“Lembanitsa!” - kunabwera kukuwa kuchokera kumpando wakumbuyo kwanga , komabe, panalibe chifukwa chake - ndinali ndikukoka kale chowongolera kwa ine ndekha ndi mphamvu zanga zonse!
Wophulitsa bomba wathu wa matani 25, wotenthedwa kwathunthu anali ndi mphuno yake pamlingo wonyenga wa 40 ndipo adagwedezeka mwamphamvu pomwe mapiko ake adadulidwa mumlengalenga, kuyesa kumvera malamulo osatheka.
Panthawiyo, titachoka kumalire akumunsi a mtambo, kudzera pa Chiwonetsero changa Chakumutu (kachitidwe kowonera magawo owuluka pagalasi lakutsogolo), ndinawona ngakhale mizere ya minda pansi: Ndidasowa mtendere.
Zinthu zinali zoipa.
Chenjezo la Ground Proximity Warning (GPW) likumveka.
"UWU, UWU! - DZIWANI, ZULU!
"7,6,5 - Tim, 400 mapazi kuti apite," mkulu wa zida zankhondo (WSO) adafuula.
Tonse tinkadziwa kuti tinali kunja kwa magawo a ejection system.
Ndinalowa bwanji m’mavuto otere?
Tiyeni tiyime.
Inde, nthawi zina mumangofunika kusiya.
Ndipo, kwenikweni, sizingakhale zophweka, makamaka ngati mwakhala mukuchita chinachake kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo chasanduka chizoloŵezi chanu.
Kwa ambiri aife, izi zitha kukhala zizolowezi zoyipa, monga kusuta, kumwa mowa, kutchova njuga - zinthu zomwe zakhala chizolowezi, koma sizothandiza konse.
Kwa ena, zingakhale zizoloŵezi za ntchito—zimene mumachita m’kupita kwa nthaŵi zimene zakhala malamulo ogwirizana a ntchito.
Ngakhale, nthawi zina zinthu zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.
Osati kale kwambiri ndinamva za ngozi ya ndege yomwe inadabwitsa anzanga kwambiri kotero kuti inayambitsa kukambirana za mfundo yakuti nthawi zina otchedwa. "ngozi" ziyenera kukhala
kuikidwa ngati chinthu chadala.
"Ngozi ndi chinthu chosasangalatsa chomwe chimachitika mwadzidzidzi komanso mosadziwa, nthawi zambiri kuvulaza kapena kuwonongeka." - Oxford English Dictionary
Iyi inali ngozi ya 2014 pomwe jeti ya bizinesi ya Gulfstream IV inagwa ku Bedford, Massachusetts, pambuyo poti anthu odziwa zambiri anayesa kunyamuka ndi loko. Makina otsekera ndi chipangizo chomwe chimatseka zowongolera kuti mphepo isawonongeke ndege ikayimitsidwa. Kunyamukako kunathetsedwa mochedwa ndipo ndegeyo idalumphira mumsewu, idasweka ndikuyaka moto: aliyense yemwe adakwera adaphedwa.
Lipoti lachidule la ngoziyo linanena kuti ogwira ntchitoyo sanayesere kuyang'ana zowongolera asananyamuke: adayesa kunyamuka ndi makina otsekera omwe adachitapo ndipo, pozindikira izi, adayesa kuletsa kunyamuka, koma kunali mochedwa.
Zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu a m'sitimayo azinyalanyaza ndandanda yawo. M'malo mwake, mndandanda wachisanu sunamalizidwe: kunyalanyaza koteroko kunali mchitidwe wokhazikika mkati mwa bungweli.
Ngati cheke molingana ndi mindandanda yatsatiridwa, njira yotsekera ikadayimitsidwa injini isanayambe. Kuphatikiza apo, zowongolera zitha kufufuzidwa.
Kwa akatswiri oyendetsa ndege, komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti lipotilo likutanthauza kuti chifukwa cha ngoziyi ndi zomwe chiphunzitsocho chimachitcha "Normalization of Deviance."
Mawuwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Diana Vaughan m'buku lake loperekedwa ku kuwonongeka kwa Challenger shuttle - "The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA.").
"Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumatanthauza kuti anthu m'bungwe azolowera kwambiri machitidwe opotoka kotero kuti sawona kuti ndi opotoka, ngakhale amaphwanya mobisa malamulo oyendetsera chitetezo." - Diana Vaughan
Izi zikachitika nthawi yayitali m'bungwe, m'pamenenso zimadziwika bwino kwa ogwira ntchito. Akunja amawona izi ngati zachilendo, koma mkati mwa bungwe ndizochitika tsiku ndi tsiku.
M'mabungwe ena, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu, zomwe zafotokozedwa zitha kuchitika mopanda mawonekedwe, kukhala okhazikika.
Mu 2003, Diana Vaughan adaitanidwa kuti alowe nawo mu komiti yofufuza za tsoka la Challenger shuttle ndipo adatha kuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti NASA sinaphunzirepo ngozi yapitayi yapitayi, pogwiritsa ntchito mlingo womwewo wa kulolerana kwachiwopsezo ndikusunthira kumalo owopsa.
"Titafufuza mozama, zidawonekeratu kuti mamanejala samaphwanya malamulo, koma amamvera zonse zomwe NASA idafunikira. Nditasanthula, ndinazindikira kuti malamulowa anali mwanjira inayake "osati choncho" - amasiyana ndi dongosolo lanthawi zonse. Anthu adagonjera kufunikira kokwaniritsa ndandanda, ndikusintha malamulo amomwe angapangire zisankho zowopsa. ” - Diana Vaughan pazolakwa zamkati za NASA.
Ogwira ntchito ku NASA anapanga malamulo , kumvera zomwe iwo amaganiza, zomwe zinayamba kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono pamene kufunikira koyambitsa ma shuttles kumawonjezeka - tikudziwa momwe izi zimachitikira.
Monga momwe zinalili mu Gulfstream, normalization ya kupatuka nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa ntchito akatswiri ogwira ntchito, amenenso, kumabweretsa kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono ndi pang'onopang'ono chitetezo chikhalidwe.
Zimenezi zinandikhudza kwambiri pa nthawi imene ndinali mkulu woyang’anira gulu lankhondo lalikulu kwambiri la asilikali a ndege la Royal Air Force (RAF).
Chifukwa chakuti alangizi anga akuluakulu ambiri anachoka m’gulu la asilikaliwo atatha ntchito yawo, tinakopeka kuti tiyenerere anzanga aang’ono kuti aphunzitse mbali zovuta kwambiri za ulendo wa pandege kusiyana ndi mmene zinalili m’mbuyomo.
Ndipo izi zinatifikitsa ku mapeto.
Ngati sitinayenerere aphunzitsi achichepere, tikanayenera kuyika ntchito yowonjezereka kwa anyamata odziwa zambiri, kuonjezera chiopsezo cha ngozi chifukwa cha kutopa. Koma ngati titathamangira kuti tiyenerere aphunzitsi achichepere, ndiye kuti chiopsezochi chikanawonjezereka - chifukwa cha kusowa kwawo.
Panalibe njira yopambana yopambana.
Mwamwayi, panali mabungwe akunja komwe titha kutembenukira kuti tithandizire, monga Royal Air Force Central Flying School, komanso akatswiri amisala ochokera ku Center for Aviation Medicine: kwa ife, kusagwirizana kunapezeka.
Komabe, nthawi zina zimakhala mochedwa kwambiri.
Mu 2011, anzanga awiri, omwe anali m'gulu la Red Arrows oyendetsa ndege, anamwalira pangozi. Chifukwa cha luso langa loyendetsa ndege ya Hawk T1 (ndege yomwe gulu la aerobatic limawulukira), ndinalamulidwa kuti ndilowe mu komiti yofufuza monga katswiri wa nkhani, ndikuthandizira kulemba lipoti lomaliza.
