iyi yomwe imatchulidwa mwachitsanzo akalemba kuti mabanki anu ndi mapasiwedi anu posachedwa adzabedwa. Poganizira kuti kutalika kwa makiyi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano ndi osachepera 2048 bits, nthawi ya kapu sinafike.
Mpaka pano, kuposa kudzichepetsa. Zotsatira Zabwino Kwambiri Zogwiritsa Ntchito Shor's Algorithm - Manambala ΠΈ , yomwe ili yochepa kwambiri kuposa 2048 bits. Pazotsatira zotsalira za tebulo, zosiyana kuwerengera, koma ngakhale zotsatira zabwino kwambiri molingana ndi algorithm iyi (291311) ndizotalikirana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni.
Mutha kuwerenga zambiri za Shor's algorithm, mwachitsanzo,. Za kukhazikitsa kothandiza - .
M'modzi wa zovuta ndi mphamvu zofunikira kuti nambala 2048-bit ndi kompyuta ndi . Timagona mwamtendere.
Algorithm ya Grover
- kuthetsa vuto la kawerengedwe, ndiko kuti, kupeza yankho la equation F(X) = 1,ku F ΠΎΡ n zosintha. Anafunsidwa ndi katswiri wa masamu wa ku America Π² .
Algorithm ya Grover ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupeza ΠΈ mndandanda wa nambala. Komanso, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa mavuto kudzera pakufufuza kokwanira pakati pa mayankho ambiri omwe angathe. Izi zitha kutanthauza kupindula kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi ma algorithms akale, ngakhale popanda kupereka "" mwambiri.
Mutha kuwerenga zambiri, kapena . Zambiri Pali kufotokozera kwabwino kwa algorithm pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha mabokosi ndi mpira, koma, mwatsoka, pazifukwa zomwe palibe aliyense amene angasankhe, tsamba ili silinanditsegukire ku Russia. Ngati muli nazo yaletsedwanso, nayi chidule chachidule:
Algorithm ya Grover. Tangoganizani kuti muli ndi zidutswa za N za mabokosi otsekedwa. Zonse zilibe kanthu kupatula imodzi, yomwe ili ndi mpira. Ntchito yanu: fufuzani nambala ya bokosi lomwe muli mpira (chiwerengero chosadziwikachi nthawi zambiri chimatchulidwa ndi chilembo w).
Kodi kuthetsa vutoli? Njira yopusa ndiyo kusinthana kutsegula mabokosiwo, ndipo posakhalitsa mudzakumana ndi bokosi lokhala ndi mpira. Pa avareji, ndi mabokosi angati omwe amafunika kufufuzidwa asanapezeke bokosi lokhala ndi mpira? Pafupifupi, muyenera kutsegula pafupifupi theka la mabokosi a N/2. Chinthu chachikulu apa ndi chakuti ngati tiwonjezera chiwerengero cha mabokosi nthawi 100, ndiye kuti chiwerengero cha mabokosi omwe amayenera kutsegulidwa pamaso pa bokosi ndi mpira chikapezeka chidzawonjezekanso nthawi 100.
Tsopano tiyeni tifotokoze kumveketsanso kumodzi. Tisatsegule tokha mabokosiwo ndi manja athu ndikuyang'ana kukhalapo kwa mpira mwa aliyense, koma pali mkhalapakati wina, timutche Oracle. Timauza Oracle kuti, βcheki bokosi nambala 732,β ndipo Oracle imayangβana moona mtima ndi kuyankha kuti, βpalibe mpira mβbokosi nambala 732.β Tsopano, m'malo monena kuti ndi mabokosi angati omwe tiyenera kutsegula pafupifupi, timati "kangati pa avareji tiyenera kupita ku Oracle kuti tikapeze nambala ya bokosi ndi mpira"
Zikuwonekeratu kuti ngati timasulira vutoli ndi mabokosi, mpira ndi Oracle m'chinenero cha quantum, timapeza zotsatira zochititsa chidwi: kupeza chiwerengero cha bokosi ndi mpira pakati pa mabokosi a N, tiyenera kusokoneza Oracle kokha za SQRT. (N) nthawi!
Ndiye kuti, zovuta za ntchito yosaka pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm ya Grover zimachepetsedwa ndi nthawi yayitali.
