Zotsatira zosayembekezereka
"Karma ya Habr ndi zotsatira zake kwa ogwiritsa ntchito" ndi mutu wamaphunziro osachepera
Nditha kuyambitsa nkhaniyi ponena kuti ndakhala ndikuwerenga Habr kwa nthawi yayitali, koma izi sizingakhale zolondola. Lingaliro lolondola lingamveke motere: "Ndakhala ndikuwerenga zolemba za Habr kwa nthawi yayitali" - koma sindinali ndi chidwi ndi zomwe zikuchitika m'deralo pamene ndinaganiza zolembetsa masika. Uku ndikulakwitsa kwa munthu yemwe amabwera kwa Habr kuchokera pakusaka kuti awerenge zolemba zothandiza zokhudzana ndi zovuta zamapulogalamu kapena nkhani zosangalatsa zochokera kuukadaulo. Malingana ngati mukuwona portal yokha kuchokera kumbali iyi yabwino, simumafunsa mafunso pazomwe zikuchitika pansi pa hood. Zachidziwikire, nthawi zina pamakhala zonena za karma m'mawu kapena m'nkhani - koma karma ilipo pafupifupi ma portal onse akuluakulu (ndinakhulupirira mosadziwa), izi ndizabwinobwino kwa anthu odzilamulira okha pa intaneti.
Ndinayenera kuganizira mozama za izi nditatha mwadzidzidzi kulephera kulemba ndemanga zingapo mphindi zisanu zilizonse.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kunja zonse zinkayenda bwino: ndemanga zanga zinali kupeza zowonjezera nthawi zonse, chiwerengero changa chikukula - ndipo mwadzidzidzi ndinapezeka kuti ndinali ndi karma yoipa. Zomwe ndakumana nazo nthawi yayitali pakulankhulana pa intaneti, zizolowezi zonse za ogwiritsa ntchito, ngakhalenso kumveka bwino kwa banal zidandikuwa kuti uku kunali kulakwitsa kwina: kuchuluka kwa kuvomerezedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito tsamba ndi ena ogwiritsa ntchito tsamba sikungawuke ndikugwa nthawi imodzi! Koma ndidaganiza kuti ndisadutse molunjika, koma kuchita kafukufuku pang'ono, zonse zowunikira (munjira yowerengera malingaliro a ogwiritsa ntchito pa karma) ndi ziwerengero (m'njira yowunika momwe akaunti ikuyendera).
Mbiri ya nkhondo ya ogwiritsa ntchito ndi karma idakhala yolemera kwambiri. Ndi kupambana kosiyanasiyana, zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka zopitirira khumi, ndi anthu ambiri otsekedwa ndi zolemba zingapo zachotsedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, chodabwitsa, vuto langa (kusiyana pakati pa magiredi ndi karma) sikumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukangana - ngakhale m'masiku a API yotseguka, kuwerengera uku sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito. Wothirira ndemanga m'modzi yekha ndiye adayandikira kwambiri positi yaposachedwa:
"M'malo mwake, chosangalatsa kupeza ndichakuti: kodi pali anthu omwe amalandila karma yokhala ndi zabwino zambiri pamawu awo?"
Mu gawo la ziwerengero mutha kuwona kuti inde, pali anthu otero. Koma ngakhale popanda ziwerengero, ogwiritsa ntchito, makamaka, akhala akumvetsetsa zonse za karma.
Nayi uthenga wochokera zaka khumi zapitazo:
Vuto lalikulu pa malowa ndiloti pali ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri omwe amaika minus mu karma molingana ndi mfundo yakuti: "O, muli ndi maganizo osiyana ndi anga, apa pali minus mu karma." Ngakhale, kwa ine, ndemanga yomveka bwino yokhala ndi mikangano komanso malingaliro owonetsedwa bwino sakuyenera kuchotsera ndemangayo, mocheperapo karma kwa wolemba. Tsoka ilo, pa Habré palibe chikhalidwe chotsutsana komanso kulemekeza mdani wamphamvu; anthu ambiri amangofuna kuwaponyera zipewa zawo.
Nthawi zambiri, ndili ndi lingaliro loti kugawa mavoti m'magawo awiri "rating" ndi "karma" ndizosamveka ndipo chifukwa chake ndizolakwika komanso sizothandiza.
Nayi zolemba zaka zisanu zapitazo:
Nthawi zokhazo pomwe karma idasinthidwa ndi mayunitsi osachepera 15 adawunikidwa, koma izi sizisintha chithunzi chonse, chifukwa ndipo pamenepa chiŵerengero ndi 30% mpaka 70%. Monga mukuwonera, karma imatayika kwambiri chifukwa cha ndemanga, ndikukwezedwa chifukwa cha zolemba zolembedwa.
Nali malingaliro abwino kuyambira zaka zitatu zapitazo:
Chopereka:
Lolani olemba nkhani kuvotera karma panthawi inayake (mwachitsanzo, sabata imodzi) atasindikiza nkhani. Ngati munthu sanasindikize kalikonse sabata yatha, sangapatsidwe karma kuti apereke ndemanga. Lamuloli siliyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumaakaunti a bango kokha - amapeza karma ndi ndemanga zothandiza.
Ndemanga:
Nthawi zambiri, ogwiritsa ntchito a Habr amadandaula za karma yotayidwa chifukwa cha ndemanga zosayenera m'makalata a anthu ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu positi iyi vuto linafotokozedwa mmbuyo mu 2012. Zinthu zikadalipobe mpaka pano.
Nayi kukambirana kwina kwa zaka zitatu zapitazo pamutu womwewo:
Ndikhoza kukuuzani chifukwa chake ndinasiya kulemba ndemanga (ndipanga izi kukhala zosiyana): chifukwa ndizovuta kupeza karma, chifukwa chake muyenera kupanga zolemba zamtundu uliwonse nthawi zonse, koma ndizosavuta kutaya. Sizoona kuti ngati mulemba molondola, sizowonongeka. Ikhoza kuchepetsedwa pazifukwa zambiri: iye sanagwirizane nanu mkangano, ankaganiza kuti mfundo ina mu ndemangayo inali yolakwika, kapena iye anali ndi maganizo oipa.
