Ntchito yanga yayikulu ndi yokhudzana ndi data ndi mapulogalamu mu R, koma m’nkhaniyi ndikufuna kulankhula za zimene ndimakonda, zomwe zimandibweretsera ndalama zina. Nthawi zonse ndakhala ndi chidwi chouza ndi kufotokozera zinthu kwa anzanga, anzanga akusukulu komanso ophunzira anzanga. Zinakhalanso zosavuta kuti ndipeze chinenero chodziwika ndi ana, sindikudziwa chifukwa chake. Nthawi zambiri, ndimakhulupirira kuti kulera ndi kuphunzitsa ana ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri, ndipo mkazi wanga ndi mphunzitsi. Kotero, pafupifupi chaka chapitacho, ndinalengeza mu gulu la Facebook lapafupi, ndinapanga gulu ndikuyamba kuphunzitsa Scratch ndi Python kamodzi pa sabata. Tsopano ndili ndi magulu asanu, kalasi yanga kunyumba ndi maphunziro payekha. Mmene ndinakhalira ndi moyo wotero ndi mmene ndimaphunzitsira ana, ndikuuzani m’nkhani ino.
Ndimakhala ku Calgary, Alberta, Canada, chifukwa chake zinthu zina zimakhala zam'deralo.
Chipinda
Kupezeka kwa malo ochitirako kunali kuda nkhawa kwambiri kuyambira pachiyambi. Ndinayesa kufufuza maofesi ndi makalasi kuti ndibwereke pofika ola, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Yunivesite yathu ndi SAIT, yofanana ndi MIT, imapereka makalasi opanda makompyuta. Mitengo kumeneko sinali yaumunthu kwambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake zidapezeka kuti yunivesiteyo simaloleza ana, ndipo SAIT nthawi zambiri imabwereketsa kwa ophunzira ake okha. Kotero, njira iyi inathetsedwa. Pali maofesi ambiri omwe amabwereka zipinda zochitira misonkhano ndi maofesi pofika ola limodzi, pali makampani onse omwe amapereka zosankha zambiri kuchokera m'kalasi lathunthu kupita kuchipinda cha anthu anayi. Ndidali ndi chiyembekezo, popeza Alberta ndi chigawo chamafuta, takhala muvuto laulesi kuyambira 2014, ndipo malo ambiri azamalonda alibe. Sindinayenera kuyembekezera; mitengoyo idakhala yowopsa kwambiri kotero kuti sindinawakhulupirire ngakhale poyamba. Ndikosavuta kwa eni ake kukhala m'maofesi opanda kanthu ndikulipira ndalama kuposa kutaya.
Panthaŵiyo, ndinakumbukira kuti nthaŵi zonse ndimakhoma misonkho, ndipo ngati dera lathu lokondedwa, kapena kani, mzinda wa Calgary, uli ndi kalikonse kumeneko. Zinapezeka kuti zilipodi. Mzindawu uli ndi mabwalo ochitira masewera a hockey ndi masewera ena otsetsereka otsetsereka, ndipo m’mabwalowa muli zipinda zomwe asilikali oundana oundana amakambitsirana za njira zankhondo zamtsogolo. Mwachidule, bwalo lililonse lili ndi zipinda zingapo zokhala ndi matebulo, mipando, bolodi loyera komanso sinki yokhala ndi ketulo. Mtengo wake ndi waumulungu - 25 ma tugrik aku Canada pa ola limodzi. Poyamba ndinaganiza zopanga makalasi kwa ola limodzi ndi theka, kotero ndinayika mtengo wa phunziro pa $ 35 pa kalasi pa gulu la anthu asanu, kulipira lendi, ndi kuika chinachake m'thumba mwanga. Kawirikawiri, ndinkakonda kugwira ntchito m'mabwalo, izo zinathetsa vuto limodzi - anthu ambiri olankhula Chirasha amakhala kum'mwera, ndipo ndimakhala kumpoto kwa mzindawu, kotero ndinasankha bwalo pafupifupi pakati. Koma panalinso zosokoneza. Utsogoleri waku Canada ndi wabwino komanso wochezeka, koma kunena mofatsa, zitha kukhala zovuta. Palibe zovuta mukazolowera nyimbo ndikukonzekereratu, koma nthawi zina zosasangalatsa zimawuka. Mwachitsanzo, patsamba la mzindawo mutha kusankha nthawi ndi malo mosavuta ndikusunga chipinda, koma simungathe kulipira mwanjira iliyonse. Amadziimbira okha foni ndikuvomera kulipira makadi. Mutha kupita ku ofesi ndikulipira ndalama. Panali mphindi yosangalatsa koma yosasangalatsa kwambiri pamene ndinali kuyembekezera kuyitana kwawo kuti ndilipire phunziro lachiwiri, sikunabwere, ndipo tsiku lomaliza ndinachedwa ndi mphindi khumi ndi zisanu ku ofesi. Ndinayenera kupita kwa achitetezo ndi nkhope yachipongwe ndikunama kuti chipindacho chidasungidwa. Ife anthu aku Canada timavomereza; amandilowetsa modekha ndipo sanayang'ane kalikonse, koma sindikanatero ngati anthu sadafike kale mkalasi.
