Ambiri opanga mapulogalamu amakono adaphunzira maphunziro awo ku mayunivesite. M'kupita kwa nthawi, izi zisintha, koma tsopano zinthu zili bwino kotero kuti ogwira ntchito abwino m'makampani a IT amachokerabe ku mayunivesite. Mu positi iyi, Stanislav Protasov, Acronis Director of University Relations, akukamba za masomphenya ake a mbali ya maphunziro a yunivesite kwa mapulogalamu amtsogolo. Aphunzitsi, ophunzira ndi omwe amawalemba ntchito angapezenso malangizo othandiza podula.
Kwa zaka 10 zapitazi ndakhala ndikuphunzitsa masamu, ma aligorivimu, zilankhulo zamapulogalamu komanso kuphunzira pamakina m'mayunivesite osiyanasiyana. Lero, kuwonjezera pa udindo wanga ku Acronis, ndine wachiwiri kwa mutu wa dipatimenti ya sayansi ya makompyuta ku MIPT. Kuchokera pa zomwe ndakumana nazo ndikugwira ntchito m'mayunivesite abwino a ku Russia (osati okha), ndinawonapo za kukonzekera kwa ophunzira pamakompyuta.
Lamulo lachiwiri la 30 silikugwiranso ntchito
Ndikukhulupirira kuti mwakumana ndi lamulo lachiwiri la 30, lomwe limanena kuti wopanga mapulogalamu ayenera kumvetsetsa cholinga cha ntchitoyo atayang'ana mwachangu code yake. Adapangidwa kalekale, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo zida zambiri, zilankhulo, zida ndi ma aligorivimu zawonekera. Ndakhala ndikulemba kachidindo kwa zaka 12, koma posachedwa ndidawona gwero lachinthu chimodzi, chomwe poyamba chinkawoneka ngati matsenga kwa ine. Lero, ngati simumizidwa m'dera la phunzirolo, ndiye kuti lamulo lachiwiri la 30 limasiya kugwira ntchito. Apo ayi, osati 30 okha, komanso masekondi 300 sangakhale okwanira kuti mudziwe chomwe chiri.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kulemba madalaivala, muyenera kulowa m'derali ndikuwerenga mizere masauzande a code yeniyeni. Ndi njira iyi yophunzirira phunziro, katswiri amakulitsa "kumverera kwakuyenda." Monga mu rap, pamene kumverera kwa nyimbo yabwino ndi nyimbo yoyenera kumawoneka popanda kulingalira kwapadera. Momwemonso, wopanga mapulogalamu ophunzitsidwa bwino amatha kuzindikira manambala osagwira ntchito kapena oyipa popanda kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane komwe kuphwanya masitayelo kudachitika kapena njira yocheperako idagwiritsidwa ntchito (koma kumverera uku kungakhale kovuta kufotokoza).
Kukhazikika komanso kuchulukirachulukira kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti maphunziro a bachelor samaperekanso mwayi wophunzira madera onse mozama mokwanira. Koma ndi pamlingo uwu wamaphunziro pomwe munthu amafunikira kukhala ndi malingaliro. Pambuyo pake, kusukulu yomaliza maphunziro kapena kuntchito, mudzafunika kukhala ndi nthawi yokhazikika muzovuta komanso zenizeni za gawolo, kuphunzira slang, zilankhulo zamapulogalamu ndi ma code a anzanu, kuwerenga zolemba ndi mabuku. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti iyi ndi njira yokhayo, mothandizidwa ndi yunivesite, "kupopera chopingasa" mtsogolo. .
Ndi chilankhulo chanji cha mapulogalamu chomwe chili chabwino kuphunzitsa ku yunivesite?
Chondisangalatsa ndichakuti aphunzitsi akuyunivesite asiya kale kufunafuna yankho lolondola la funso lakuti: “Kodi chinenero chabwino kwambiri chophunzitsira ndi chiyani?” Mtsutso woti ndi wabwino - C # kapena Java, Delphi kapena C++ - watha. Kuwonekera kwa zilankhulo zambiri zatsopano zamapulogalamu komanso kuchulukirachulukira kwazomwe zachitika pakuphunzitsa kwadzetsa kumvetsetsa kwamaphunziro: chilankhulo chilichonse chimakhala ndi kagawo kake.