Inde, awa ndi matenda akale a habrasystem. Zinkaganiziridwa kuti omwe ali ndi karma yabwino ndi okwanira ndipo sangachepetse aliyense. Kalekale, zonse zinali zoipitsitsa - karma yochulukirachulukira, ndiye kuti wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutsitsa kwambiri, zomwe zidatha ndi ma hubrowser angapo "odzaza nyenyezi" -6, -8 kwa aliyense kumanzere ndi kumanja, pambuyo pake. zotheka zinadulidwa kukhala chimodzi. Oyambitsa chuma cha karma poyamba mwachiwonekere sanaganizire za kuipa kwa kusadziwika.
Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti dongosololi liyenera kukhala lolinganizidwa kale pang'ono chifukwa povota, karma inayake imachotsedwa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito ngati karma. Simukusowa zambiri - 0,2-0,5 ndiyokwanira. Izi zitha kukulitsa udindo wa ovota posankha kuvotera munthu kapena ayi.
Ndipo pomaliza, ndemanga pa positi kuyambira koyambirira kwa chaka chino:
Karma si chida chabwino kwambiri chodzilamulira nokha. Karma kaŵirikaŵiri imayesedwa ndi awo amene sakhutira ndi munthu (kapena ngakhale udindo wake). Zotsatira zake, zimakhala zovuta kupeza karma, koma kutaya ndikosavuta. Izi zimapangitsa anthu kuganiza kachiwiri - kodi ndi bwino kufotokoza maganizo awo ngati si otchuka kwambiri? Kupatula apo, ngati ndinena kamodzi, amatsitsa ndikuwononga karma yanga, ndipo sindingathe kufotokozanso. Izi zimatsogolera ku mfundo yakuti lingaliro limodzi lokha ndilotsalira pa gwero, ndipo ena onse ali ochuluka.
Nawa ndemanga yomwe ikufotokoza chifukwa chake "zolemba" sizikupulumutsa dongosolo la karma:
Nkhani imabweretsa chilichonse mwa karma, ndipo pa ndemanga imodzi yosapambana munthu akhoza kutayidwa kwathunthu.
Vuto pano ndi kulekanitsa mlingo ndi karma. Zimagwira ntchito motere m'mitu ya anthu:
1. Maonedwe azinthu ndi momwe ndimaonera nkhani kapena ndemanga
2. Kuwunika kwa karma ndi momwe ndimaonera munthu payekha
Pamapeto pake
1. Ngati mudalemba nkhani yabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, akupatsani ma pluses ambiri pamutuwo (pakuwunika) ndikuganizira kuti cholinga chanu chakwaniritsidwa.
2. Ngati munalemba ndemanga yomwe "siyikugwera pamzere," ndiye kuti ndemanga yanu idzachepetsedwa, ndipo pambali pake, mwachiwonekere ndinu munthu ngati mukuganiza choncho, ndiye karma yanu.
Ambiri osakhutira ndi dongosolo la karma amalankhula m'lingaliro lakuti iyi ndi ndondomeko yadala ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake - kapena . Pali, ndithudi, umboni wochuluka wosalunjika wa izi:
- API inachotsedwa kotero kuti sikunali kotheka kuyang'anira kayendetsedwe kake;
- Tinapanga ma rating osinthika kuti mavoti onse asawonedwe mwachindunji mumbiri;
- Nthawi zonse amatchula "karmograph", malingana ndi zomwe zili ndi zowonjezera zambiri kuposa minuses (ubale pakati pa karma ndi sukulu sunakambirane ngakhale);
- Pali zokamba zambiri, koma popanda maziko, karma imasonyeza ubwino wa zofalitsa ndi ndemanga (zomwe zimatsutsana ndi ziwerengero, monga momwe tikuwonera kuchokera ku zizindikiro zowonetsera).
Ndikukumbutsanso zimenezo palibe paliponse pomwe pali chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa karma m'mawonekedwe omwe alipo.
Sitingathe kutsimikizira mfundo zachiwembuzi mwanjira iliyonse. Koma zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti mfundoyo ilibe mwa iwo - apa pali vuto lofanana ndi la anthu kuchotsera karma: chikhulupiriro chosatheka cha kulondola kwa munthu, kotero kuti aliyense amene sakugwirizana nanu amawoneka ngati "munthu woipa." Atsogoleri a Habr adaganiza chimodzimodzi - tiwunika ogwiritsa ntchito mosiyana ndi mauthenga awo. Ndipo kwa zaka zopitirira khumi sanathe kufotokoza kuti iyi ndi njira yolakwika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Iwo ndi anzeru, adapanga portal yonse. Chifukwa chake mumapanga Habr wanu - ndiye tilankhula (mwa njira, ndizoseketsa kuti - "Choyamba kwaniritsani")
Payekha, ndikuganiza kuti dongosolo lomwe la karma lidabwera kwa ife , komwe nthawi ina ambiri a eni ake amakono a zipata zazikulu za intaneti ankakhala kunja. Habr adayamba ngati Lepra yemweyo - kalabu yotsekedwa yokhala ndi kuyitanira ndikuwunikana, ngati sanakhutire, adasiya kalabuyo. Masiku amenewo apita kale, kalabu sinatsekedwe kwanthawi yayitali, miyeso idaperekedwa kwa nthawi yayitali osati kwa "membala wina wa kilabu," koma kwa wogwiritsa ntchito wamba pamawu ake ndi zolemba wamba. Koma elitism yamkati salola kuti utsogoleri upite. Aliyense akuganiza - ndithudi, anyamata apanga chipata chachikulu chopindulitsa, akhala akulemba zolemba pamitu yaukadaulo kwa zaka zambiri - sangadziwe bwanji? Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati chilichonse chili choyipa, ndiye kuti iwo, oyipawo, adafuna kutero. Koma zoona zake n’zakuti, olamulira amangokakamira paubwana wawo. Ndipo chipata chachikulu komanso chopindulitsa kwambiri, ndizovuta kwambiri kuvomereza zolakwa zanu zaka zambiri, chifukwa chodzikuza molakwika.