Umu ndi momwe ndinagwirira ntchito m'nyengo yachisanu ndi masika, ndiyeno kusintha kunachitika komwe kunali udzu wotsiriza. Choyamba, ofesiyo idatsekedwa kwa alendo ndipo adadzipereka kuti alandire malipiro pafoni pakona. Ndinakhala panjira kwa theka la ola ndisanathe. Kachiwiri, ngati m'mbuyomu azakhali anga okondedwa adandilipira kwa ola limodzi ndi theka, tsopano mtsikana wina adayankha foni ndikundiuza kuti malipiro ndi ola limodzi lokha. Panthawiyo, gulu langa linali anthu atatu kapena awiri, ndipo $12.5 owonjezera sanali ochuluka. Inde, ndine wamalingaliro, koma ngati mkazi wanga anditaya mumsewu, ndiye kuti sipadzakhala wophunzitsa. Panthawiyo ndinali ndilibe ntchito.
Ndipo ndinaganiza zopita ku library. Malaibulale amabwereka zipinda zabwino kwambiri kwaulere, koma pali imodzi - simungathe kuchita malonda. Ngakhale mabungwe achifundo saloledwa kutolera ndalama kumeneko. Ndinauzidwa kuti izi sizikuyendetsedwa makamaka, chinthu chachikulu sichitenga ndalama pakhomo, koma sindimakonda kwambiri kuphwanya malamulo. Vuto lina ndi loti zipinda nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi anthu ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuchititsa makalasi nthawi imodzi pamalo amodzi. Ndinaphunzitsa m’malaibulale m’nyengo yachilimwe ndi kuchiyambi kwa nyengo yachisanu, ndinafunikira kusankha awo okhala ndi malo, ndipo pamapeto pake ndinasintha malaibulale asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi. Kenako ndinayamba kusungitsa malo miyezi iŵiri pasadakhale, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo, ndinakwanitsa kuchita zimenezi mulaibulale imodzi yaing’ono; enawo nthaŵi zonse analibe malo anthaŵi yofunikira. Ndiyeno ndinaganiza zopanga kalasi yamakompyuta kunyumba. Ndinapachika bolodi, ndinagula tebulo lachiwiri ndi zowunikira zingapo zakale kuchokera pamalonda. Kuntchito, kampaniyo idandigulira laputopu yamphamvu yatsopano chifukwa kusanthula pakompyuta yanga kunatenga pafupifupi maola 24. Chifukwa chake, ndinali ndi kompyuta yatsopano yakale, kompyuta yakale, laputopu yomwe mwana wanga wamng'ono adaphwanya chophimba, ndi netbook yakale yomwe ndidaphwanyirapo chinsalu. Ndidawalumikiza onse kwa oyang'anira ndikuyika Linux Mint kulikonse, kupatula netbook, pomwe ndidayika zida zogawira zopepuka kwambiri, zikuwoneka, Pappy. Ndidakali ndi laputopu yatsopano yakale, yogulidwa $200, ndidayilumikiza ku TV. Chofunikanso ndikuti mwiniwake wasintha mazenera athu posachedwapa, ndipo m'malo mwa zonyansa, zowonongeka m'chipindamo, tsopano tili ndi mafelemu oyera atsopano. Mkazi wanga amasunga chipinda chochezera, khitchini ndi chipinda chogona chachiwiri kusukulu ya ana asukulu, kotero kuti pansi pansepo panali pophunzitsa. Kotero, tsopano zonse ziri bwino ndi malo, tiyeni tipite kukaphunzitsa.