Deutsch-Jozi algorithm
Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm (yomwe imatchedwanso Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm) - [quantum algorithm](%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC), ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π² , ndipo inakhala imodzi mwa zitsanzo zoyamba za ma aligorivimu opangidwa kuti aphedwe . _
Vuto la Deutsch-Jozsi ndikuzindikira ngati ntchito yamitundu ingapo F(x1, x2, ... xn) ndiyokhazikika (imatenga mtengo 0 kapena 1 pamikangano iliyonse) kapena yolinganiza (pa theka la magawo omwe amatenga mtengo 0, theka lina 1). Pachifukwa ichi, zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizodziwika kuti ntchitoyo ndi yokhazikika kapena yokhazikika.
Mukhozanso kuwerenga . Kufotokozera kosavuta:
The Deutsch (Deutsch-Jozsi) aligorivimu imatengera mphamvu yankhanza, koma imalola kuti izichitika mwachangu kuposa nthawi zonse. Tiyerekeze kuti pali ndalama patebulo ndipo muyenera kudziwa ngati ndi yabodza kapena ayi. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kuyang'ana ndalamazo kawiri ndikuzindikira kuti: "mitu" ndi "mchira" ndi zenizeni, "mitu" iwiri, "michira" iwiri ndi yabodza. Chifukwa chake, ngati mugwiritsa ntchito algorithm ya Deutsch quantum, ndiye kuti kutsimikiza uku kungapangidwe ndi kuyang'ana kumodzi - muyeso.
Mavuto a makompyuta a quantum
Popanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a quantum, asayansi ndi mainjiniya amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri, zomwe mpaka pano zathetsedwa ndi kupambana kosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi () Mavuto otsatirawa atha kudziwika:
- Kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe komanso kuyanjana ndi chilengedwe
- Kuwunjika zolakwika pakuwerengera
- Zovuta ndikuyambitsa koyambirira kwa qubit states
- Zovuta kupanga ma multi-qubit systems
Ndikupangira kuwerenga nkhaniyi "β, makamaka ndemanga zake.
Tiyeni tipange mavuto onse akuluakulu m'magulu atatu akuluakulu ndikuyang'anitsitsa aliyense wa iwo:
Kusamvana
.
Quantum state chinthu chofooka kwambiriqubits mumkhalidwe wokhazikika ndi wosakhazikika kwambiri, kukopa kulikonse kwakunja kumatha (ndipo kumatero) kuwononga kulumikizana uku. Kusintha kwa kutentha ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri la digiri, kupanikizika, chithunzithunzi chowuluka chapafupi - zonsezi zimasokoneza dongosolo lathu.
Kuti athetse vutoli, sarcophagi yotsika kutentha imamangidwa, momwe kutentha (-273.14 madigiri Celsius) kumakhala pamwamba pa zero, ndikudzipatula kwakukulu kwa chipinda chamkati ndi purosesa kuchokera ku zochitika zonse (zotheka) za chilengedwe chakunja.
Nthawi yochuluka ya moyo wa quantum system ya ma qubits angapo omangidwa, pomwe imasungabe kuchuluka kwake ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera, imatchedwa decoherence nthawi.
Pakalipano, nthawi yowonongeka muzothetsera zabwino kwambiri za quantum ili pa dongosolo la makumi ndi mazana a microseconds.
Pali zodabwitsa kumene mungathe kuyang'ana mwa machitidwe onse opangidwa ndi quantum. Nkhaniyi ili ndi mapurosesa awiri okha apamwamba monga zitsanzo - kuchokera ku IBM ndi kuchokera . Monga tikuonera, nthawi ya decoherence (T2) sichidutsa 200 ΞΌs.
Sindinapeze deta yeniyeni pa Sycamore, koma makamaka manambala awiri amapatsidwa - Kuwerengera 1 miliyoni mumasekondi 200, m'malo ena - chifukwa Masekondi a 130 popanda kutayika kwa zizindikiro zowongolera, etc.. Mulimonsemo, izi zimatipatsa ife nthawi ya decoherence ndi pafupifupi 150 ΞΌs. Kumbukirani zathu woyesera ndi thumba? Chabwino, iye ali.
| Dzina la Pakompyuta | N Qubits | Max wophatikizidwa | T2 (Β΅s) |
| IBM Q System One | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
Kodi kusamvana kumatiwopseza chiyani?
