M'nyengo yozizira iyi, kapena m'malo mwake, pa tsiku limodzi pakati pa Khrisimasi ya Katolika ndi Chaka Chatsopano, akatswiri aukadaulo a Veeam anali otanganidwa ndi ntchito zachilendo: anali kusaka gulu la achiwembu lotchedwa "Veeamonymous".

Adanenanso momwe anyamatawo adabwera ndikuchita zomwe akufuna kwenikweni pantchito yawo, ndi ntchito "pafupi ndi nkhondo" Kirill Stetsko, Escalation Engineer.

-N'chifukwa chiyani munayamba izi?

- Momwemonso anthu adabwera ndi Linux nthawi imodzi - kungosangalatsa, pazosangalatsa zawo.

Tinkafuna kusuntha, ndipo nthawi yomweyo timafuna kuchita chinthu chothandiza, chosangalatsa. Komanso kunali kofunikira kupereka mpumulo wamalingaliro kwa mainjiniya pantchito yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku.

- Ndani ananena izi? Lidali lingaliro la ndani?

- Lingaliro linali woyang'anira wathu Katya Egorova, ndiyeno lingaliro ndi malingaliro ena onse adabadwa kudzera muzochita zolumikizana. Poyamba tinaganiza zopanga hackathon. Koma pakukula kwa lingalirolo, lingalirolo lidakula kukhala kufuna; Kupatula apo, injiniya wothandizira ukadaulo ndi mtundu wina wantchito kuposa kukonza mapulogalamu.

Choncho, tinatcha abwenzi, comrades, mabwenzi, anthu osiyanasiyana anatithandiza ndi lingaliro - munthu mmodzi T2 (mzere wachiwiri wothandizira ndi. ndemanga ya mkonzi), munthu m'modzi yemwe ali ndi T3, anthu angapo ochokera ku gulu la SWAT (gulu loyankha mwachangu pamilandu yofunika kwambiri - ndemanga ya mkonzi). Tonse tinasonkhana, tinakhala pansi ndikuyesera kuti tipeze ntchito zomwe tikufuna.

- Zinali zosayembekezereka kuti tiphunzire za zonsezi, chifukwa, monga momwe ndikudziwira, quest mechanics nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi akatswiri ojambula zithunzi, ndiye kuti, sikuti munachita ndi chinthu chovuta chonchi, komanso pokhudzana ndi ntchito yanu. , ku gawo lanu la ntchito.

— Inde, sitinkafuna kuti zisangokhala zosangalatsa zokha, koma “kulimbikitsa” luso la mainjiniya. Imodzi mwa ntchito mu dipatimenti yathu ndi kusinthana kwa chidziwitso ndi maphunziro, koma kufunafuna koteroko ndi mwayi wabwino kwambiri kuti anthu "akhudze" njira zina zatsopano kuti azikhalamo.

- Kodi mwapeza bwanji ntchito?

- Tinali ndi gawo lokambirana. Tidamvetsetsa kuti tidayenera kuchita mayeso aukadaulo, komanso kuti akhale osangalatsa komanso nthawi yomweyo abweretse chidziwitso chatsopano.
Mwachitsanzo, tinkaganiza kuti anthu ayenera kuyesa kununkhiza magalimoto, kugwiritsa ntchito hex editors, kuchita chinachake pa Linux, zinthu zozama pang'ono zokhudzana ndi katundu wathu (Veeam Backup & Replication ndi ena).

Lingaliroli linalinso gawo lofunikira. Tinaganiza zomanga pamutu wa owononga, mwayi wosadziwika komanso malo achinsinsi. Chigoba cha Guy Fawkes chidapangidwa kukhala chizindikiro, ndipo dzinalo lidabwera mwachilengedwe - Veeamonymous.

"Pachiyambi panali mawu"

Kuti tidzutse chidwi, tinaganiza zokonza kampeni ya PR yokhudzana ndi mitu yofunafuna zochitika zisanachitike: tinapachika zikwangwani zokhala ndi chilengezo kuzungulira ofesi yathu. Ndipo patatha masiku angapo, mobisa kuchokera kwa aliyense, adawajambula ndi zitini zopopera ndikuyambitsa "bakha", amanena kuti otsutsa ena adawononga zikwangwani, adayikanso chithunzi ndi umboni ....

- Ndiye mwachita nokha, ndiye gulu la okonza?!