Chisokonezo
Awa ndi madzi akuya, Watson, madzi akuya. Ndinangoyamba kudumpha pansi.
Pansipa ndigwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Karma" pa karma, ndi mawu oti "Score" kapena "Total Score" pazambiri zonse zabwino ndi zoyipa zomwe wogwiritsa adalandira, pazolemba ndi ndemanga.
Popeza tathana ndi mbiriyakale, tiyesa kuyang'ana manambala. Posachedwapa panali kusanthula kwa ziwerengero, koma zimangokhudza chaka chomwe chilipo - ndimayenera kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Popeza tilibe API, ndipo m'malo mowerengera zenizeni, mbiriyo ikuwonetsa zokayikitsa, zonse zomwe ndimayenera kuchita ndikuwerenga ndemanga iliyonse ndikusonkhanitsa zambiri za wolemba ndikuwerengera. Ndizo ndendende zomwe ndinachita.
Ndinatsegula buku lililonse kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni, ndikutulutsamo dzina lakutchulidwira la mlembi wa chofalitsacho ndi mlingo wa nkhaniyo, ndiyeno mayina a oyankha ndi mavoti awo.
Nayi nambala yayikulu yofotokozera.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
def get_doc_by_id(pid):
fname = r'files/' + 'habrbase' + '.csv'
with open(fname, "a", newline="") as file:
try:
writer = csv.writer(file)
r = requests.head('https://habr.com/ru/post/' +str(pid) + '/')
if r.status_code == 404: # проверка на существование
pass
else:
r = requests.get('https://habr.com/ru/post/' +str(pid) + '/')
soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text, 'html5lib')
if not soup.find("span", {"class": "post__title-text"}):
pass
else:
doc = []
cmt = []
doc.append(pid) #номер
doc.append(soup.find("span", {"class": "user-info__nickname"}).text) #ник
doc.append(soup.find("span", {"class": "voting-wjt__counter"}).text) #счетчик
writer.writerow(doc)
comments = soup.find_all("div", {"class": "comment"})
for x in comments:
if not x.find("div", {"class": "comment__message_banned"}):
cmt.append(x['id'][8:]) #номер
cmt.append(x.find("span", {"class": "user-info__nickname"}).text) #ник
cmt.append(x.find("span", {"class": "voting-wjt__counter"}).text) #счётчик
writer.writerow(cmt)
cmt = []
except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:
pass
x = int(input())
y = int(input())
for i in range(x, y):
get_doc_by_id(i)
print(i)Zotsatira zake zinali tebulo ili mufayilo ya habrbase:
Ndinaika m'magulu ogwiritsa ntchito ndipo ndinapeza zotsatira mu mawonekedwe "Wogwiritsa - Chiwerengero cha mavoti ake" otchedwa habrauthors.csv. Kenako ndinayamba kudutsa ogwiritsa ntchitowa ndikuwonjezera deta kuchokera ku mbiri yawo. Popeza nthawi zina kulumikizana kumatha kusweka, kapena zolakwika zina zachilendo zikachitika ndikutsitsa tsambalo, ndimayenera kuyang'ana kuti ndi wogwiritsa ntchito ndani yemwe adasinthidwa komaliza ndikupitilira pamenepo.
Nayi nambala yachiwiri yosinthira:
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
import pandas as pd
def len_checker():
fname = r'files/' + 'habrdata' + '.csv'
with open(fname, "r") as file:
try:
authorsList = len(file.readlines())#получаем длину файла даты
except:
authorsList = 0
return authorsList
def profile_check(nname):
try:
r = requests.head('https://m.habr.com/ru/users/' +nname + '/')
if r.status_code == 404: # проверка на существование
pass
else:
ValUsers = []
r = requests.get('https://m.habr.com/ru/users/' +nname + '/')
soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text, 'html5lib') # instead of html.parser
if not soup.find("div", {"class": "tm-user-card"}):
valKarma = 0
valComments = 0
valArticles = 0
else:
valKarma = soup.find("span", {"class": "tm-votes-score"}).text #карма
valKarma = valKarma.replace(',','.').strip()
valKarma = float(valKarma)
tempDataBlock = soup.find("div", {"class": "tm-tabs-list__scroll-area"}).text.replace('n', '') #показатели активности
mainDataBlock = tempDataBlock.split(' ')
valArticles = mainDataBlock[mainDataBlock.index('Публикации')+1]
if valArticles.isdigit() == True:
valArticles = int(valArticles)
else:
valArticles = 0
valComments = mainDataBlock[mainDataBlock.index('Комментарии')+1]
if valComments.isdigit() == True:
valComments = int(valComments)
else:
valComments = 0
ValUsers.append(valKarma)
ValUsers.append(valComments)
ValUsers.append(valArticles)
except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:
ValUsers = [0,0,0]
return ValUsers
def get_author_by_nick(x):
finalRow = []
df = pd.DataFrame
colnames=['nick', 'scores']
df = pd.read_csv(r'fileshabrauthors.csv', encoding="ANSI", names = colnames, header = None)
df1 = df.loc[x:]
fname = r'files/' + 'habrdata' + '.csv'
with open(fname, "a", newline="") as file:
writer = csv.writer(file)
for row in df1.itertuples(index=True, name='Pandas'):
valName = getattr(row, "nick")
valScore = getattr(row, "scores")
valAll = profile_check(valName)
finalRow.append(valName)
finalRow.append(valScore)
finalRow.append(valAll[0])
finalRow.append(valAll[1])
finalRow.append(valAll[2])
writer.writerow(finalRow)
print(valName)
finalRow = []
n = len_checker()
get_author_by_nick(n)Pali macheke ambiri kumeneko, chifukwa zinthu zambiri zachilendo zimachitika pamasamba a Habr, kuyambira ndi ndemanga zochotsedwa ndikutha ndi ogwiritsa ntchito achinsinsi. Mwachitsanzo, kodi chaka cholembetsa cha 2001 chidawoneka bwanji pachitsanzo changa? Kuti ndisonkhanitse deta ya ogwiritsa ntchito, ndidasanthula mtundu wamtundu watsambali, ndipo kwa ena ogwiritsa ntchito tsambali silimangonena kuti wogwiritsa ntchito wachotsedwa, komanso likuwonetsa uthenga wotsatirawu: "Zolakwa zamkati (mtengo wapakati) .mapu si ntchito .” Ndemanga zonse zidatsalira, zonse zichotsedwa komanso zosawerengeka, kotero ndidayika tsiku lawo lolembetsa ku 2001. Pambuyo pake, ndidazindikira kuti ena mwa ogwiritsa ntchitowa amawoneka mumasamba okhazikika - ngati sanachotsedwe kapena kutsekedwa. Koma popeza alipo 250 okha, ndipo theka la iwo kulibe, ndinaganiza zongowakhudza.