Vuto lalikulu ndikuti pambuyo pa 150 ΞΌs, makina athu apakompyuta a N entangled qubits ayamba kutulutsa phokoso loyera lowoneka bwino m'malo mogawa njira zolondola.
Ndiye kuti, tikufuna:
- Yambitsani dongosolo la qubit
- Chitani mawerengedwe (unyolo wa ntchito pachipata)
- Werengani zotsatira
Ndipo chitani zonsezi mu 150 microseconds. Ndinalibe nthawi - zotsatira zake zidasanduka dzungu.
Koma si zokhazoβ¦
Zolakwika
Monga tidanenera, quantum process ndi quantum computing ndizotheka mwachilengedwe, sitingakhale otsimikiza 100% pa chilichonse, koma ndi kuthekera kwina. Mkhalidwewo ukukulitsidwanso chifukwa chakuti quantum computing ndizovuta. Mitundu yayikulu ya zolakwika mu quantum computing ndi:
- Zolakwa za decoherence zimayambitsidwa ndi zovuta za dongosolo ndi kugwirizana ndi chilengedwe chakunja
- Zolakwika zowerengera pachipata (chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuwerengera)
- Zolakwika powerenga zomaliza (zotsatira)
Zolakwa zokhudzana ndi kusagwirizana, kuwonekera tikangomanga ma qubits athu ndikuyamba kuwerengera. Tikamangirira ma qubits, dongosololi limakhala lovuta kwambiri, ndipo ndikosavuta kuwononga. Sarcophagi yotsika kutentha, zipinda zotetezedwa, zidule zonse zaukadaulozi zimatsata ndendende kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zolakwika ndikukulitsa nthawi yolumikizana.
Zolakwika zowerengera zipata - Opaleshoni iliyonse (chipata) pa qubits imatha, ndikutheka, kutha ndi cholakwika, ndikukhazikitsa ma aligorivimu omwe tikufunika kuchita mazana a zipata, ndiye lingalirani zomwe timapeza kumapeto kwa kuphedwa kwa algorithm yathu. Yankho lachikale la funsoli ndilakuti "Kodi pali mwayi wotani wokumana ndi dinosaur mu elevator?" - 50x50, mwina mudzakumana kapena ayi.
Vutoli limakulitsidwanso chifukwa chakuti njira zowongolera zolakwika (kubwereza mawerengedwe ndi ma avareji) sizigwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha chiphunzitso cha no-cloning. Za mu quantum computing idayenera kupangidwa . Mwachidule, timatenga ma N qubits wamba ndikupanga 1 mwa iwo logic qubit ndi zolakwika zochepa.
Koma apa pali vuto lina - chiwerengero chonse cha qubits. Tawonani, tinene kuti tili ndi purosesa yokhala ndi ma qubits 100, omwe 80 qubits amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zolakwika, ndiye kuti tatsala ndi 20 okha kuti tiwerenge.
Zolakwika powerenga zotsatira zomaliza - monga tikukumbukira, zotsatira za mawerengedwe a quantum zimaperekedwa kwa ife mu mawonekedwe mwayi wogawa mayankho. Koma kuwerenga mkhalidwe womaliza kungathenso kulephera ndi cholakwika.
Momwemonso Pali ma tebulo ofananiza a ma processor ndi milingo yolakwika. Poyerekeza, tiyeni titenge mapurosesa omwewo monga momwe tawonera kale - IBM ΠΈ :
| kompyuta | 1-Qubit Gate Kukhulupirika | 2-Qubit Gate Kukhulupirika | Readout Fidelity |
| IBM Q System One | 99.96% | 98.31% | - |
| Google Sycamore | 99.84% | 99.38% | 96.2% |
ndi ndi muyeso wa kufanana kwa zigawo ziwiri za quantum. Kukula kwa cholakwikacho kumatha kufotokozedwa ngati 1-Fidelity. Monga tikuonera, zolakwika pazipata za 2-qubit ndi zolakwika zowerengera ndizo chopinga chachikulu pakuchita ma algorithms ovuta komanso aatali pamakompyuta a quantum omwe alipo.
Mukhozanso kuwerenga zaka kuchokera kuthetsa vuto la kukonza zolakwika.
Zomangamanga zama processor
Mwachidziwitso timamanga ndikugwira ntchito mabwalo ambiri a qubits otsekedwa, mβchenicheni chirichonse chiri chovuta kwambiri. Zonse zomwe zilipo quantum chips (mapurosesa) amamangidwa m'njira yoti asamapweteke kumangika kwa qubit imodzi yokha ndi anansi ake, omwe palibe oposa asanu ndi limodzi.