Kanda
Ndikuyamba kuphunzitsa zoyambira zamapulogalamu pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha Scratch. Ichi ndi chilankhulo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito midadada yopangidwa kale, yomwe idapangidwa nthawi imodzi ku MIT. Ana ambiri awona kale Scratch kusukulu, kotero amachitenga mwachangu. Pali mapulogalamu opangidwa okonzeka ndi maphunziro, koma sindimawakonda nkomwe. Zina ndi zachilendo - pangani nkhani yanu, mwachitsanzo. Pulogalamu yonse imakhala ndi midadada yosawerengeka say '<...>' for 2 seconds. Zitha kuwoneka kuti zidapangidwa ndi anthu opanga kwambiri, koma ndi njira iyi mutha kuphunzitsa momwe mungalembe kachidindo kakang'ono ka spaghetti waku India. Kuyambira pachiyambi ndimalankhula za mfundo monga D.R.Y. Ntchito zina ndi zabwino kwambiri, koma ana amapeza nthawi ndikuyamba kuchita ngati mfuti. Zotsatira zake, amachita mu phunziro limodzi zomwe akanayenera kuchita mu zisanu. Ndipo kufufuza ndi kusankha ntchito kumatenga nthawi yambiri. Mwambiri, Scratch imakumbutsanso osati chilankhulo, koma cha IDE, pomwe mumangofunika kukumbukira komwe mungadina komanso komwe mungayang'ane chiyani. Ophunzira akakhala omasuka, ndimayesetsa kuwasamutsira ku Python. Ngakhale mtsikana wanga wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri amalemba mapulogalamu osavuta ku Python. Zomwe ndikuwona ngati phindu la Scratch ndikuti lili ndi mfundo zoyambira zomwe zimaphunziridwa mwamasewera. Pazifukwa zina, ndizovuta kwambiri kwa aliyense, popanda kupatula, kumvetsetsa lingaliro la kusintha. Poyamba ndinayang'ana mutuwo mofulumira ndikupitirizabe mpaka ndinayang'anizana ndi mfundo yoti sankadziwa choti achite. Tsopano ndimathera nthawi yochuluka pazinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zonse ndimabwerera kwa iwo. Muyenera kuchita nyundo zopusa. Ndimasintha zosintha zosiyanasiyana pazenera ndikuwapangitsa kuti azilankhula zomwe amafunikira. Scratch ilinso ndi mawonekedwe owongolera komanso macheke amtengo, monga while, for kapena if mu python. Ndiosavuta, koma pali zovuta ndi malupu okhala ndi zisa. Ndimayesetsa kupereka ntchito zingapo ndi chipika chokhazikika, komanso kuti zochita zake ziwonekere. Pambuyo pake ndikupita ku ntchito. Ngakhale akuluakulu, lingaliro la ntchito silodziwikiratu, ndipo makamaka kwa ana. Ndimapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali za momwe ntchito ilili, ndimalankhula za fakitale yomwe imalandira zinthu monga zolowetsa ndikutulutsa katundu, za wophika yemwe amapanga chakudya kuchokera ku zopangira zopangira. Kenaka timapanga pulogalamu ya "kupanga sangweji" ndi zinthu, ndiyeno timapanga ntchito, zomwe zimaperekedwa ngati magawo. Ndimamaliza ntchito zophunzirira ndi Scratch.
Python
Ndi python zonse zimakhala zosavuta. Pali buku labwino la Python for Kids, lomwe ndimaphunzitsa kuchokera. Chilichonse chimakhala chokhazikika pamenepo - mizere, dongosolo la magwiridwe antchito, print(), input() ndi zina. Olembedwa m'chinenero chosavuta, ndi nthabwala, ana amakonda. Ili ndi cholakwika chofanana ndi mabuku ambiri opangira mapulogalamu. Monga nthabwala yotchuka - momwe mungakokere kadzidzi. Oval - bwalo - kadzidzi. Kusintha kuchokera ku malingaliro osavuta kupita ku malingaliro ovuta kwadzidzimutsa kwambiri. Zimanditengera magawo angapo kuti ndigwirizanitse chinthucho ndi njira yamadontho. Kumbali ina, sindikufulumira, ndikubwereza chinthu chomwecho m'njira zosiyanasiyana mpaka osachepera chithunzi china chimabwera palimodzi. Ndikuyamba ndi zosinthika ndikuziyikanso, nthawi ino ku Python. Zosintha ndi mtundu wa temberero.
Wophunzira wanzeru, yemwe miyezi ingapo yapitayo adadina mosamalitsa zosintha pa Skratch, amawoneka ngati nkhosa yamphongo pachipata chatsopano ndipo sangathe kuwonjezera X ndi Y, yomwe idalembedwa momveka bwino pamzere pamwambapa. Timabwereza! Kodi kusintha kumakhala ndi chiyani? Dzina ndi tanthauzo! Kodi chizindikiro chofanana chimatanthauza chiyani? Ntchito! Kodi timayang'ana bwanji kufanana? Chizindikiro chofanana kawiri! Ndipo timabwereza izi mobwerezabwereza mpaka kuunikira kwathunthu. Kenako timapita ku ntchito, komwe kufotokozera za mikangano kumatenga nthawi yayitali. Zotsutsa zotchulidwa, ndi udindo, mwachisawawa, ndi zina zotero. Sitinafikebe makalasi pagulu lililonse. Kuphatikiza pa Python, timaphunzira ma aligorivimu otchuka m'bukuli, zambiri pambuyo pake.