Mtundu womaliza wa tebulo la habrdata umawoneka motere: ['nick', 'scores', 'karma', 'comments','articles','regdate']. Mukhoza kukopera izo .
Ndipo umu ndi momwe amagawira pofika tsiku lolembetsa. Ndinganene kuti kwa nthawi yayitali pakhala kuchepa kwa kalembera.
| Chaka cholembetsa | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| Ogwiritsa ntchito | 2045 | 11668 | 12463 | 5028 | 5346 | 13686 | 11610 | 9614 | 9703 | 6594 | 8926 | 7825 | 5912 | 3673 |
Pazonse, tinali ndi ogwiritsa ntchito 114 omwe adalembapo ndemanga kapena zolemba. Tiyeni tiwone momwe graph ya karma ndi ma ratings amawonekera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito:
Mwa njira, chifukwa cha zowoneka bwino za ma graph awa .
Tili ndi zotsatsa zamisala, mutha kuziwona pa graph. Tinene wogwiritsa ntchito (UPD) chifukwa cha ndemanga zake zonse ndi zofalitsa zomwe adalandira kuposa 268 pluses! Ndipo amayandama pamenepo mu stratosphere iyi kwathunthu yekha, ena opambana kwambiri kapena ocheperako amakhala okwera pafupifupi 30 zikwi. Ndi nkhani yofanana ndi karma - wogwiritsa ntchito karma ndi 1509, ndipo moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku umayamba kwinakwake pa 500. Sindinadule chitsanzo, ndinangobweretsa graph pafupi pang'ono kuti muthe kuyang'anitsitsa kugawidwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba.
Pano, pempho la ogwira ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito TOP 10 ndi zizindikiro zazikulu zawonjezedwa
Kusanthula mwachangu kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumatiwonetsa kuti palibe kulumikizana koonekeratu, kaya mwa mawonekedwe oyera kapena ndi mpweya wodula, chifukwa chake sindikhala pa izi. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kuzunguliza kudalira kosagwirizana kapena kuwona ngati tili ndi magulu otere. Zachidziwikire, sindichita zonsezi - aliyense atha kutsitsa CSV ndikusintha mu R kapena SPSS. Ndipita ku zomwe zimandivutitsa - anthu omwe ali ndi ziwongola dzanja zabwino koma ma karma olakwika (ndi mosemphanitsa). Tili ndi ogwiritsa ntchito 4235 a okondedwa awa. Nazi pa tchati. Ogwiritsa 2866 a iwo adabwereza njira yanga, kukhala ndi ma pluses mumayendedwe, koma minuses mu karma.
3-4 zikwi kuchokera ku 114 zikuwoneka kuti ndizochepa chabe, mkati mwa malire a zolakwika. Mwa njira, ogwiritsa ntchito onse omwe ali ndi karma yoyipa ali mkati mwa cholakwika chomwecho. Pali 4652 okha a iwo.
Ogwiritsa ntchito onse: 114 343
Karma <5: 89 447
Kuphatikiza. zero karma: 67 890
Kuphatikiza. karma negative: 4 652
Karma>= 5 ndi kuthekera kovota: 24 896
Chifukwa chake tikuwona kuti anthu ammudzi si "mudzi" konse. Izi "", chomwe sichingachite chilichonse ndipo sichichita chilichonse. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi mwayi weniweni wowongolera zomwe zili patsamba; iwo ndi anthu ammudzi. Chifukwa chake, akakudabwitsani ndi chiwerengero chonse cha Habr pa chikwi zana limodzi ndikuti "Anthu XNUMX amasangalala ndi chilichonse, koma simuli" - izi sizowona.
Ndipo nayi masanjidwe omwewo a mavoti:
Ogwiritsa ntchito onse: 114 343
Mulingo <5: 57 223
Kuphatikiza. ziro mlingo: 26 207
Kuphatikiza. voteji: 9 737
Zigoli>=5 ndi mwayi wongoganiza kuti muvote chifukwa cha mphambu: 57 120
Ndipo apa tikuwona kuti ngati ufulu wovota unatsimikiziridwa ndi sukulu osati karma, ndiye oposa theka la ogwiritsa ntchito akhoza kuvota. Ndipo izi ndizongoganiza za omwe angapereke mavoti, i.e. eni karma! Pankhani ya kuvota kwaulere, ndithudi, 90 peresenti akhoza kuvota.
Pali chikhulupiliro chodziwika bwino koma cholakwika choti "mumangofunika kulemba nkhani" kuti mulowe m'gulu lomwe lasankhidwa. Izi sizowona - pali olemba 5 zikwizikwi a zolemba zomwe zili ndi karma> = 24 (ogwiritsa ena 900 chifukwa cha zabwino zina adalandira karma yayikulu kuposa 5 popanda zolemba; mwachiwonekere awa ndi maumboni a malamulo am'mbuyomu ndi karma yomwe adasunga kwa iwo. nthawi zakale). Ngakhale kuti nkhani imodzi inalembedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito oposa 36, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a olemba nkhani sanalandire ufulu wa moyo.