Vuto la kuphunzitsa pogwiritsa ntchito chinenero chimodzi kapena china cha mapulogalamu lasiya kukhala patsogolo. Zilibe kanthu kuti maphunzirowo akuphunzitsidwa m’chinenero chotani. Chinthu chachikulu ndichokwanira kufotokoza chinenerocho. Buku "” ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha mfundo imeneyi. M'kope lamakonoli, zitsanzo zonse zimaperekedwa mu Java - chinenero chopanda zolozera, koma ndi Zosonkhanitsa Zinyalala. Palibe amene angatsutse kuti Java ili kutali ndi chisankho choyenera cholembera khodi yofanana kwambiri. Koma chinenerocho chinali choyenera kufotokoza mfundo zimene zili m’bukulo. Chitsanzo china - Andrew Nna, adaphunzitsa ku Matlab m'malo a Octave. Lero mutha kusankha chilankhulo chosiyana, koma zimapanga kusiyana kotani ngati malingaliro ndi njira zake ndizofunikira?
Zambiri zothandiza komanso zoyandikira zenizeni
Nthawi yomweyo, m'zaka zaposachedwa pakhala akatswiri ambiri m'mayunivesite. Ngati mapulogalamu akale aku yunivesite yaku Russia adatsutsidwa mwachangu chifukwa chosudzulana ndi zenizeni, masiku ano zomwezo sizinganenedwe pamaphunziro a IT. Zaka 10 zapitazo kunalibe aphunzitsi ku mayunivesite omwe ali ndi zochitika zenizeni zamakampani. Masiku ano, nthawi zambiri, makalasi ku dipatimenti yapadera amaphunzitsidwa osati ndi aphunzitsi anthawi zonse a sayansi yamakompyuta, koma ndi akatswiri a IT omwe amaphunzitsa maphunziro 1-2 okha pa nthawi yawo yaulere kuchokera ku ntchito yawo yayikulu. Njirayi imadzilungamitsa yokha kuchokera ku maphunziro apamwamba a ogwira ntchito, kukonzanso maphunziro komanso, ndithudi, kufunafuna ogwira ntchito pakampani. Sindikuganiza kuti ndiwulula chinsinsi ponena kuti timathandizira dipatimenti yofunikira ku MIPT ndikupanga maubwenzi ndi mayunivesite ena, kuphatikizapo kukonzekera ophunzira omwe angayambe ntchito zawo ku Acronis.
Katswiri wa masamu kapena wopanga mapulogalamu?
Nkhondo zopatulika, zomwe poyamba zinkazungulira zinenero zamaprogramu, zapita kumalo afilosofi. Tsopano otchedwa "programmers" ndi "masamu" akukangana wina ndi mzake. M'malo mwake, masukulu awa atha kugawidwa m'mapulogalamu awiri amaphunziro, koma makampani akadali osauka pakulekanitsa zidziwitso zotere, ndipo kuchokera ku yunivesite kupita ku yunivesite tili ndi maphunziro ofanana ndi cholinga chosiyana pang'ono. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wophunzirayo ndi kampani yomwe adzapitilize kugwira ntchitoyo ayenera kuwonjezera tsatanetsatane wa chidziwitso ndi zidutswa zomwe zikusowa.
Kuwonekera kwa akatswiri m'mayunivesite omwe amalemba zolemba zamafakitale m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana kumapatsa ophunzira luso lachitukuko. Kudziwa bwino za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malaibulale okhazikika, zikhazikitso ndi njira zamapulogalamu, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi amathandizira ophunzira kukhala ndi chidwi cholemba ma code abwino, kuti azichita mwachangu komanso moyenera.
Luso lothandizali, komabe, nthawi zina limatsogolera kukuwonekera kwa omwe amakonda kuyambiranso gudumu. Ophunzira omwe amakonza mapulogalamu amaganiza motere: "Kodi ndilembe mizere ina 200 ya code yabwino yomwe ingathetse vutoli molunjika?"
Aphunzitsi omwe adalandira maphunziro apamwamba a masamu (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku Faculty of Mathematics kapena Applied Mathematics) nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito m'malo asayansi yachinyengo, kapena m'munda wa zitsanzo ndi kusanthula deta. "Akatswiri a masamu" amawona zovuta m'munda wa Sayansi Yamakompyuta mosiyana. Amagwira ntchito osati ndi ma code, koma ndi ma algorithms, theorems, ndi mitundu yovomerezeka. Ubwino wofunikira wa njira ya masamu ndikumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zingatheke komanso zomwe sizingathetsedwe. Ndi momwe angathetsere.