Kwenikweni, maphunziro
Phunziro langa lapangidwa motere: Ndimapereka lingaliro kwa theka la ola, chidziwitso choyesa, ndikuphatikiza zomwe zaphunziridwa. Ndi nthawi ya ma lab. Nthawi zambiri ndimatengeka ndikulankhula kwa ola limodzi, ndiye kuti kwatsala theka la ola kuti ndiyesetse. Pamene ndinali kuphunzira python, ndinayang'ana maphunzirowo Ma algorithms ndi Mapangidwe a Data Khiryanova wochokera ku MIPT. Ndinkakonda kwambiri ulaliki wake komanso dongosolo la maphunziro ake. Lingaliro lake ndi ili: ma frameworks, syntax, malaibulale akutha ntchito. Zomangamanga, ntchito zamagulu, machitidwe owongolera mitundu - ikadali molawirira. Zotsatira zake, ma algorithms ndi mapangidwe a data amakhalabe omwe akhala akudziwika kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala ofanana. Inemwini ndimakumbukira manambala ochokera ku Institute pascal. Popeza ophunzira anga nthawi zambiri amakhala aang'ono, kuyambira zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka khumi ndi zisanu, ndikukhulupirira kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti tsogolo lawo likhazikitse maziko kusiyana ndi kulemba mwamsanga masewera a nsanja ku Python. Ngakhale, iwo akufuna pulatifomu zambiri, ndipo ndimawamvetsa. Ndimawapatsa ma aligorivimu osavuta - kuwira, kusaka kwa binary pamndandanda wosanjidwa, sinthani mawu achipolishi pogwiritsa ntchito stack, koma timasanthula chilichonse mwatsatanetsatane. Zinapezeka kuti ana amakono sadziwa kwenikweni momwe kompyuta imagwirira ntchito, ndikuwuzaninso. Ndimayesetsa kumangirira mfundo zingapo pamodzi mu phunziro lililonse. Mwachitsanzo, kompyuta - kukumbukira/peresenti - kukumbukira kopangidwa ndi ma cell (ndikulolani kuti mugwire memory chip, lingalirani kuchuluka kwa maselo) - selo lililonse lili ngati babu - pali zigawo ziwiri - zoona / zabodza. - ndi/kapena - binary/decimal - 8bit = 1 byte - byte = 256 options - mtundu wa data womveka pa kachidutswa kamodzi - integers pa byte imodzi - float pa mabayiti awiri - string pa baiti imodzi - nambala yayikulu kwambiri pa 64 bits - mndandanda ndi tuple kuchokera kumitundu yam'mbuyomu. Ndimapanga kusungirako kuti mu kompyuta yeniyeni chirichonse chiri chosiyana pang'ono ndipo kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira kwa mitundu ya detayi ndi yosiyana, koma chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti ife tokha tikupanga mitundu yovuta ya deta kuchokera ku zosavuta. Mitundu ya data mwina ndi chinthu chovuta kukumbukira. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndimayamba phunziro lililonse ndi kutentha mofulumira - wophunzira wina amatchula mtundu wa deta, wotsatira amapereka zitsanzo ziwiri, ndi zina zotero mu bwalo. Zotsatira zake, ndinapeza kuti ngakhale ana aang'ono kwambiri amafuula mokondwera - kuyandama! boole! zisanu, zisanu! pitsa, galimoto! Pankhani ya maphunziro, nthawi zonse ndimakoka chimodzi kapena chimzake, apo ayi amayamba kutola mphuno zawo ndikuyang'ana padenga. Ndipo mlingo wa chidziwitso cha aliyense uyenera kufufuzidwa nthawi ndi nthawi.
Ophunzira anga samasiya kundidabwitsa, ndi kupusa kwawo komanso nzeru zosayembekezereka. Mwamwayi, nthawi zambiri ndi luntha.
Ndinkafuna kulemba zambiri, koma zinangokhala pepala chabe. Ndidzakhala wokondwa kuyankha mafunso onse. Ndikulandira kutsutsidwa kulikonse mwa njira iliyonse, ndikungopempha kuti mukhale ololerana wina ndi mzake mu ndemanga. Iyi ndi nkhani yabwino.
Source: www.habr.com