Mwinamwake wachitatu wotchulidwa wa olembawo anali ndi mbiri yoipa, mwinamwake nkhani zawo zinali zoipa ndipo sizinakondedwe ndi anthu ammudzi? Ayi, ziwerengero zomwezi zimatiuza kuti 90% ya iwo omwe adalemba nkhani imodzi, koma sanakwaniritse karma ya 4, amakhalanso ndi mayeso abwino. Koma chiwerengerocho sichikutanthauza kalikonse, chifukwa ali ndi "karma yochepa". Chifukwa chake mutha kukhala ndi mavoti abwino, kukhala ndi zolemba, koma nthawi yomweyo osakhala ndi karma yayikulu komanso kuthekera "kowongolera anthu ammudzi." Si zanu kapena zathu. .
Chiyerekezocho chimapitilira pakanthawi, mwachitsanzo, ngati tingotenga ogwiritsa ntchito okha omwe ali ndi deti lolembetsa pambuyo pa 2016 kapena 2018, pomwe "kuphatikiza mapulojekiti" kunachitika. 90% ya ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi nkhani imodzi ali ndi malingaliro abwino, koma gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a iwo ali ndi karma yochepera 5 ndipo sangathe kuvotera zolemba. Ndiko kuti, "lembani zolemba kuti mukweze karma" amagwira ntchito pafupifupi 60-70% ya milandu.
Nachi chiŵerengero china chosavuta chomwe chingakuuzeni zonse zomwe zikuchitika:
78205 ogwiritsa kuchokera 114 343 kukhala ndi zigoli zonse zokulirapo kuposa 0. Umu ndi momwe zolemba zawo ndi ndemanga zawo zimawunikiridwa, ndiko kuti, zochita zothandiza podzaza portal.
24 896 ogwiritsa kuchokera 114 343 kukhala ndi mwayi wovota. Umu ndi momwe umunthu wawo umawunikiridwa, ndiko kuti, ngati omwe angathe kale kuvota monga umunthu wawo kapena ayi.
Nthawi yomweyo, yang'anani pa graph ya karma kutengera chaka cholembetsa. Anthu ambiri amanena kuti tili ndi zingwe - inde, ndi zomwe zili. Mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, monga mu blockchain. Anyamatawa adayamba koyamba, kwa zaka zambiri adadzipangira okha karma, ndipo tsopano ndikuchokera kwa iwo kuti mumamva nthawi zonse "Sindikulabadira karma konse ndipo sindikukulangizani."
Не отдам своего сына в программирование, пока там не решится проблема с хабровщиной!Panthawi imodzimodziyo, anthu zikwi makumi asanu ndi limodzi angathe, kulemba zinthu zosangalatsa kapena zothandiza, kulandira ndemanga zabwino, koma nthawi yomweyo amayenera kuyang'ana mozungulira kuti asakwapulidwe chifukwa cha kuganiza kwawo mopanda chidwi.
Chiwerengero:
- Wothirira ndemangayo, kwenikweni, sali m’gulu la anthu, ngakhale atakulitsa ndi kulichirikiza.
- Ndi kuthekera kwa 1/3, wolemba zolembazo salinso gawo la anthu ammudzi, ngakhale atakulitsa ndikuchirikiza.
- Ngakhale zochita zokulitsa ndikuthandizira anthu ammudzi zidavomerezedwa momveka bwino ndi ma pluses, wolemba amathabe kutsekedwa ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri la ogwiritsa ntchito (kwenikweni anthu 10-20 mwa zikwizikwi)
Kodi anthu oipawa ndi ati amene amapereka zosayenera kwa anthu amene akutukula dera?
Pamene ndinkakonza nkhaniyi kuti ifalitsidwe, panatuluka mutu wina wofanana ndi womwewo. Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa, zokambirana za karma zidayamba mu ndemanga, ndi mawu ena odziwikiratu:
Mukhoza kugwedeza monga momwe mumakondera ndemanga zomwe zasokoneza gwero, koma ...
- si amene amalemba nkhani zoipa.
- si iwo omwe amavotera zolemba zokhotakhota za houtushkas osamvetsetsa kuti ndi malamulo amtundu wanji komanso chifukwa chake amalowetsedwa kumeneko.
- si iwo omwe amavotera karma ya olemba nkhani za hype
- si iwo amene amayesa kulondola kwa lingaliro la wina
Sangathe kuthandizira olemba ndikuwonetsa ulemu wawo mwanjira iliyonse, kupatula ndemanga.
Ndipo sangathe kudziteteza kwa ena.
Chilichonse chomwe chimachitika pamalopo ndi ntchito ya omwe ali ndi nkhani ndi karma.
Chabwino, tapeza yemwe ali ndi mlandu, tiyeni tiwone chifukwa chake zonsezi zikuchitika.
Gawo limene amakupha
Ngati munthu aliyense atha kutenga nawo mbali mwachindunji mu ulamuliro, kodi tikulamulira chiyani?
German Gref
Monga mukumvetsetsa kuchokera ku ndemanga zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, vuto lalikulu la karma silinasinthe kwa zaka zambiri. Vutoli silili luso, koma lamaganizo (mwinamwake chifukwa chake silingathe kuthetsedwa pazitsulo zamakono).
Tiyeni tiwone zigawo zake zazikulu ndikuzisanthula mwatsatanetsatane.
- Karma sizidalira momwe zinthu zilili pa tsambalo
- Karma ndi psychological asymmetrical
- Karma imalimbikitsa sociopathy
Ndime 1.
Ili ndi vuto lomwelo. yomwe ndidayamba nayo nkhani yanga: munthu woponderezedwa amatha kukhala ndi karma yotayikira. Ngati tinyalanyaza zinthu zazing'ono zingapo, monga njira zowerengera mavoti, tiwona kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Habr ndi masamba ena onse: kugawa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kukhala mabungwe awiri odziyimira pawokha.
Chiwembu chodziwika bwino komanso chodziwika bwino chikuwoneka chonchi: wogwiritsa ntchito ndi akaunti, zolemba, ndemanga zalembedwa kuchokera ku akauntiyi, zithunzi "zopenga" kapena zithunzi zimatumizidwa. Wogwiritsa ntchito ndi zochita zake. Maakaunti ena amakonda kapena sakonda izi ndi zithunzi. Kuchuluka kwa zokonda ndi zosakonda kumatsimikizira mtundu wa mauthenga onse ndi akaunti yomwe. Iwo amalumikizana mosadukiza.