Chifukwa chake, aphunzitsi a masamu amalankhula za mapulogalamu ndi kukondera kwa chiphunzitso. Ophunzira omwe amachokera ku "akatswiri a masamu" nthawi zambiri amabwera ndi mayankho oganiziridwa bwino komanso apamwamba, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwanira pamalingaliro achilankhulo komanso olembedwa mosasamala. Wophunzira woteroyo amakhulupirira kuti cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho kusonyeza kuti ali ndi mphamvu zothetsera mavuto ngati amenewa. Koma kukhazikitsa kungakhale kopumira.
Ana omwe analeredwa monga olemba mapulogalamu kusukulu kapena m'zaka zawo zoyambirira amabweretsa "njinga yokongola kwambiri", yomwe, komabe, nthawi zambiri siigwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. M'malo mwake, sadzipangira okha ntchito yowerengera mozama ndikutembenukira ku mabuku ophunzirira kufunafuna mayankho abwino, kusankha ma code okongola.
M'mayunivesite osiyanasiyana, panthawi yofunsa ophunzira, nthawi zambiri ndimawona "sukulu" yomwe imayambitsa maphunziro ake. Ndipo pafupifupi sindinakumanepo ndi kulinganizika kokwanira bwino m’maphunziro oyambira. Muli mwana, mumzinda wanga mumatha kukonzekera masamu olympiad, koma kunalibe makalabu opangira mapulogalamu. Tsopano, m'makalabu, ana amaphunzira kupanga pulogalamu ya "Fashionable" Go ndi Python. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale pamlingo wovomerezeka ku mayunivesite, pali kusiyana kwa njira. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kukhalabe ndi luso ku yunivesite, apo ayi katswiri yemwe ali ndi maziko osakwanira amalingaliro, kapena munthu yemwe sanaphunzirepo ndipo safuna kulemba ma code abwino, adzabwera kudzagwira ntchito ku kampaniyo.
Momwe "mungaponyere chopingasa" mtsogolo
N’zoonekeratu kuti m’mikhalidwe yoteroyo wophunzira amangosankha zimene amakonda. Mphunzitsi amangopereka malingaliro omwe ali pafupi naye. Koma aliyense adzapindula ngati codeyo yalembedwa bwino, ndipo kuchokera ku ma algorithms, zonse ndizomveka, zomveka komanso zothandiza.
- Maonekedwe a IT. Womaliza maphunziro a bachelor's degree mu Computer Science ndi katswiri wopangidwa mokonzeka yemwe ali ndi luso laukadaulo, yemwe mwina wasankha mbiri yake. Koma m’chaka chaching’ono, sitikudziwa chimene adzachita. Iye akhoza kupita ku sayansi kapena analytics, kapena, m'malo mwake, akhoza kulemba kuchuluka kwa code tsiku lililonse. Chifukwa chake, wophunzirayo akuyenera kuwonetsedwa mbali zonse zogwirira ntchito mu IT ndikudziwitsidwa zida zonse. Moyenera, aphunzitsi ochokera kumaphunziro aukadaulo amawonetsa kulumikizana ndi machitidwe (ndi mosemphanitsa).
- Kukula. Zili m’zabwino za wophunzira mwiniyo kusalolera kuchita mopambanitsa. Kumvetsetsa ngati ndinu "katswiri wa masamu" kapena "wopanga mapulogalamu" sikovuta. Ndikokwanira kumvera kukopa koyamba pothetsa vuto: mukufuna kuchita chiyani - yang'anani m'mabuku pofunafuna njira yabwino kapena lembani ntchito zingapo zomwe zingakhale zothandiza pambuyo pake? Kutengera izi, mutha kupanga njira yowonjezera yophunzirira yanu.
- Magwero ena a chidziwitso. Izi zimachitika kuti pulogalamu bwino bwino, koma "System Programming" ndi "ma aligorivimu" amaphunzitsidwa ndi anthu osiyana kwambiri, ndipo ophunzira ena ali pafupi ndi mphunzitsi woyamba, ndi ena - kwa wachiwiri. Koma ngakhale simukukonda pulofesa, ichi sichifukwa chonyalanyaza maphunziro ena mokomera ena. Ma Bachelors okha ndi omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kupeza chikhumbo chogwira ntchito ndi magwero a chidziwitso ndipo osadalira malingaliro okhwima monga "masamu ndi mfumukazi ya sayansi, chinthu chachikulu ndikudziwa ma aligorivimu" kapena "kachidindo kabwino kamalipiritsa china chilichonse."