Chochitika chomwe ndidafufuza - , m’mene bwenzi langa linafera pamene anali kuyesa kutera atamaliza programuyo ku Bournemouth. Ngakhale kuti zomwe zinayambitsa ngoziyi makamaka zinali zachipatala, lipoti lathu linatsindika mbali zambiri zomwe gulu la ndege lakhala likuvutika ndi "kupotoka kwachibadwa."
Monga mukuonera, "normalization of deviance" imapezeka osati m'mabungwe akuluakulu okha, komanso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ogwirizana, monga magulu a aerobatic kapena magulu apadera a ntchito.
Izi zimachitika chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kuti anthu ochokera kunja apeze chidziwitso choyenera ndi chidziwitso kuti amvetse "zachilendo" zomwe zikuchitika mkati mwa gulu loterolo.
Nthawi ina ndimalankhula ndi membala wa gulu lomwe limayang'anira kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ndege ka RAF, ndipo adandiuza kuti ndikuyang'ana momwe woyendetsa ndege wa Red Arrows akuyendera, adadzipeza ali mozondoka 100 mapazi pamwamba pa bwalo la ndege la Scampton munjira ziwiri. -mapangidwe amunthu.
Kodi amayenera kuwunika bwanji zomwe zinali kuchitika?
Sanathe ndipo anayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe adakumana nazo pamodzi ndi upangiri wa mamembala amgulu.
Nthawi ina ndinkadziwa mkulu wina wa zandege amene ankakhulupirira kuti anthu ake sangaone zimene anthu ena amanena komanso kuti ndi iye yekha amene ayenera kuona ndi kuwongolera zochita zawo.
Iye analakwitsa.
Zowonadi, nthawi zina kuunikako kumayenera kubwera kuchokera mkati mwa dipatimentiyo, koma sikuloledwa kukana malamulo akunja ndi kuyang'anira.
Ganizilani za vuto la zachuma padziko lonse la 2008, pamene mabanki ambiri analephera chifukwa sanali pansi pa malamulo akunja chifukwa adatha kutsimikizira akuluakulu a boma kuti akhoza kudzilamulira okha.
Yang'anani ngati mukuuza munthu yemwe mukumudziwa kuti akuyamba chizolowezi choipa.
Aliyense wa ife angasangalale ndi uphungu woterowo, ngakhale kuti sanaukonde.
Choncho, "normalization of deviance" imapezekanso pakati pa anthu.
Mwachitsanzo, kumwa mowa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mukangoyamba kusuta fodya kapena mowa, zimayamba kukhala zachilendo, nthawi zambiri, munthuyo sakumbukiranso "zachilendo" zina.
Nthawi zina izi zimachititsa kuti anthu amene amatsatira njira imeneyi amachita zinthu zopusa.
Monga ine, mwachitsanzo, ndikakhala wamng'ono Sinagwetse Tornado GR4 yake ku Belgium chapakati pa 2000s.
Monga woyendetsa ndege wodzidalira, ananditumiza kumpoto kwa Ulaya kukachita nawo maseŵera a paulendo wapadziko lonse. Tinali ndi ndege ziwiri ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa ogwira nawo ntchito unali wakuti tisawasinthe - ngati makina aliwonse alephera, ndiye kuti ogwira nawo ntchito amakhala pansi nthawi yonseyi mpaka ndegeyo itayamba kugwira ntchito.
Zinali zabwino.
Mpaka ndege yathu inasweka.
Tinachita bwino kwambiri panthawi yolimbitsa thupi. Pochita ngati oponya mabomba, tinagunda zolinga zathu zonse ndipo sitinawomberedwe ndi ndege za "Red" zomwe zimawoneka ngati otsutsa. Zinafika poti kumayambiriro kwa sabata yachiwiri kusaka kwachindunji kunayamba kwa ife: mdani ankafuna kudzitama kuti adawombera ndege za mayiko onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchito.
Komabe, mu mlungu wachiwiri Tornado imodzi yokha inatha kutsika, ndipo sinali ndege yanga.
Ndege yathu inali ndi vuto ndi zida zotera kapena makina otsetsereka - sikanatseka; zida zokwerera sizinabwezedwe.