- Inde, Lachisanu, cha m'ma 9 koloko, pamene aliyense anali atachoka kale, tinapita ndikujambula chilembo "V" chobiriwira kuchokera ku mabaluni.) Ambiri omwe adachita nawo ntchitoyi sanaganizepo kuti ndani adachita izi - anthu adabwera kwa ife. ndipo adafunsa kuti ndani adawononga zikwangwani? Winawake anatenga nkhaniyi mozama kwambiri ndipo anachita kafukufuku wonse pa mutuwu.

Pazofunazo, tidalembanso mafayilo amawu, "kutulutsa" kumveka: mwachitsanzo, injiniya akalowa mu dongosolo lathu la [CRM], pali robot yoyankha yomwe imanena mitundu yonse ya mawu, manambala ... kuchokera m'mawu omwe adawalemba, adapanga mawu omveka bwino, mwina okhota pang'ono - mwachitsanzo, tili ndi "Palibe abwenzi okuthandizani" mufayilo yomvera.

Mwachitsanzo, tinkayimira adilesi ya IP mu code binary, ndipo kachiwiri, pogwiritsa ntchito manambalawa [otchulidwa ndi robot], tinawonjezera mitundu yonse ya phokoso la mantha. Tidajambula vidiyoyi tokha: muvidiyoyi tili ndi bambo atakhala mu hood yakuda ndikuvala chigoba cha Guy Fawkes, koma zenizeni palibe munthu m'modzi, koma atatu, chifukwa awiri adayimilira kumbuyo kwake ndikugwira "zowonekera" zopangidwa. cha blanket :).

- Chabwino, mwasokonezeka, kunena mosabisa.

- Inde, tinayaka moto. Nthawi zambiri, tidayamba ndi ukadaulo wathu, kenako ndikulemba zolemba komanso zosewerera pamutu wa zomwe akuti zidachitika. Malinga ndi zomwe zidachitikazi, omwe adatenga nawo gawo anali kusaka gulu la achiwembu otchedwa "Veeamonymous". Lingaliro linalinso loti, titero, "tidzathyola khoma la 4," ndiye kuti, titha kusamutsa zochitika zenizeni - mwachitsanzo, tidapenta kuchokera pachitini chopopera.

M’modzi mwa anthu olankhula Chingelezi ochokera m’dipatimenti yathu anatithandiza polemba malembawo.

- Dikirani, chifukwa chiyani wolankhula mbadwa? Kodi munachita zonse mu Chingerezi?!

— Inde, tinachitira zimenezi ku maofesi a St. Petersburg ndi Bucharest, choncho zonse zinali m’Chingelezi.

Pachidziwitso choyamba tinayesera kuti zonse zizigwira ntchito, kotero kuti zolembazo zinali zomveka komanso zosavuta. Tidawonjezeranso zozungulira: zolemba zachinsinsi, ma code, zithunzi.

Tidagwiritsanso ntchito ma memes: panali zithunzi zambiri pamitu ya kafukufuku, ma UFO, nkhani zowopsa zodziwika bwino - magulu ena adasokonezedwa ndi izi, kuyesa kupeza mauthenga obisika pamenepo, kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chawo cha steganography ndi zinthu zina ... koma, ndithudi, panalibe chirichonse chonga icho chinali.

Za minga

Komabe, panthawi yokonzekera, tinakumananso ndi zovuta zosayembekezereka.

Tinalimbana nawo kwambiri ndikuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana osayembekezereka, ndipo pafupifupi sabata imodzi isanayambe kufunafuna tinaganiza kuti zonse zatayika.

Ndikoyenera kunena pang'ono za luso lazofunazo.

Zonse zidachitika mu labu yathu yamkati ya ESXi. Tinali ndi magulu 6, kutanthauza kuti tinayenera kugawira madziwa 6. Chifukwa chake, pagulu lililonse tidatumiza dziwe losiyana ndi makina ofunikira (IP yomweyo). Koma popeza zonsezi zinali pa ma seva omwe ali pa netiweki yomweyi, kasinthidwe kamakono ka VLAN yathu sikunatilole kuti tilekanitse makina m'mayiwe osiyanasiyana. Ndipo, mwachitsanzo, poyesa mayeso, tidalandira nthawi pomwe makina ochokera padziwe limodzi adalumikizidwa ndi makina kuchokera ku lina.

— Munakwanitsa bwanji kukonza zinthu?