Mutha kukulitsa chidziwitso chanu mwamalingaliro potembenukira kumaphunziro apadera komanso maphunziro apa intaneti. Mutha kupititsa patsogolo luso lanu m'zilankhulo zamapulogalamu pa Coursera, Udacity kapena Stepik, komwe maphunziro osiyanasiyana amaperekedwa. Komanso, ophunzira nthawi zambiri amayamba kuwonera maphunziro azilankhulo zolimba ngati akuwona kuti mphunzitsi wa ma algorithms amadziwa masamu bwino, koma sangathe kuyankha mafunso ovuta kutsata. Sikuti aliyense angagwirizane ndi ine, koma muzochita zanga zadziwonetsera bwino , momwe zinthu zambiri zovuta za chinenero zimawunikidwa motsatizana. Nthawi zambiri, sankhani maphunziro okhala ndi mavoti apamwamba kuchokera kumakampani odziwika bwino kapena mayunivesite.
Maluso odzichepetsa
Kuchokera ku yunivesite kukagwira ntchito ku kampani iliyonse, kuyambira koyambira mpaka kukampani yayikulu, ophunzira ochokera ku mayunivesite apamwamba amapezeka kuti sakuzolowera malo enieni antchito. Chowonadi ndi chakuti masiku ano mayunivesite "amasamalira ana" ophunzira kwambiri. Ngakhale ataphonya makalasi ambiri, osakonzekera mayeso ndi mayeso pa nthawi, kugona mopitirira muyeso, kapena mochedwa mayeso, aliyense akhoza kupambana ndikubwereza kachiwiri - ndipo pamapeto pake adzalandira diploma.
Komabe, masiku ano pali zinthu zonse zoti ophunzira akonzekere moyo wachikulire komanso ntchito zodziyimira pawokha. Iwo adzayenera osati pulogalamu, komanso kulankhulana. Ndipo izi ziyeneranso kuphunzitsidwa. Mayunivesite ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopangira malusowa, koma, tsoka, nthawi zambiri sapatsidwa chidwi chokwanira. Komabe, tili ndi mwayi wopeza luso logwira ntchito limodzi.
- Kulankhulana kolemba bizinesi. Tsoka ilo, omaliza maphunziro ambiri omwe amachoka ku yunivesite sadziwa zamayendedwe amakalata. Kuyankhulana kwapadera kwa amithenga apompopompo ndikusinthana kwa mauthenga usiku ndi usana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolankhulirana komanso mawu osalongosoka. Komabe, zingakhale zotheka kuphunzitsa malankhulidwe olembedwa pamene wophunzira alankhulana ndi dipatimenti ndi yunivesite.
M'zochita, oyang'anira nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi kufunikira kowononga ntchito yayikulu kukhala ntchito zazing'ono. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kufotokoza momveka bwino ntchito iliyonse ndi zigawo zake kuti otukula ang'onoang'ono amvetsetse zomwe zimafunikira kwa iwo. Ntchito yosafotokozedwa bwino nthawi zambiri imapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kokonzanso zina, chifukwa chake chidziwitso pakulankhulana kolembedwa kumathandiza omaliza maphunziro kugwira ntchito m'magulu ogawidwa.
- Ulaliki wolembedwa wa zotsatira za ntchito yanu. Kuti awonetse ntchito zawo zamaphunziro, ophunzira apamwamba amatha kulemba zolemba pa Habr, zolemba zasayansi, komanso malipoti chabe. Pali mwayi wambiri pa izi - ntchito yamaphunziro imayamba m'chaka chachiwiri ku mayunivesite ena. Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito zolemba ngati njira yowongolera - nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nkhani ya atolankhani. Njirayi yakhazikitsidwa kale ku National Research University Higher School of Economics.
Ngati kampani ikuchita njira yosinthika yachitukuko, iyenera kuwonetsa zotsatira za ntchito yake m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, koma nthawi zambiri. Kuti muchite izi, ndikofunikira kuti muthe kufotokoza mwachidule zotsatira za ntchito ya katswiri m'modzi kapena gulu lonse. Komanso, makampani ambiri masiku ano amachita "ndemanga" - pachaka kapena theka-pachaka. Ogwira ntchito amakambirana zotsatira ndi chiyembekezo cha ntchito. Kubwereza bwino ndicho chifukwa chachikulu cha kukula kwa ntchito, mabonasi, mwachitsanzo, mu Microsoft, Acronis kapena Yandex. Inde, mukhoza kukonzekera bwino, koma "kukhala pakona" ngakhale katswiri wozizira nthawi zonse amataya munthu amene amadziwa kufotokozera bwino bwino.