Zina zonse ndi zosafunikira. Nthawi zina, ovotera otsika amaletsedwa, pomwe ena samatsekeredwa. Pazipata zina, kuti mupereke mavoti, muyenera kukhala ndi mavoti apamwamba; pa ena, osati. Nthawi zina olemba mavoti amawonetsedwa, nthawi zina amabisika. Koma palibe paliponse pamene munthu angathe kufalitsa zolemba zingapo zotsika, ndemanga, zithunzi - ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo kukhalabe ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba; komanso mosemphanitsa - ngati zolemba za wogwiritsa ntchito zidatsitsidwa ndi owerenga, ndiye kuti wogwiritsa ntchito sangaletsedwe ndi iwo, chifukwa amakonda zomwe amachita. Ndipo izi zimachitika chifukwa choti zochita za wogwiritsa ntchito patsambali ndi akaunti yake ndizofanana. Zochita zanu ndizowonjezera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizowonjezera kwa inu. Zochita zanu ndizochotsera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti akuchotsani inunso.
Kwa Habré zinthu nzosiyana kwambiri. Malowa amalekanitsa mwachidwi zomwe wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ndi zochita zake. Zochita zanu zonse zitha kuvomerezedwa ndikuchepetsedwa. Koma akaunti yanu idzachepetsedwa. Ndipo mosemphanitsa. Ngati pazinthu zina amaponya zabwino ndi zoyipa pazolemba ndi ndemanga, ndiye pa Habré amaponya zabwino ndi zoyipa padera pazolemba ndi ndemanga komanso padera kwa wolemba.
Izi ndi zomwe temberero la karmic lakhazikitsidwa. Kenako imafalikira ndikuyamba kuwononga anthu ammudzi wonse.
Ndime 2.
Njira yowunikira yosiyana mosapeweka imagwera mchikakamizo cha kupotoza kuwiri kwamalingaliro.
Kusokonekera koyamba ndikukonzekera kwamaganizidwe a anthu kuti ayang'ane kusagwirizana ndi kutulutsa kusagwirizana. Nkhanza ndi zomwe zimachitika kwambiri pa chilichonse chosadziwika, chosamvetsetseka kapena chosasangalatsa. Chotsatira chake, kufunitsitsa kwa munthu kupereka minus nthawi zonse kumakhala kwapamwamba kuposa kufunitsitsa kwake kupereka chowonjezera. Mutha kuwona izi muzochitika zambiri, ndipo pakutsatsa ndivuto loyankha. Ngati bizinesi sikufuna kulemba ndemanga zabwino zabodza, imakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zovuta kuzipeza: kupereka kuchotsera ndi mphatso, kupempha ndi kukumbutsa - anthu, tipatseni kuphatikiza, lembani ndemanga zabwino. Ndidawona maulalo ambiri ku nkhani yochokera ku 2013 ya momwe Habré amawonjezera karma nthawi zambiri kuposa kuichotsa. Izi zikhoza kukhala choncho; koma kuchokera m'nkhani yomweyi tikudziwa kuti karma ndi yowonjezera kwa omwe adalemba nkhaniyi, ndipo kwa olemba ndemanga ndi kuchotsa.
Izi ndizosokoneza kwambiri - munthu wosakhutira, waukali nthawi zonse amakhala wokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi mphamvu kuti asonyeze kusakhutira, kuthetsa chiwawa chake. Ngakhale ndi ma pluses ndi minuses pamalingaliro, timakhala ndi "nkhondo ya minuses" nthawi zonse, pamene wolankhulana wokwiya amaika minus pa ndemanga yanu iliyonse pamutu wamakono, ndipo amathamangira mu mbiri yanu kuti apeze ndemanga zakale ndikuzichepetsa. Koma ndizosavuta kukweza ndemanga - ngati munthu avomereza, amasuntha mbewa sentimita imodzi ndikukweza. Ndi karma ndizovuta kwambiri; karma nthawi zambiri imafikiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ankhanza kuti awonjezere kuchotsera kwina.
Karma imangogwira ntchito ngati mulingo pansipa zolemba chifukwa pali mivi yayikulu mmwamba ndi pansi yomwe owerenga amatha kudina. Kuti musinthe karma ya wothirira ndemanga, muyenera kuchita zinthu zingapo zowonjezera, ndiye kuti, funso ndiloti momwe kukhudzira kumayankhira mawu kumazirala mwachangu. Lingaliro loyipa limazimiririka pang'onopang'ono pazifukwa zamaganizidwe ndi zamoyo - chifukwa chake, omwe akufuna kuwonjezera sangafikire karma, amakonda kungopereka mavoti owonjezera ku ndemanga.
Mwa njira, ambiri a iwo omwe amalimbikitsa karma saganizira nkomwe za zinthu zovuta zotere. Mwachitsanzo, mozama kwambiri, popanda zokometsera zilizonse, amafunsa omenyana nawo motsutsana ndi minuses osadziwika - chifukwa chiyani simukukhutira ndi minuses? Nchifukwa chiyani pamene akukupatsani inu kuphatikiza mosadziwika, mumakhala okondwa, koma mukufuna kulungamitsidwa kwa minuses? Koma ndichifukwa chake. Chifukwa chakuti munthu wokonzeka kuika minus ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa kufunitsitsa kwake kuti awonjezere, amakhala wokonzeka kuchita zachiwawa kuposa kufunitsitsa kwake kuvomerezedwa. Kukonzekera uku kuyenera kuzindikirika komanso kukhala ndi malire, osachepera kuti zabwino ndi zoyipa zikhale zofanana - zayiwalika kale pa Habré za iwo kukhala oyenera.
Kupotoza kwachiwiri ndikutuluka kwa gulu la oweruza. Ndikukumbutsani kuti nthawi zambiri dongosolo lachilungamo ndi "ogwiritsa ntchito onse amaweruza onse ogwiritsa ntchito", aliyense amangoyang'ana zolemba ndi ndemanga za ena. Koma oyang'anira a Habr anali ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndi omwe adalemba zolembazo, omwe atha kukhala abwino pankhani zaukadaulo, koma owopsa pakuyanjana ndi opereka ndemanga. Ndipo olembawo adapatsidwa carte blanche; kuyambira pano atha kuweruzidwa ndi olemba ena.