- Poyamba tinaganiza kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyesa mitundu yonse ya zosankha ndi zilolezo, ma vLAN osiyana a makina. Chotsatira chake, adachita izi - gulu lirilonse likuwona seva ya Veeam Backup yokha, yomwe ntchito zina zonse zimachitika, koma siziwona subpool yobisika, yomwe ili:

• makina angapo a Windows
• Windows core seva
• Makina a Linux
• VTL (Virtual Tape Library)

Maiwe onse amapatsidwa gulu lapadera la madoko pa vDS switch ndi Private VLAN yawo. Kudzipatula pawiri uku ndizomwe zimafunika kuti zithetseratu kuthekera kwa kuyanjana kwa maukonde.

Za olimba mtima

- Kodi alipo amene angatenge nawo mbali pakufuna? Matimu anapangidwa bwanji?

- Ichi chinali chochitika chathu choyamba kuchita mwambowu, ndipo kuthekera kwa labotale yathu kunali kwamagulu 6 okha.

Choyamba, monga ndanenera kale, tidachita kampeni ya PR: pogwiritsa ntchito zikwangwani ndi makalata, tidalengeza kuti kufunafuna kudzachitika. Tidakhalanso ndi zidziwitso - mawu adasungidwa mu code binary pazikwangwani zomwe. Mwanjira imeneyi, tinachititsa chidwi anthu, ndipo anthu anafikira kale mapangano pakati pawo, ndi mabwenzi, ndi mabwenzi, ndi kugwirizana. Chotsatira chake, anthu ambiri adayankha kuposa momwe tinali ndi maiwe, choncho tinayenera kupanga chisankho: tinabwera ndi ntchito yosavuta yoyesera ndikutumiza kwa aliyense amene adayankha. Linali vuto lanzeru lomwe linayenera kuthetsedwa mwamsanga.

Gulu linaloledwa mpaka anthu asanu. Panalibe chifukwa cha wotsogolera, lingaliro linali mgwirizano, kulankhulana wina ndi mzake. Winawake ndi wamphamvu, mwachitsanzo, ku Linux, wina ali wamphamvu mu matepi (zosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera ku matepi), ndipo aliyense, powona ntchitoyi, akhoza kuyikapo khama lawo mu yankho lonse. Aliyense analankhulana wina ndi mnzake ndipo anapeza yankho.

—Kodi chochitikachi chinayamba liti? Kodi munali ndi mtundu wina wa "ola X"?

- Inde, tinali ndi tsiku lokhazikitsidwa mosamalitsa, tidasankha kuti ntchito ikhale yochepa m'dipatimentiyi. Mwachibadwa, otsogolera gulu adadziwitsidwa pasadakhale kuti magulu otere ndi otere adaitanidwa kutenga nawo mbali pakufuna, ndipo adafunikira kupatsidwa mpumulo [pokhudza kukweza] patsikulo. Zinkawoneka ngati ziyenera kukhala kumapeto kwa chaka, December 28, Lachisanu. Tinkayembekezera kuti zitenga pafupifupi maola 5, koma magulu onse adamaliza mwachangu.

- Kodi aliyense anali wofanana, kodi aliyense anali ndi ntchito zofanana malinga ndi zochitika zenizeni?

— Chabwino, inde, aliyense wa ophatikizawo adatenga nkhani zina kuchokera pazomwe adakumana nazo. Tinkadziwa za chinachake kuti izi zikhoza kuchitika zenizeni, ndipo zingakhale zosangalatsa kuti munthu "achimve", ayang'ane, ndikuchizindikira. Anatenganso zinthu zina zenizeni - mwachitsanzo, kuchira kwa data kuchokera ku matepi owonongeka. Ena anali ndi malangizo, koma magulu ambiri adachita okha.

Kapena kunali kofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito matsenga ofulumira - mwachitsanzo, tinali ndi nkhani yomwe "bomba lomveka" "lidang'amba" malo osungiramo mabuku ambiri m'mafoda mwachisawawa pamtengo, ndipo kunali kofunikira kusonkhanitsa deta. Mungathe kuchita izi pamanja - kupeza ndi kukopera [mafayilo] mmodzimmodzi, kapena mukhoza kulemba script pogwiritsa ntchito chigoba.