Ngati tifunika kumangirira qubit 1, titi, ndi 12, ndiye kuti tiyenera kupanga unyolo wa ntchito zina za quantum, kuphatikiza ma qubits owonjezera, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zolakwika. Inde, ndipo musaiwale za nthawi ya decoherence, mwina mukamaliza kulumikiza ma qubits mu dera lomwe mukufuna, nthawi idzatha ndipo dera lonse lidzasanduka. zabwino zoyera phokoso jenereta.
Komanso musaiwale zimenezo Mapangidwe a ma processor onse a quantum ndi osiyana, ndipo pulogalamu yolembedwa mu emulator mu "malumikizidwe onse ndi onse" iyenera "kubwezeretsedwanso" muzomangamanga za chip china. Pali ngakhale kuchita ntchito imeneyi.
Kulumikizana kwakukulu komanso kuchuluka kwa ma qubits pamatchipu apamwamba omwewo:
| Dzina la Pakompyuta | N Qubits | Max wophatikizidwa | T2 (Β΅s) |
| IBM Q System One | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
Ndipo, kufananiza, tebulo ndi deta kuchokera m'badwo wakale wa mapurosesa. Fananizani kuchuluka kwa ma qubits, nthawi yokhazikika komanso kuchuluka kwa zolakwika ndi zomwe tili nazo tsopano ndi m'badwo watsopano. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kumachedwa, koma kumayenda.
Kotero:
- Pakadali pano palibe zomanga zolumikizidwa kwathunthu ndi> 6 qubits
- Kuti mulowetse qubit 0s pa purosesa yeniyeni, mwachitsanzo, qubit 15 ingafunike ntchito zingapo zowonjezera.
- Zochita zambiri -> zolakwika zambiri -> kukopa kwakukulu kwa kusamvana
Zotsatira
Decoherence ndi bedi la Procrustean la computing yamakono ya quantum. Tiyenera kugwirizanitsa chirichonse mu 150 ΞΌs:
- Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikhalidwe choyambirira cha qubits
- Kuwerengera vuto pogwiritsa ntchito zipata za quantum
- Konzani zolakwika kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino
- Werengani zotsatira zake
Mpaka pano zotsatira zake ndi zokhumudwitsa kudzinenera kukwaniritsa 0.5s coherence kusunga nthawi pa quantum kompyuta kutengera :
Timayesa nthawi yolumikizana ndi qubit mopitilira 0.5 s, ndipo ndi chitetezo cha maginito tikuyembekeza kuti izi ziwongolere kukhala zazitali kuposa 1000 s.
Mutha kuwerenganso zaukadaulo uwu kapena, mwachitsanzo, .
Zinthu zimasokonekera chifukwa powerengera zovuta m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mabwalo owongolera zolakwika za quantum, zomwe zimadyanso nthawi komanso ma qubits omwe amapezeka.
Ndipo potsiriza, zomanga zamakono sizimalola kukhazikitsa njira zotsekera bwino kuposa 1 mwa 4 kapena 1 mwa 6 pamtengo wotsika.
Njira zothetsera mavuto
Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa, njira ndi njira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito cryochambers ndi kutentha kochepa (10 mK (-273,14 Β° C))
- Kugwiritsa ntchito ma processor mayunitsi omwe amatetezedwa kwambiri kuzinthu zakunja
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Quantum Error Correction Systems (Logic Qubit)
- Kugwiritsa ntchito ma optimizers pokonza mabwalo a purosesa inayake
Kafukufuku akuchitidwanso kuti awonjezere nthawi yolumikizana, kufunafuna zatsopano (ndi kuwongolera zodziwika) zakuthupi zazinthu zamtundu, kukhathamiritsa mabwalo owongolera, ndi zina zambiri. Pali kupita patsogolo (yang'anani pamwambapa mawonekedwe a tchipisi akale ndi amakono apamwamba), koma mpaka pano akuchedwa, kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono.