Akatswiri okonza ndege adapeza zovala zazikulu komanso zosasinthika pa loko yochotsa makina. Mwachidziwitso, imayenera kukhazikika pa 0g, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti poyeretsa
zida zotera timafunikira kutsitsa mphuno ya ndege pansi.
Ndinalankhula ndi mkulu wanga woyang'anira zida zankhondo ndipo tinaganiza zoyesera.
Tinasintha n’kuvala mayunifolomu othawirako komanso panthawi imene ndege zonse zinali m’mlengalenga
Kumpoto kwa Germany, adapita kumlengalenga kuyesa chiphunzitso cha katswiri wathu.
Tidakweza ndegeyo mpaka 5000 mapazi, kutsitsa mphuno mpaka madigiri 40, kufika 0g ndikulamula kuti tichotse zida zotera. Kupinda limagwirira kumatenga pafupifupi masekondi 10, pazipita lovomerezeka liwiro la ndege pamene lopinda ndi mfundo 235, amene, monga tinazindikira, kunapezeka kuti sikokwanira - ndi mphuno tilted pa madigiri 30, tinali pafupi kwambiri kuposa liwiro.
Tinayang'ana pa Makhadi Owonetsera Ndege ndipo tinazindikira kuti tifunika kufika pa mfundo za 250, zomwe ndi malire Osapitirira.
Muzochitika zachilendo, kukula kwa liwiro lotere kumafuna kuvomerezedwa kwapadera, koma kenako tinamva kufulumira ndikukhulupirira kuti tikhoza kulungamitsa.
Tinayesa magawo angapo ndipo tinakondwera kuti, ndi chisamaliro choyenera, tikhoza kupitiriza kutenga nawo mbali pazochitikazo.
Titakambirana za mapulani athu ndi mainjiniya ndi anzanga a gulu lachiwiri, tinaganiza kuti zonse zinali zomveka.
Mpaka m’mawa unafika.
Mitamboyo inkayambira pa 4000 mpaka 20000—malo athu oyendetsa anali ochepa. Ngati tipambana, timapitirizabe; ngati sichoncho, tiyenera kuwotcha matani 5 amafuta tisanatsike.
Tinanyamuka mu afterburner, kenako pamalo okwera a mfundo 200 ndinakweza mphuno mpaka madigiri 40, kubweza zipsera ndikukankhira chowongolera kutali ndi ine m'mphepete mwa mtambo.
Kenako ndinagwira lever yoyendetsa giya ndikuyisunthira kumalo obwerera.
"Bwerani, bwerani!" - Ndinaganiza ngati mphuno ya ndege ya matani 25 inagwa pang'onopang'ono.
Ndinasintha injini kuti ikhale yotsika kwambiri. Pa liwiro lotsika, ndege yaikulu sinayende bwino, ndipo mphuno ikadatsika kwambiri, sikanakhala ndi nthawi yoti tisunthike tisanamenye pansi.
*Kukankha, kukanika*
Zida zotsikirapo zinali pamalo obwerera, ndipo ndinayika ma injini mwamphamvu ndikukweza mphuno kuti ndikwere. Tinali ndi nthawi yochuluka: sitinafike ngakhale pansi pa 2000 mapazi.
Ndondomekoyi inagwira ntchito.
M'kupita kwa angapo Tinatsatira ndondomekoyi panthawi ya nkhondo. Komanso, tinakwanitsa kutsimikizira otumiza anthu kuti zomwe tikuchita zinali zachilendo.
Komabe, anthu ozungulira amakayikira kuti chinachake chalakwika: anayamba kufunsa mafunso, monga, mwachitsanzo, munthu wa ku America - woyendetsa ndege wa F-16 yemwe adachita nawo masewerawa:
"Anyamata, mukuchita chiyani ndi ma roller coaster openga awa ponyamuka?" anafunsa madzulo ena atatha kumwa magalasi angapo a mowa.
Ndinayankha kuti: “Zotera sizibwerera m'mbuyo pamene zachulukira.