Kawirikawiri, tinayesetsa kutsatira mfundo yakuti vuto limodzi likhoza kuthetsedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati muli ndi chidziwitso pang'ono kapena mukufuna kusokonezeka, ndiye kuti mutha kuthetsa mofulumira, koma pali njira yolunjika yothetsera vutoli - koma nthawi yomweyo mudzakhala ndi nthawi yochuluka pa vutoli. Ndiye kuti, pafupifupi ntchito iliyonse inali ndi mayankho angapo, ndipo zinali zosangalatsa njira zomwe magulu angasankhe. Chifukwa chake kusagwirizana kunali ndendende pakusankha njira yothetsera.

Mwa njira, vuto la Linux linakhala lovuta kwambiri - gulu limodzi lokha linathetsa palokha, popanda malingaliro.

- Kodi mungandipatseko malangizo? Monga mukufufuza kwenikweni??

- Inde, zinali zotheka kuzitenga, chifukwa timamvetsetsa kuti anthu ndi osiyana, ndipo omwe alibe chidziwitso akhoza kulowa mu gulu lomwelo, kotero kuti tisachedwetse ndimeyi komanso kuti tisataye chidwi cha mpikisano, tinaganiza kuti zingakhale malangizo. Kuti tichite izi, gulu lirilonse linkawonedwa ndi munthu wochokera kwa okonzekera. Eya, tinaonetsetsa kuti palibe amene anabera.

Za nyenyezi

- Kodi panali mphoto kwa opambana?

- Inde, tinayesetsa kupanga mphoto zabwino kwambiri kwa onse omwe atenga nawo mbali komanso opambana: opambana adalandira ma sweatshirts opangidwa ndi logo ya Veeam ndi mawu olembedwa mu code hexadecimal, wakuda). Onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali adalandira chigoba cha Guy Fawkes ndi chikwama chokhala ndi logo ndi nambala yomweyo.

- Ndiko kuti, zonse zinali ngati kufunafuna kwenikweni!

"Chabwino, tinkafuna kuchita chinthu chabwino, chachikulire, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti tapambana."

- Izi ndi Zow! Kodi anthu amene anachita nawo ntchito imeneyi anatani? Kodi mwakwaniritsa cholinga chanu?

- Inde, ambiri adabwera pambuyo pake ndipo adanena kuti adawona zofooka zawo ndipo akufuna kuwongolera. Wina anasiya kuopa matekinoloje ena - mwachitsanzo, kutaya midadada kuchokera ku matepi ndikuyesera kutenga chinachake pamenepo ... Wina anazindikira kuti akufunika kukonza Linux, ndi zina zotero. Tinayesetsa kupereka ntchito zosiyanasiyana, koma osati zazing'ono.

Gulu lopambana

"Aliyense amene akufuna, akwaniritsa!"

- Kodi zidafunikira khama lalikulu kuchokera kwa omwe adakonza zofunafuna?

- Inde inde. Koma izi zinali makamaka chifukwa chakuti ife tinalibe luso pokonzekera quests, mtundu uwu wa zomangamanga. (Tiyeni tisungitse kuti izi sizinthu zathu zenizeni - zimangoyenera kuchita masewera ena.)

Zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri kwa ife. Poyamba ndinali wokayikira, chifukwa lingalirolo linkawoneka ngati lozizira kwambiri kwa ine, ndinaganiza kuti zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kuzikwaniritsa. Koma tinayamba kuchita, tinayamba kulima, chirichonse chinayamba kugwira moto, ndipo pamapeto pake tinapambana. Ndipo panalibenso zokutira.

Zonse tinakhala miyezi itatu. Nthawi zambiri, tidabwera ndi lingaliro ndikukambirana zomwe titha kugwiritsa ntchito. M’kupita kwanthaŵi, mwachibadwa, zinthu zina zinasintha, chifukwa tinazindikira kuti tinalibe luso lochita zinazake. Tinayenera kukonzanso china chake panjira, koma mwanjira yakuti autilaini yonse, mbiri yakale ndi malingaliro sizinaswe. Sitinayesere kungopereka mndandanda wa ntchito zamakono, koma kuti zigwirizane ndi nkhaniyi, kuti zikhale zogwirizana komanso zomveka. Ntchito yayikulu inali kuchitika mwezi watha, ndiye kuti, masabata 3-3 tsiku la X lisanafike.

— Chotero, kuwonjezera pa ntchito yanu yaikulu, munapatula nthaŵi yokonzekera?