D-Wave
D-Wave 2000Q 2000-qubit kompyuta. Gwero:
Pakati pa chilengezo cha Google chokwaniritsa kukula kwachulukidwe pogwiritsa ntchito purosesa ya 53-qubit, ΠΈ kuchokera ku kampani ya D-Wave, momwe chiwerengero cha qubits chiri mu zikwi, ndizosokoneza. Chabwino, ngati 53 qubits adatha kukwaniritsa kukula kwachulukidwe, ndiye kuti kompyuta yokhala ndi 2048 qubits ingathe kuchita chiyani? Koma si zonse zili bwino ...
Mwachidule (zotengedwa kuchokera ku wiki):
Makompyuta gwirani ntchito pa mfundoyo (), imatha kuthana ndi zovuta zochepa kwambiri za kukhathamiritsa, ndipo sizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms achikhalidwe komanso zipata za quantum.
Kuti mumve zambiri mutha kuwerenga, mwachitsanzo, , (kusamala, mwina osatsegula kuchokera ku Russia), kapena Π² kuchokera kwake . Mwa njira, ine kwambiri amalangiza kuwerenga blog wake ambiri, pali zinthu zambiri zabwino kumeneko
Kawirikawiri, kuyambira pachiyambi cha zolengeza, gulu la asayansi linali ndi mafunso okhudza makompyuta a D-Wave. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2014, IBM idakayikira kuti D-Wave Zinafika poti mu 2015, Google, pamodzi ndi NASA, adagula imodzi mwa makompyuta awa ndipo atafufuza. , kuti inde, kompyuta imagwira ntchito ndikuwerengera vuto mwachangu kuposa lokhazikika. Mutha kuwerenga zambiri za mawu a Google ndi, mwachitsanzo, .
Chachikulu ndichakuti makompyuta a D-Wave, okhala ndi mazana ndi masauzande a qubits, sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera ndikuyendetsa ma algorithms a quantum. Simungathe kuyendetsa algorithm ya Shor pa iwo, mwachitsanzo. Zomwe angachite ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zina za quantum kuti athetse vuto linalake lokhathamiritsa. Titha kuwona kuti D-Wave ndi kuchuluka kwa ASIC pantchito inayake.
Pang'ono ndi kutsanzira kwa quantum kompyuta
Quantum computing imatha kutsanzira pakompyuta wamba. Poyeneradi, :
- Mkhalidwe wa qubit ukhoza kukhala nambala yovuta, yochokera ku 2x32 mpaka 2x64 bits (8-16 bytes) kutengera kapangidwe ka purosesa
- Mkhalidwe wa N qubits wolumikizidwa ukhoza kuimiridwa ngati 2 ^ N nambala zovuta, i.e. 2^(3+N) ya zomangamanga za 32-bit ndi 2^(4+N) za 64-bit.
- Kuchita kwachulukidwe pa N qubits kumatha kuyimiridwa ndi 2 ^ N x 2 ^ N matrix
Ndiye:
- Kuti musunge maiko otsatiridwa a 10 qubits, 8 KB ndiyofunika
- Kuti musunge zigawo za 20 qubits muyenera 8 MB
- Kuti musunge zigawo za 30 qubits, 8 GB ndiyofunika
- 40 Ma terabyte amafunikira kuti asunge zigawo za 8 qubits
- Kusunga maiko a 50 qubits, 8 Petabytes amafunikira, ndi zina.
Poyerekeza, () amanyamula 2.8 Petabytes okha kukumbukira.
- 49 qubit idaperekedwa chaka chatha ku kompyuta yayikulu kwambiri yaku China ()
Malire oyeserera makompyuta a quantum pamakina akale amatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa RAM komwe kumafunikira kusungirako ma qubits.
Ndikupangiranso kuwerenga . Kuchokera pamenepo:
Pogwira ntchito - kutsanzira kolondola kwa dera la 49-qubit lomwe lili ndi "mikombero" 39 (zigawo zodziyimira pawokha) 2 ^ 63 kuchulukitsa kovuta - 4 Pflops ya supercomputer kwa maola 4
Kutengera makompyuta a 50+ qubit quantum pamakina akale kumawonedwa kuti ndi kosatheka munthawi yoyenera. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Google idagwiritsa ntchito purosesa ya 53-qubit pakuyesa kwake kwaukulu wa quantum.
Quantum computing supremacy.
Wikipedia imatipatsa tanthauzo ili la kukula kwa quantum computing:
Quantum supremacy - luso zida zothetsera mavuto omwe makompyuta akale sangathe kuthetsa.