"O, ndikumvetsa - zikuwoneka zachilendo kwa ndege yayikulu chonchi, makamaka poganizira kuchuluka kwamafuta omwe akukwera," adatero.
Ndinangomwetulira mwamanyazi.
Maulendo apandege angapo otsatira adakhalanso abata, ndipo "mayendedwe okwera ndege" adakhala chizolowezi chathu ponyamuka pabwalo la ndege.
Ndinauzidwa kuti woyang’anira programuyo akufuna kundiona ndipo, popeza ndinali wotsimikiza kuti kukambitsirana kwathu kudzakhala kokhazikika pa kunyada kwathu ponyamuka, ndinachita zonse zotheka kuti ndimupeŵe.
Patsiku lomaliza la kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nyengo inali yoipa kuposa momwe inalili kwa milungu iwiri, koma tinali ofunitsitsa kupita kunyumba, osafuna kukakamira ku Belgium mlungu wina.
Pachidule cham'mawa tinauzidwa kuti mtambo wamtambo unali pa 1000 mapazi, kutsika kuposa kale. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tifunika kusamala kwambiri pobweza zida zotera.
Tinanyamuka ndi kukhala pamalo otsika. Pa mfundo za 200 ndinakoka mphuno molimbika momwe ndingathere, koma ndimatha kufika madigiri a 30 tisanalowe mumtambo: ichi chinali chatsopano.
Ndinayamba kutsitsa mphuno, ndikusiya injini pamoto wamoto kuti ndikwaniritse 0g yofunikira.
"Chassis, bwerani!" Ndinamva mawu anga a WSO atangonena kuti, "Mapazi a 1200, Tim."
Mphuno inali pansi madigiri 20.
"Tiyeni!" Ndinakuwa.
Zinthu zinali kuipa.
"Level," adafuula kuchokera kumpando wakumbuyo.
Titatuluka mumtambomo, mphuno yagalimoto idatsitsidwa ndi madigiri 40 ndipo ndidazindikira kuti zinthu zathu zinali zachisoni.
Panalibe mphamvu zokwanira - mphuno ya ndegeyo inkakwera pang'onopang'ono kuti isunthike tisanagunde pansi.
Chenjezo la dongosolo la GPW likumveka.
"WOOP, WOOP - KOKOLA, ZULU!"
"7, 6, 5 - 400 mapazi kuti apite, Tim!" WSO yanga inafuula.
Ndegeyo inagwedezeka ngakhale kuti adalamulidwa ndi maulamuliro: inalibe makhalidwe okwanira othawa kuti atulukemo.
M’nyumbamo munali chete. Chomwe chinapangitsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire n’chakuti chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu otsika tinalibe mwayi woti titulukemo.
Ndidatambasula mokwanira mapiko ndi ma slats kuti ndiwonjezere kukweza kwa mapiko.
Kuwonjezeka kwake kwadzidzidzi kunapangitsa kuti liwiro la mphuno ya ndegeyo liziyenda chakumapeto kwake likuwonjezeka pang'ono.
Zinthu zayenda bwino.
Pamapeto pake, ndinakwanitsa kuyendetsa ndege pamtunda wa 200-300 mapazi pamwamba pa nthaka ndipo ndinakweza galimotoyo pang'onopang'ono m'mitambo.
Zida zokwerera sizinabwererenso. Ulendo wautali ndi mwakachetechete wobwerera kwathu unali kutiyembekezera.
Ndinali wodziwa bwino ntchito yoyendetsa ndege, m'dera lomwe kudzidalira kwanga kukanandiphera. Tikamayendetsa galimotoyo kwa nthawi yaitali, m’pamenenso tinkalimba mtima kwambiri.
Tinadzitsimikizira tokha kuti kuswa malamulo kunapindulitsa chiphunzitsocho ndi kuti zimene tinali kuchita zinali zofunika.
Koma mwanjira imeneyi ndinatsala pang’ono kugwetsa ndege ya asilikali ya mtengo wa £50 miliyoni.