Zowonadi, titha kupeza machitidwe otere m'mipikisano yolemba mabuku osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo: aliyense adalemba nkhani yake, aliyense amawerenga nkhani za ena ndipo adapatsa aliyense kalasi. Ilinso ndi dongosolo lachilungamo.
Pokhapokha pa Habré dongosolo linasokonekeranso - olemba ena amatha kuweruzidwa часть olemba. Sikuti aliyense amene analemba nkhani ali ndi mwayi wovotera karma. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, owerenga ambiri (opereka ndemanga) adawonekera omwe sangathe kuweruza aliyense payekha, koma akhoza kuyesedwa ndikuphedwa, komanso opanda ufulu wodzilungamitsa. Chotsatira chake, kuchokera kwa ogwiritsira ntchito ambiri, gawo laling'ono la "arbiters of destines" lidawonekera - gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu mwa chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito - ndikuyamba kuchita chilichonse chomwe akufuna ndi ena onse.
Pali lingaliro lodziwika kuti owerenga ambiri atha kuwongolera mavoti. Izi ndi zolakwika. Popeza oweruza amatha kusintha karma mofanana ndi iwo eni, posakhalitsa iwo omwe ali osafunika amawuluka kuchokera ku gulu ili, ndipo iwo omwe ali osasamala, m'malo mwake, amatha.
M'malo mwake, zitsanzo zabwino zonse zomwe tikuwona ndizolakwitsa za wopulumuka. Iwo anali ndi mwayi chabe kuti adutse mu kawopsedwe ka anthu ammudzi.
Zinthu zimakulitsidwa chifukwa chakuti anthu nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito zaukadaulo osamvetsetsa bwino zamasewera - makompyuta onse a hickey-autism, zomwe zimatsogolera ku "kulephera kusunga ndi kuyambitsa mayanjano ndi mayanjano." Pano muli ndi kawopsedwe, apa muli ndi nkhanza, apa muli ndi chikhumbo chochotsa chilichonse chosasangalatsa komanso chachilendo.
Zonsezi pamodzi zimatsogolera ku mfundo yotsatira.
Ndime 3.
Ngati kuipa sikunakhudze kalikonse, sipakanakhala vuto lililonse. Nthawi zambiri amalemba ndemanga - koma sindimayang'ana ngakhale karma, haha, chifukwa chiyani ikufunika, nonse ndinu okoka karma, ndi zina zotero. Kawirikawiri awa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi karma yapamwamba kwambiri. M'malo mwake, karma sikanafunikira kwenikweni ngati mtengo wake wotsika sunatseke kuthekera kwa kulumikizana pa portal.
Ndipo chifukwa chake amaletsedwa - chifukwa Dongosolo la karmic la Habr limakhazikitsidwa ndi lingaliro la zomwe zilipo moona mtima zoipa и Хороший munthu. Onani pamwambapa - osati "zolemba zoyipa kapena zabwino za ogwiritsa", zomwe ndi zoipa и Хороший wogwiritsa ntchito. Adzandipatsa zitsanzo za troll, "anthu oipa"; inde, chilungamo - koma machitidwe amasonyeza kuti ngakhale katswiri sangathe kusiyanitsa troll (kapena bot) kuchokera kwa munthu wamba yemwe ali ndi malingaliro achilendo.
Ma portal ena amayambitsa njira yonyalanyaza izi. Ngati munaganizapo kuti munthu winawake zoipa - simukuvutitsa kuwonjezera kuchotsera ku karma yake, chifukwa iye zoipa, koma mumangomunyalanyaza, ndipo simuonanso nkhani zake kapena ndemanga zake. Koma olamulira a habr ali kutali ndi psychology ya anthu, kotero adaganiza zimenezo zoipa и Хороший awa si magulu owunika, koma chowonadi chenicheni, monga chotsatira zoipa amangoponyedwa kunja kwa malowa kupita ku Gulag popanda ufulu wolemberana makalata ndikuwombera ngati adani a anthu.
Nawa ndemanga ya ogwiritsa ntchito , Habr wantchito
Monga mukuonera, wogwira ntchitoyo amakhulupirira molimba mtima komanso moona mtima kuti karma imasonyezadi phindu la zolemba ndi ndemanga za munthu. Kodi anthu amachokera kuti omwe ali ndi chiwerengero cha +100 ndi karma -10? Ndipo n’cifukwa ciani pali anthu ochulukitsitsa amene ali ndi vuto limeneli? Mwinamwake masauzande ambiri a ogwiritsa ntchito amasindikiza mawu osefukira ndi opanda pake, kulandira minuses mu karma pa izi, koma mfiti ina imawulukira ndikupereka zowonjezera za kusefukira komweko ndi mawu opanda pake pogwiritsa ntchito mavoti wamba? Inde sichoncho.
Kufunika kwa ndemanga ndi zolemba zimangowonetsedwa ndi mavoti pafupi ndi ndemanga ndi zolemba. Ndipo karma imasonyeza chiyani zoipa kapena Хороший iye ndi munthu malinga ndi mavoti. Pamwambapa takambirana chifukwa chake anthu adzayesetsa kuchita zovulaza zoipa momwe mungathandizire munthu zabwino. Chifukwa chake kukonzekera zoipa umunthu m'dongosolo loterolo ndizosapeŵeka. Posakhalitsa adzapha "zoipa" zonse zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse, ndiye kuti adzayamba kuyang'ana "zochepa" zabwino, ndi zina zotero, ndi zina zotero.
Chonde dziwani kuti zovuta zonsezi zimachokera pakulephera kwathunthu kwa oyang'anira kumvetsetsa ndikuwerengera zochita za anthu. Poyang'ana mbali ya luso la zinthu, iwo anataya kwathunthu mbali ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pafupifupi anthu omwewo adapanga Universe-25, ndiyeno kwa zaka zambiri adayesa kuuza aliyense kuti kuli paradiso. Anthu ena amakhulupirirabe zimenezi, monganso amakhulupirira kuti “karma imapangitsa Habr kukhala wabwino.” Choipa kwambiri apa, ndithudi, ndi chakuti olamulira ndi ambiri omwe atenga nawo mbali samamvetsa zomwe ziri zolakwika apa. Inde, iwo amati, anthu ndi abwino ndi oipa. Chotero tiyeni onse abwino asonkhane pamodzi ndi kupha oipa onse! Ndipo amapha ndi chisangalalo.