M'malo mwake, kukwaniritsa ukulu wa kuchuluka kumatanthauza kuti, mwachitsanzo, kuphatikizika kwa ziwerengero zazikulu pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm ya Shor kumatha kuthetsedwa munthawi yokwanira, kapena mamolekyu ovuta amatha kutsatiridwa pamlingo wa quantum, ndi zina zotero. Ndiko kuti, nyengo yatsopano yafika.
Koma pali kusiyana kwina m'mawu a tanthauzo, ".zomwe makompyuta akale sangathe kuzithetsa" M'malo mwake, izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati mupanga quantum kompyuta ya 50+ qubits ndikuyendetsa dera la quantum, ndiye, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zotsatira za derali sizingatsanzire pakompyuta yokhazikika. Ndiko kuti kompyuta yachikale silingathe kukonzanso zotsatira za dera lotere.
Kaya zotsatira zotere zikupanga ukulu weniweni wa kuchuluka kapena ayi ndi funso lanzeru. Koma mvetsetsani zomwe Google idachita komanso zomwe zidachokera zofunika.
Google's Quantum Supremacy Statement
Sycamore 54-qubit purosesa
Chifukwa chake, mu Okutobala 2019, opanga Google adasindikiza nkhani m'magazini yasayansi Nature "" Olembawo adalengeza kukwaniritsidwa kwa ukulu wa quantum kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri pogwiritsa ntchito purosesa ya 54-qubit Sycamore.
Zolemba za Sycamore pa intaneti nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza purosesa ya 54-qubit kapena purosesa ya 53-qubit. Chowonadi ndi chakuti malinga ndi , purosesa imakhala ndi 54 qubits, koma imodzi mwa izo sikugwira ntchito ndipo yachotsedwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, kwenikweni tili ndi purosesa ya 53-qubit.
Pa intaneti pomwepo zida pamutuwu, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumasiyana mpaka .
Gulu la IBM la quantum computing pambuyo pake linanena zimenezo . Kampaniyo imanena kuti kompyuta wamba idzathana ndi ntchitoyi pazovuta kwambiri m'masiku a 2,5, ndipo yankho lake lidzakhala lolondola kuposa la kompyuta ya quantum. Mawu awa adapangidwa kutengera zotsatira za kusanthula kwamalingaliro kwa njira zingapo zokometsera.
Ndipo, ndithudi, ake Sindinathe kunyalanyaza mawu awa. Ake pamodzi ndi maulalo onse ndi monga mwachizolowezi, ndi oyenera kuthera nthawi yanu. Pa hub FAQ iyi, ndipo onetsetsani kuti mwawerenga ndemangazo, pali maulalo azikalata zoyambira zomwe zidatsitsidwa pa intaneti chilengezo chovomerezeka chisanachitike.
Kodi Google idachita chiyani kwenikweni? Kuti mumve zambiri, werengani Aaronson, koma mwachidule apa:
Ndikhoza, ndithudi, kukuuzani, koma ndikumva ngati wopusa. Kuwerengera kuli motere: woyesera amapanga dera lachisawawa la C (ie, kutsatizana kwachisawawa kwa zipata za 1-qubit ndi 2-qubit pakati pa oyandikana nawo pafupi, ndi kuya kwa, mwachitsanzo, 20, kuchita pa 2D network ya n. = 50-60 qubits). Woyesayo amatumiza C ku kompyuta ya quantum, ndikuipempha kuti igwiritse ntchito C kumalo oyambirira a 0, kuyeza zotsatirazo mu {0,1} maziko, tumizani n-bit kutsata ndondomeko (chingwe), ndikubwereza zingapo. nthawi zikwi kapena mamiliyoni. Pomaliza, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chake cha C, woyesera amachita mayeso owerengera kuti awone ngati zotsatira zake zikufanana ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeka kuchokera pakompyuta ya quantum.
Mwachidule kwambiri:
- Kuzungulira kwachisawawa kwa kutalika kwa 20 kwa 53 qubits kumapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zipata
- Dera limayamba ndi gawo loyamba [0β¦0] kuti aphedwe
- Kutulutsa kwa dera ndi chingwe chaching'ono (chitsanzo)
- Kugawidwa kwa zotsatira sikungochitika mwachisawawa (kusokoneza)
- Kugawidwa kwa zitsanzo zopezedwa kumafananizidwa ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa
- Kumaliza kwa Quantum Supremacy
Ndiko kuti, Google idakhazikitsa vuto lakupanga pa purosesa ya 53-qubit, ndikukhazikitsa zonena zake zokwaniritsa ukulu wake chifukwa ndizosatheka kutsanzira purosesa yotere pamakina okhazikika munthawi yoyenera.