- Tinachita izi mofanana ndi ntchito yathu yaikulu, inde.

- Kodi mwafunsidwa kuti muchite izi?

- Inde, tili ndi zopempha zambiri zoti tibwereze.

- Nanunso?

- Tili ndi malingaliro atsopano, malingaliro atsopano, tikufuna kukopa anthu ambiri ndikuwutambasula pakapita nthawi - zonse zosankhidwa ndi masewerawo. Nthawi zambiri, timalimbikitsidwa ndi pulojekiti ya "Cicada", mutha kuyigwiritsa ntchito pa Google - ndi mutu wabwino kwambiri wa IT, anthu ochokera padziko lonse lapansi amalumikizana pamenepo, amayamba ulusi pa Reddit, pamabwalo, amagwiritsa ntchito kumasulira kwa ma code, kumasulira miyambi. , ndi izo zonse.

- Lingalirolo linali lalikulu, kungolemekeza lingaliro ndi kukhazikitsa, chifukwa ndilofunika kwambiri. Ndikulakalaka kuti musataye kudzoza uku komanso kuti mapulojekiti anu onse atsopano achite bwino. Zikomo!

— Inde, kodi mungayang’ane chitsanzo cha ntchito imene simudzaigwiritsanso ntchito?

"Ndikuganiza kuti sitigwiritsanso ntchito iliyonse ya izo." Chifukwa chake, nditha kukuuzani za momwe ntchito yonse ikuyendera.

Bonus trackPachiyambi, osewera ali ndi dzina la makina enieni ndi zidziwitso kuchokera ku vCenter. Atalowamo, amawona makinawa, koma samayamba. Apa muyenera kuganiza kuti china chake chalakwika ndi fayilo ya .vmx. Akatsitsa, amawona mwachangu chofunikira pagawo lachiwiri. Kwenikweni, imati nkhokwe yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Veeam Backup & Replication imasungidwa.
Pambuyo pochotsa mwamsanga, kutsitsa fayilo ya .vmx mmbuyo ndikutsegula makinawo bwino, akuwona kuti imodzi mwa disks imakhala ndi database ya base64 yosungidwa. Chifukwa chake, ntchitoyo ndikuyichotsa ndikupeza seva ya Veeam yogwira ntchito bwino.

Pang'ono ndi makina enieni omwe zonsezi zimachitika. Monga tikukumbukira, malinga ndi chiwembucho, munthu wamkulu pakufunako ndi munthu wakuda ndipo akuchita zomwe siziri zovomerezeka. Chifukwa chake, kompyuta yake yantchito iyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ngati owononga, omwe tidayenera kupanga, ngakhale ndi Windows. Chinthu choyamba chomwe tidachita ndikuwonjezera zida zambiri, monga chidziwitso pazambiri zazikulu, kuwukira kwa DDoS, ndi zina zotero. Kenako iwo anaika zonse mmene mapulogalamu ndi anaika zosiyanasiyana zinyalala, owona ndi ma hashes, etc. kulikonse. Zonse zili ngati mafilimu. Mwa zina, panali zikwatu zotchedwa zotsekera *** ndi open-case ***
Kuti mupitilizebe, osewera ayenera kubwezeretsanso malingaliro kuchokera pamafayilo osunga zobwezeretsera.

Apa ziyenera kunenedwa kuti pachiyambi osewera adapatsidwa zambiri zambiri, ndipo adalandira zambiri (monga IP, logins ndi passwords) panthawi yofuna, kupeza zizindikiro mu zosunga zobwezeretsera kapena mafayilo amwazikana pamakina. . Poyamba, mafayilo osunga zobwezeretsera amakhala pamalo osungira a Linux, koma chikwatu chomwe chili pa seva chimayikidwa ndi mbendera. noexec, kotero wothandizira omwe ali ndi udindo wobwezeretsa mafayilo sangayambe.

Pokonza zosungira, otenga nawo mbali amapeza zonse zomwe zili mkati ndipo amatha kubwezeretsanso chidziwitso chilichonse. Zimatsalira kuti zimvetse kuti ndi ndani. Ndipo kuti achite izi, amangofunika kuphunzira mafayilo omwe amasungidwa pamakina awa, kudziwa kuti ndi ndani mwa iwo "wosweka" ndi zomwe ziyenera kubwezeretsedwa.