"Monga zokwawa adachitira Habré:
ochuluka ogwiritsira ntchito anapatsidwa timakobiri ting’onoting’ono ndipo anasonkhezeredwa: “Anyamata, aliyense wa odutsa amene simumkonda, womberani. Osachita manyazi, palibe chomwe chidzakuchitikireni pa izi, ndipo palibe amene angadziwe yemwe wowomberayo anali. Kumenyedwa kwakukulu - zabwino, mumamupundula ndipo sangathe kuyankhula zambiri. Pangani dziko kukhala malo abwinoko ndipo musadzikanize chilichonse. ”
Zomwe zikuchitika pa Habré ndi paradiso wa sociopath. Monga momwe andorro ananenera panthaŵi ina: “Ma social network amapangidwa ndi anthu osagwirizana ndi anthu.”
Ndizosangalatsa kuti palibe kunyalanyazidwa pa Habré. Ngati simukukhutira ndi munthu, mukhoza kusiya kapena kuika minus mu karma (ie, kumukakamiza kuti achoke motere). Kupha kapena kufa dongosolo. Durov adagwiritsa ntchito chiwembu chomwechi mu Telegalamu yake - palibenso kunyalanyazidwa pamenepo, ndipo njira yokhayo yopewera munthu wosasangalatsa ndikusiya macheza agulu kapena kumukakamiza kuti achoke pagulu. Njira ya ogula ya "munthu wopambana", akuyenda pamitu ya ena, ikuwonekera bwino kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi, tinene, IRC, yopangidwa ndi anthu kwa anthu, Habr kapena Telegraph idapangidwa ndi "ma sociopaths achangu" kwa "omvera omwe akuwatsata". Ngati simuli m'gulu la anthu omwe mukufuna, ndiye tsani.
Ndime Yachitatu
— N’chiyani chingatipulumutse ku kafukufuku?
- Pepani, osati ife, koma inu
"Operation Y"
Nanga tingatani?
Choyamba, muyenera kuvomereza lingaliro lakuti Habr salinso gulu lotsekedwa lokhala ndi zoyitanira, koma ndi malo okhazikika, ndipo liyenera kukhala ndi njira yosavuta yowerengera nthawi zonse pazipata zotere. Kwa kukhalapo kwa zolemba, popeza ndizofunika kwambiri, mutha kupereka kawiri kawiri. Koma dongosololi liyenera kukhala lofanana - ndemanga ndi zolemba zimapatsidwa pluses ndi minuses, ngati mumapeza ma pluses nthawi zambiri, ndiye kuti ndinu abwino, ngati mumapeza minuses nthawi zambiri, ndiye kuti ndinu oipa. Pofuna kuthana ndi othirira ndemanga okwiya kwambiri, aperekedwa kangapo kuti okhawo omwe ali ndi zolemba zawo ndi omwe angavotere zolemba zawo; izi nzokwanira.
Kachiwiri, kutsekereza malire kumangokhala kupusa. Kodi mphindi 10 kapena 20 zikutanthawuza chiyani pa portal yomwe anthu masauzande ambiri angavote? Tikuwona kuti mtengo wapakati wa chiwerengerocho ndi 118, chabwino, popanda zogulitsa kunja zidzakhala kwinakwake pafupi ndi 100, kotero -100 iyenera kupangidwa malire enieni, pambuyo pake ndemanga zimayamba kamodzi mphindi zisanu zilizonse ndi zoopsa zina, ndiyeno sitepe ya zana, osati 10.
Chachitatu, mavoti omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito tsopano akuwonetsa zochitika (mwachitsanzo, kudalira nthawi). Zingakhale zothandiza kusonyeza mlingo wa "pluses pa uthenga pafupifupi" - ndiye anthu sadzasefukiranso ndi ndemanga zopanda pake, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito apamwamba adzawoneka olondola kwambiri: aliyense amene ali ndi mauthenga othandiza kwambiri adzakhala pamwamba.
Chachinayi, m'malo mongowonjezera kudana ndi anthu ammudzi, kuphatikiza. pafupifupi kuvomereza mwalamulo "nkhondo ya minuses" - pamapeto pake timangofunika kuwonjezera kunyalanyaza. Osati kungogwetsa ndemanga pansi pa wowononga, koma zibiseni, monga "UFO inabisa izi popempha kwanu." Ndipo kuletsa kunyalanyaza muyenera kupita ku zoikamo ndi pamanja kulowa dzina la munthu amene munanyalanyaza; ndiko kuti, kuyatsa kunyalanyaza kuyenera kukhala kosavuta, koma kuyimitsa kuyenera kukhala kovuta.
Chachisanu, ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi nthawi yoti tiwuzenso nkhani ya "mtengo pakuwunika." Kuti apereke kuchotsera, munthu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lina la mlingo wake. Zifukwa za izi zidakambidwa pamwambapa - munthu wosakhutira ndi wokhoza kupereka kuchotsera kuposa momwe munthu wokhutidwira amatha kupereka kuphatikiza. Ndikofunikira kufananiza mwayi wa zabwino ndi zoyipa.
Ndipo pomaliza, mutha kusiya karma momwe ilili pano ngati chinthu chokongoletsera ndi miyambo, koma chotsani kulumikizana kwake ndi zotchinga. Ndiye potsiriza oseketsa onsewa ndi nthabwala ndi nthabwala zawo "bwanji mukudandaula za karma, sindikudandaula, sizikhudza chirichonse" potsiriza adzatha kunena izi mozama.
Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. chonde.
Kodi mwakhutitsidwa ndi dongosolo la karma momwe lilili pano?
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kuti
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No
Ogwiritsa 1710 adavota. Ogwiritsa ntchito 417 adakana.
Source: www.habr.com