Kuti mumvetse - Gawoli silichepetsa kupindula kwa Google mwanjira iliyonse, mainjiniya ndiabwino kwambiri, ndipo funso loti ngati izi zitha kuonedwa kuti ndi zapamwamba zenizeni kapena ayi, monga tafotokozera kale, ndi nzeru zambiri kuposa uinjiniya. Koma tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti popeza takwanitsa kuphatikizika koteroko, sitinapite patsogolo sitepe imodzi kutha kuyendetsa ma algorithm a Shor pa manambala a 2048-bit.
Chidule
Makompyuta a Quantum ndi quantum computing ndi malo odalirika kwambiri, aang'ono kwambiri komanso malo ochepa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani azidziwitso.
Kukula kwa quantum computing kudzatilola (tsiku lina) kuthetsa mavuto:
- Kutengera machitidwe ovuta akuthupi pamlingo wa quantum
- Zosasinthika pamakompyuta wamba chifukwa chazovuta zamakompyuta
Mavuto akulu pakupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a quantum:
- Kusamvana
- Zolakwika (kusagwirizana ndi zipata)
- Zomangamanga zama processor (zolumikizana kwathunthu za qubit)
Zomwe zikuchitika pano:
- Ndipotu - chiyambi .
- Palibe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni pazamalonda (ndipo sizikudziwika kuti kudzakhala liti)
Zomwe zingathandize:
- Kupezeka kwamtundu wina komwe kumachepetsa mtengo wama waya ndi ma processor opangira
- Kupeza chinthu chomwe chingawonjezere nthawi yolumikizana ndi dongosolo la kukula ndi / kapena kuchepetsa zolakwika
M'malingaliro anga (malingaliro anga enieni), Pachidziwitso chamakono cha sayansi, sitidzapindula kwambiri pakupanga matekinoloje a quantum., apa tikufunika kutsogola kwabwino m'gawo lina la sayansi yofunikira kapena yogwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe ingalimbikitse malingaliro ndi njira zatsopano.
Pakadali pano, tikupeza chidziwitso pakupanga ma quantum, kusonkhanitsa ndikupanga ma algorithms a quantum, malingaliro oyesa, ndi zina, ndi zina. Tikuyembekezera kutulukira.
Pomaliza
M'nkhaniyi, tinadutsa zochitika zazikulu pakupanga makompyuta a quantum ndi makompyuta a quantum, tinayang'ana mfundo ya ntchito yawo, tinayang'ana mavuto akuluakulu omwe amisiri amakumana nawo pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma processor a quantum, komanso kuyang'ana zomwe multi-qubit Makompyuta a D alidi. Wave ndi chilengezo chaposachedwa cha Google chokwaniritsa ukulu wa kuchuluka.
Kumanzere kwazithunzi ndi mafunso a makompyuta a pulogalamu ya quantum (zilankhulo, njira, njira, ndi zina zotero) ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwakuthupi kwa mapurosesa, momwe ma qubits amayendetsedwa, kulumikizidwa, kuwerenga, ndi zina zotero. Mwina uwu udzakhala mutu wa nkhani yotsatira kapena nkhani.
Zikomo chifukwa cha chidwi chanu, ndikuyembekeza kuti nkhaniyi idzakhala yothandiza kwa wina.
(NDI)
Zothokoza
kuti muΕ΅erengere ndi kuyankhapo pa zimene zachokera, komanso za nkhaniyo
kuti mudziwe zambiri za ndemanga , ndipo osati kwa iye yekha, zomwe zinandithandiza kwambiri kuti ndizindikire vutoli.
Kwa onse olemba zolemba ndi zofalitsa zomwe zida zawo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba nkhaniyi.
Mndandanda wazinthu
Nkhani Zomwe Zachitika Panopa kuchokera ku [National Academies Press]
Zolemba zochokera ku Habr (mwachisawawa)
Zolemba zosasankhidwa (koma zosachepera) zochokera pa intaneti
Maphunziro ndi maphunziro
Source: www.habr.com