Pakadali pano, zochitikazo zikusintha kuchoka pa chidziwitso cha IT kupita kuzinthu zina za Veeam.

Mu chitsanzo ichi (pamene mukudziwa dzina la fayilo, koma osadziwa komwe mungayang'ane), muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kufufuza mu Enterprise Manager, ndi zina zotero. Zotsatira zake, mutabwezeretsanso tcheni chonse chomveka, osewera amakhala ndi malowedwe / mawu achinsinsi ndi kutulutsa kwa nmap. Izi zimawabweretsa ku seva ya Windows Core, komanso kudzera pa RDP (kuti moyo usawoneke ngati uchi).

Chofunikira chachikulu cha seva iyi: mothandizidwa ndi script yosavuta ndi madikishonale angapo, mawonekedwe opanda tanthauzo a zikwatu ndi mafayilo adapangidwa. Ndipo mukalowa, mumalandira uthenga wolandiridwa ngati "Bomba lomveka laphulika apa, ndiye kuti muyenera kuphatikiza zokuthandizani kuti muwonjezere."

Chotsatira chotsatirachi chinagawidwa kukhala malo osungiramo mabuku ambiri (zidutswa 40-50) ndikugawidwa mwachisawawa pakati pa zikwatuzi. Lingaliro lathu linali lakuti osewera ayenera kusonyeza luso lawo polemba zolemba zosavuta za PowerShell kuti agwirizane ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chigoba chodziwika bwino ndikupeza deta yofunikira. (Koma zidakhala ngati nthabwala imeneyo - maphunziro ena adakhala otukuka modabwitsa.)

M'nkhokweyo munali chithunzi cha kaseti (cholembedwa kuti "Mgonero Womaliza - Nthawi Zabwino Kwambiri"), zomwe zidapereka chidziwitso chogwiritsa ntchito laibulale yamatepi yolumikizidwa, yomwe inali ndi kaseti yokhala ndi dzina lofanana. Panali vuto limodzi lokha - linapezeka kuti silingagwire ntchito kotero kuti silinalembedwe nkomwe. Apa ndipamene mwina gawo lovuta kwambiri la kufunafuna linayambira. Tidafufuta chamutu pa kaseti, kuti mubwezeretsenso deta kuchokera pamenepo, muyenera kungotaya midadada "yaiwisi" ndikuyang'ana mu hex mkonzi kuti mupeze zolembera zoyambira.
Timapeza chikhomo, yang'anani pazitsulo, chulukitsani chipikacho ndi kukula kwake, yonjezerani chotsitsacho ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito chida chamkati, yesetsani kubwezeretsanso fayilo kuchokera kumalo enaake. Ngati zonse zachitika molondola ndipo masamu amavomereza, ndiye kuti osewera adzakhala ndi fayilo ya .wav m'manja mwawo.

Mmenemo, pogwiritsa ntchito jenereta ya mawu, mwa zina, code binary imatchulidwa, yomwe imakulitsidwa ku IP ina.

Izi, zikuwoneka, ndi seva yatsopano ya Windows, pomwe chilichonse chikuwonetsa kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito Wireshark, koma kulibe. Chinyengo chachikulu ndi chakuti pali machitidwe awiri omwe amaikidwa pamakinawa - disk yokha kuchokera yachiwiri imachotsedwa kudzera pa woyang'anira chipangizo popanda intaneti, ndipo unyolo womveka umatsogolera pakufunika kuyambiranso. Kenako zidapezeka kuti mwachisawawa kachitidwe kosiyana kotheratu, komwe Wireshark imayikidwa, iyenera kuyamba. Ndipo nthawi yonseyi tinali pa sekondale OS.

Palibe chifukwa chochitira china chilichonse chapadera apa, ingothandizirani kujambula pamawonekedwe amodzi. Kuyang'ana mozama kwa malo otayirako kumawonetsa paketi yakumanzere yakumanzere yotumizidwa kuchokera kumakina othandizira pafupipafupi, yomwe imakhala ndi ulalo wa kanema wa YouTube pomwe osewera amafunsidwa kuti ayimbire nambala inayake. Woyimba woyamba adzamva zikomo pa malo oyamba, ena onse adzalandira kuyitanidwa kwa HR (nthabwala)).

Mwa njira, ndife otseguka ntchito kwa mainjiniya othandizira ukadaulo ndi ophunzira. Takulandirani ku gulu!

Source: www.habr.com