- Kulemba Zamaphunziro. Zolemba zamaphunziro ziyenera kutchulidwa mwapadera. Ndizothandiza kuti ophunzira adziwe bwino malamulo olembera zolemba zasayansi, kugwiritsa ntchito mikangano, kufufuza zambiri m'magwero osiyanasiyana, komanso kupanga maumboni azinthu izi. Ndikofunikira kuchita izi mu Chingerezi, popeza pali zolemba zambiri zabwino m'magulu amaphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo pamachitidwe osiyanasiyana pali ma tempulo okhazikitsidwa kale owonetsera zotsatira zasayansi. Zoonadi, luso lolemba la maphunziro likufunikanso pokonzekera zofalitsa za chinenero cha Chirasha, koma pali zitsanzo zochepa za nkhani zamakono zamakono mu Chingerezi. Maluso amenewa angapezeke kudzera mu maphunziro oyenera, omwe tsopano akuphatikizidwa m'mapulogalamu ambiri a maphunziro.
- Kutsogolera misonkhano. Ophunzira ambiri sadziwa kukonzekera misonkhano, kutenga mphindi, ndi kukonza deta. Koma ngati tikulitsa luso limeneli ku koleji, mwachitsanzo, mwa kutenga nawo mbali m’ntchito zamagulu, tingapeŵe kuwononga nthaŵi kuntchito. Izi zimafuna kuyang'anira ntchito ya polojekiti ya ophunzira kuti awaphunzitse momwe angachitire bwino misonkhano. M'malo mwake, izi zimawonongera bungwe lililonse ndalama zambiri - pambuyo pake, ngati anthu angapo omwe amalandira malipiro ambiri amathera ola limodzi lantchito pamisonkhano, mukufuna kuti pakhale kubweza kofananako.
- Kulankhula pagulu. Ophunzira ambiri amakumana ndi kufunikira kolankhula poyera pokha poteteza malingaliro awo. Ndipo si onse omwe ali okonzeka kuchita izi. Ndawona ophunzira ambiri omwe:
- Imani ndi misana yawo kwa omvera.
- kugwedezeka, kuyesera kuwonetsa komishoni ku chikomokere,
- zolembera zosweka, mapensulo ndi zolozera,
- kuyenda mozungulira
- yang'anani pansi.
Zimenezi n’zachibadwa munthu akamachita zinthu kwa nthawi yoyamba. Koma muyenera kuyamba kugwira ntchito ndi nkhawa izi kale - poteteza maphunziro anu mwaubwenzi, pakati pa anzanu akusukulu.
Kuphatikiza apo, machitidwe okhazikika m'mabungwe ndikupatsa wogwira ntchito mwayi wopereka lingaliro ndikulandila ndalama, udindo, kapena projekiti yodzipereka kwa iwo. Koma, ngati mungaganizire, ichi ndi chitetezo chofanana cha maphunziro, pamlingo wapamwamba. Bwanji osagwiritsa ntchito maluso oterowo pamene mukuphunzira?
Ndinaphonya chiyani?
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zolembera positiyi chinali nkhaniyi, . Mlembi wa nkhaniyi amangoganizira zofooka za ophunzira a ku Russia omwe amawonedwa ndi aphunzitsi akunja. Mchitidwe wa kuphunzitsa kwanga ku mayunivesite osiyanasiyana akusonyeza kuti sukulu Russian ndi maphunziro apamwamba amapereka maziko abwino. Ophunzira aku Russia ndi odziwa masamu ndi ma aligorivimu, ndipo ndikosavuta kupanga kulumikizana ndi akatswiri.
Pankhani ya ophunzira akunja, m'malo mwake, ziyembekezo za mphunzitsi wa ku Russia nthawi zina zimakhala zapamwamba kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pamlingo wamaphunziro oyambira masamu, ophunzira aku India omwe ndidakumana nawo ndi ofanana ndi aku Russia. Komabe, nthawi zina amasowa chidziwitso chapadera akamaliza maphunziro awo apamwamba. Ophunzira abwino aku Europe atha kukhala ndi maziko olimba a masamu pasukulu.
Ndipo ngati mumaphunzira kapena kugwira ntchito ku yunivesite, tsopano mutha kugwiritsa ntchito luso lolankhulana (anu kapena ophunzira anu), onjezerani maziko anu oyambira ndi machitidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, dongosolo la maphunziro aku Russia limapereka mwayi wonse - muyenera kungowagwiritsa ntchito moyenera.
Ndidzakhala wokondwa ngati mu ndemanga ku positi mumagawana maulalo anu ku maphunziro ndi njira zomwe zimathandizira kulinganiza bwino mu maphunziro, komanso njira zina zowonjezerera luso lofewa mukamaphunzira ku yunivesite.
Source: www.habr.com