Zochita zanga kuti ndikwaniritse 0g kuti ndibwezere zida zokwerera ndikanyamuka kunali kuphwanya malamulo, koma zidakhala chizolowezi kwa ife - ndidakhulupirira kuti ndikuchita zonse moyenera.
Ndinali wolakwa.
Tinali ndi mwayi tsiku limenelo, koma, monga ndi “kusokonekera kwanga,” panali zizindikiro zochenjeza m’zitsanzo zoperekedwa:
- Gulu la aerobatic la Red Arrows linakumana ndi masoka mu 2008 ndi 2010 ndi kutayika kwa ndege ziwiri. Gululi linali ndi njira yakeyake yoyendetsera ndege, komanso mlingo wamaphunziro omwe ndi ovuta kwambiri kuti munthu wakunja awunike.
- NASA idataya chojambulira cham'mlengalenga cha Challenger mu 1986 chifukwa chosasamala ndipo idapitilirabe kugwira ntchito ndi chikhalidwe chowopsa mpaka tsoka la space shuttle Columbia pomwe idabwerera ku Earth mu 2003.
- Aliyense amadziwa kuti oyendetsa ndege amayamba ulendo wawo ndi thumba lodzaza ndi mwayi, pamene akuyamba kudzaza thumba lopanda kanthu ndi chidziwitso - masoka ambiri amachitika mozungulira maola 700. Pamene ndinatsala pang’ono kugwa ku Belgium, ndinali ndi maola 650.
"Chinyengo ndikudzaza thumba lachidziwitso musanatulutse thumba lamwayi."
Musanayese kusintha dziko, yang'anani kumbuyo komwe mudayambira.
Kodi izi ndizomveka?
Kodi mwapatuka pa zomwe zinali zachilendo kwa inu?
Ndimati “kwa inu” chifukwa tonse ndife osiyana. Tonse tili ndi kumvetsetsa kwathu, miyezo yathu, koma, kunena zoona, nthawi zambiri timapatuka kwa iwo.
Choncho osati zonse mwakamodzi.
Yesani nokha musanagwe.
Mwina muyenera kuganizira kwambiri kusiya kusuta musanagule kuti £50 pamwezi umembala masewera olimbitsa thupi? Kapena kusiya kudya tchipisi ndi chokoleti musanadzipereke kwathunthu kuonda?
Kodi mukudziwa chifukwa chake mukamakwera ndege patchuthi, amakuuzani kuti muyenera kuvala chigoba cha okosijeni kaye, kenako n’kuthandiza ena?
Chifukwa ngati sudzithandiza, sungathe kuthandiza aliyense.
Khalani ndi nthawi nokha - si zophweka, koma ndizofunika.
Pokonzekera kunyamuka, nthawi zonse ndimayang'ana ngati zowongolera zili m'manja mwanga, kuti palibe wina aliyense wobwera kudzatera (kuti asagwere pamutu panga), komanso kuti njira yowulukira ndege ili bwino.
Ndimayang'ananso kuti ma flaps olondola akugwira ntchito komanso kuti ejection system ili ndi zida zonse.
Ndimaonetsetsa kuti ndikumvera malamulo oyendetsera ndege ndisanayende.
Pamenepa, mwachitsanzo, mbalame ikalowa mu injini yanga n’kung’amba mpeni wa kompresa ponyamuka, ndidzipatsa mwayi wopirira.
Dzifunseni kuti "chimandiletsa chiyani kukhala chomwe ndikufuna?"
Kenako mutha kuyang'ana kwambiri kubwerera ku zoyambira za "inu".
Lumikizani ku zofalitsa zoyambira -
Kuchokera kwa womasulira
Nkhani yoyambirira ili ndi mawu angapo aukadaulo okhudzana ndi njira yoyendetsa ndege, yosakanikirana, kuphatikiza, ndi jargon yankhondo. Monga munthu amene sadziwa bwino nkhaniyi, nthawi zina zinali zovuta kwa ine kupeza mawu olondola omasulira (ndinayesetsa mosasamala kanthu =). Ngati mupeza zolakwika m'mawu anga, chonde ndilembeni uthenga!
Source: www.habr.com